Skin Tissue Engineering

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Skin Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine

Author : Mohammad Albanna
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 012801797X
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (28 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine by : Mohammad Albanna

Download or read book Skin Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine written by Mohammad Albanna and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2016-01-14 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The skin is the largest human organ system. Loss of skin integrity due to injury or illness results in a substantial physiologic imbalance and ultimately in severe disability or death. From burn victims to surgical scars and plastic surgery, the therapies resulting from skin tissue engineering and regenerative medicine are important to a broad spectrum of patients. Skin Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine provides a translational link for biomedical researchers across fields to understand the inter-disciplinary approaches which expanded available therapies for patients and additional research collaboration. This work expands on the primary literature on the state of the art of cell therapies and biomaterials to review the most widely used surgical therapies for the specific clinical scenarios. Explores cellular and molecular processes of wound healing, scar formation, and dermal repair Includes examples of animal models for wound healing and translation to the clinical world Presents the current state of, and clinical opportunities for, extracellular matrices, natural biomaterials, synthetic biomaterials, biologic skin substitutes, and adult and fetal stem and skin cells for skin regenerative therapies and wound management Discusses new innovative approaches for wound healing including skin bioprinting and directed cellular therapies

Skin Tissue Engineering

Author : Sophie Böttcher-Haberzeth
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 1493994735
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (939 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Tissue Engineering by : Sophie Böttcher-Haberzeth

Download or read book Skin Tissue Engineering written by Sophie Böttcher-Haberzeth and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-05-30 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume provides protocols describing the isolation and culture of diverse cell types stemming from the skin and the use of these cells and cell constructs for wound healing, bioengineering applications, and translational medicine purposes. The book is divided into three sections describing the isolation and culture of diverse skin cells, managing these cells within co-culture systems and skin models, as well as using these skin models in a test setting. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls. Authoritative and practical, Skin Tissue Engineering: Methods and Protocols serves as a vital aid to basic and clinical researchers such as biologists, physicians, and biomedical engineers working with and being interested in basic science, and clinically and laboratory-applicable translational regenerative medicine.

Tissue Engineering

Author : Rajesh K. Kesharwani
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000400956
Total Pages : 352 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Tissue Engineering by : Rajesh K. Kesharwani

Download or read book Tissue Engineering written by Rajesh K. Kesharwani and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-05-18 with total page 352 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This new volume on applications and advances in tissue engineering presents significant, state-of-the-art developments in this exciting area of research. It highlights some of the most important applied research on the applications of tissue engineering along with its different components, specifically different types of biomaterials. It looks at the various issues involved in tissue engineering, including smart polymeric biomaterials, gene therapy, tissue engineering in reconstruction and regeneration of visceral organs, skin tissue engineering, bone and muscle regeneration, and applications in tropical medicines. Covering a wide range of issues in tissue engineering, the volume Provides an overview of the efficacy of the different biomaterials employed in tissue engineering (such as skin regeneration, nerve regeneration, artificial blood vessels, bone regeneration). Looks at smart polymeric biomaterials in tissue engineering Discusses the hybrid approach of tissue engineering in conjunction with gene therapy Explores using tissue engineering in the management of tropical diseases Considers various skin tissue engineering applications, including wound healing methods, skin substitutes and other materials Reports on the use of various biomaterials in bone and muscle regeneration Describes the use of tissue engineering in reconstruction and regeneration of visceral organs Covers polysaccharides and proteins-based hydrogels for tissue engineering applications Providing an abundance of advanced research and information, Tissue Engineering: Applications and Advancements will be a valuable resource for medical researchers, pharmaceutical manufacturers, healthcare personnel, and academicians.

Biomaterials for Skin Repair and Regeneration

Author : Elena Garcia-Gareta
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081025475
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials for Skin Repair and Regeneration by : Elena Garcia-Gareta

Download or read book Biomaterials for Skin Repair and Regeneration written by Elena Garcia-Gareta and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2019-06-05 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biomaterials for Skin Repair and Regeneration examines a range of materials and technologies used for regenerating or repairing skin. With a strong focus on biomaterials and scaffolds, the book also examines the testing and evaluation pathway for human clinical trials. Beginning by introducing the fundamentals on skin tissue, the book goes on to describe contemporary technology used in skin repair as well as currently available biomaterials suitable for skin tissue repair and regeneration. Skin tissue engineering and the ideal requirements to take into account when developing skin biomaterials are discussed, followed by information on the individual materials used for skin repair and regeneration. As evaluation of biomaterials in animal models is mandatory before proceeding into human clinical trials, the book also examines the different animal models available. With a strong focus on materials, engineering, and application, this book is a valuable resource for materials scientists, skin biologists, and bioengineers with an interest in tissue engineering, regeneration, and repair of skin. Provides an understanding of basic skin biology Comprehensively examines a variety of biomaterial approaches Looks at animal models for the evaluation of biomaterial-based skin constructs

On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Skin and Its Appendages

Author : Marianna Bei
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889631079
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Skin and Its Appendages by : Marianna Bei

Download or read book On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine of Skin and Its Appendages written by Marianna Bei and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-11-01 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skin is the largest organ of the body and is necessary for survival, since it performs many functions such as providing a physical barrier to the external environment, sensation, retention of normal hydration and thermal regulation. Significant skin loss is associated with high mortality and morbidity in the acute phase, and with physically and cosmetically drastic scarring in the long term. Although there are a number of tissue-engineered products in the clinic that are used as skin substitutes to promote healing of traumatic burn and diabetic wounds, yet they lack several important functions including those provided by the appendages such as the hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands. The understanding of cellular, molecular and engineering aspects of the pathology, repair and/or regeneration of skin after wound induction is of paramount importance in order to develop the next generation of tissue engineered products with gene-enhanced capacity. In that context, we brought together scientists from basic research, translational and bioengineering fields, whose work focus on cutting-edge research associated with the acquisition of new therapeutic approaches towards skin regeneration.

Skin Tissue Models

Author : Alexandra P. Marques
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128110007
Total Pages : 472 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Tissue Models by : Alexandra P. Marques

Download or read book Skin Tissue Models written by Alexandra P. Marques and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2017-11-14 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skin Tissue Models provides a translational link for biomedical researchers on the interdisciplinary approaches to skin regeneration. As the skin is the largest organ in the body, engineered substitutes have critical medical application to patients with disease and injury – from burn wounds and surgical scars, to vitiligo, psoriasis and even plastic surgery. This volume offers readers preliminary description of the normal structure and function of mammalian skin, exposure to clinical problems and disease, coverage of potential therapeutic molecules and testing, skin substitutes, models as study platforms of skin biology and emerging technologies. The editors have created a table of contents which frames the relevance of skin tissue models for researchers as platforms to study skin biology and therapeutic approaches for different skin diseases, for clinicians as tissue substitutes, and for cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries as alternative test substrates that can replace animal models. Offers descriptions of the normal structure/function of mammalian skin, exposure to clinical problems, and more Presents coverage of skin diseases (cancer, genodermatoses, vitiligo and psoriasis) that extends to clinical requirements and skin diseases in vitro models Addresses legal requirements and ethical concerns in drugs and cosmetics in vitro testing Edited and authored by internationally renowned group of researchers, presenting the broadest coverage possible

Principles of Tissue Engineering

Author : Robert Lanza
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008053967X
Total Pages : 995 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Principles of Tissue Engineering by : Robert Lanza

Download or read book Principles of Tissue Engineering written by Robert Lanza and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-05-16 with total page 995 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The opportunity that tissue engineering provides for medicine is extraordinary. In the United States alone, over half-a-trillion dollars are spent each year to care for patients who suffer from tissue loss or dysfunction. Although numerous books and reviews have been written on tissue engineering, none has been as comprehensive in its defining of the field. Principles of Tissue Engineering combines in one volume the prerequisites for a general understanding of tissue growth and development, the tools and theoretical information needed to design tissues and organs, as well as a presentation of applications of tissue engineering to diseases affecting specific organ systems. The first edition of the book, published in 1997, is the definite reference in the field. Since that time, however, the discipline has grown tremendously, and few experts would have been able to predict the explosion in our knowledge of gene expression, cell growth and differentiation, the variety of stem cells, new polymers and materials that are now available, or even the successful introduction of the first tissue-engineered products into the marketplace. There was a need for a new edition, and this need has been met with a product that defines and captures the sense of excitement, understanding and anticipation that has followed from the evolution of this fascinating and important field. Key Features * Provides vast, detailed analysis of research on all of the major systems of the human body, e.g., skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves * Essential to anyone working in the field * Educates and directs both the novice and advanced researcher * Provides vast, detailed analysis of research with all of the major systems of the human body, e.g. skin, muscle, cardiovascular, hematopoietic, and nerves * Has new chapters written by leaders in the latest areas of research, such as fetal tissue engineering and the universal cell * Considered the definitive reference in the field * List of contributors reads like a "who's who" of tissue engineering, and includes Robert Langer, Joseph Vacanti, Charles Vacanti, Robert Nerem, A. Hari Reddi, Gail Naughton, George Whitesides, Doug Lauffenburger, and Eugene Bell, among others

Biomaterials for Treating Skin Loss

Author : D P Orgill
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845695542
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials for Treating Skin Loss by : D P Orgill

Download or read book Biomaterials for Treating Skin Loss written by D P Orgill and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2009-01-28 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The primary causes of wounds requiring skin replacement are severe burns and ulcers. Materials must provide an effective temporary barrier, promote healing and minimise scarring. Massive improvements have been made to skin repair biomaterials in the last ten years with widespread adoption of new developments in the medical sector. This book provides a comprehensive review of the range of biomaterials for treating skin loss. Part one discusses the basics of skin replacement with chapters on such topics as markets and regulation, biomechanics and the biological environment of skin. Part two then reviews epidermal and dermal replacement technology with chapters on such topics as alternative delivery of keratinocytes, collagen-based and human origin-based dermal replacement, and lyophilized xenogenic products. The final section explores combined dermis and epidermal replacement technologies and provides a round-up of skin replacement principles. With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Biomaterials for treating skin loss is a standard reference for those researching skin replacement technologies, particularly those interested in treating burns and ulcers. Comprehensively reviews the range of biomaterials for treating skin loss and skin replacement principles Examines the basis of skin loss from products and markets through to regulation and the biological environment of skin Highlights developments in epidermal and dermal replacement technology covering topics such as collagen-based and human origin-based dermal replacement

Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders

Author : Chenjie Xu
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 3527344608
Total Pages : 498 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (273 download)

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Book Synopsis Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders by : Chenjie Xu

Download or read book Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders written by Chenjie Xu and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 498 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides the latest information on imaging technologies and transdermal delivery in skin disorders This important, timely book covers the latest understanding about today's major skin disorders, the development of imaging technologies for skin diagnosis, and the applications of micro/nano-technologies for the treatment of skin complications. It also places great emphasis on the critical role that interdisciplinary science occupies to achieve the requisite level of understanding of skin conditions and their management, which is essential to creating technologies that work. Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders starts by outlining the structural characteristics of skin and skin appendages. It then discusses the key pathways involved in skin growth and development. Clinical presentations, pathophysiological mechanisms, and current clinical practices used to treat diseases affecting the skin are then introduced. Common preclinical models used for studying the mechanisms of diverse skin diseases, validation of novel therapeutic targets, and screening of new drugs to treat these diseases are also covered. The book examines the latest imaging technologies for understanding in vivo skin changes, as well as technologies such as high-resolution ultrasound imaging, quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging, high-resolution Optical Coherence Tomography, and emerging hybrid-imaging modalities. It concludes with chapters introducing emerging drug delivery technologies and potential future innovative developments. * Presents up-to-date knowledge of the skin biology and pathologies * Introduces advancements in the topic of imaging technology for tracing the drug delivery process, which is rarely systematically reported by other counterparts * Covers the latest development in three inter-related directions of drug delivery, imaging, and skin disease intersect for skin research * Provides an overview of the latest development of diagnostic and therapeutic technologies for skin diseases Imaging Technologies and Transdermal Delivery in Skin Disorders will be of great interest to analytical chemists, materials scientists, pharmaceutical chemists, clinical chemists, biotechnologists, bioengineers, cosmetics industry, and dermatologists.

Dermal Replacements in General, Burn, and Plastic Surgery

Author : Lars-Peter Kamolz
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3709115868
Total Pages : 227 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Dermal Replacements in General, Burn, and Plastic Surgery by : Lars-Peter Kamolz

Download or read book Dermal Replacements in General, Burn, and Plastic Surgery written by Lars-Peter Kamolz and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-17 with total page 227 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The skin is the largest human organ system. Loss of skin integrity due to injury or illness results in a substantial physiologic imbalance and ultimately in severe disability or death. The most common cause of significant skin loss is thermal injury, followed by trauma and chronic ulcerations. Over the past decades extraordinary advances have been made in the understanding of cellular and molecular processes of wound healing and the pathobiology of chronic wounds. This knowledge has led to wound care innovations that facilitate more rapid closure of wounds with better functional and aesthetic outcome. A sensible and resource-saving utilization of these innovative technologies requires a broad knowledge of these processes and innovations. This book intends to give an overview about today's wound care developments in tissue engineering and skin replacement. It presents a variety of indications and diversities of clinical applications to help the surgeon select a specific procedure for each clinical situation.

Tissue Engineering

Author : Clemens Van Blitterswijk
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0124202101
Total Pages : 896 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (242 download)

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Book Synopsis Tissue Engineering by : Clemens Van Blitterswijk

Download or read book Tissue Engineering written by Clemens Van Blitterswijk and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2014-12-10 with total page 896 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tissue Engineering is a comprehensive introduction to the engineering and biological aspects of this critical subject. With contributions from internationally renowned authors, it provides a broad perspective on tissue engineering for students coming to the subject for the first time. In addition to the key topics covered in the previous edition, this update also includes new material on the regulatory authorities, commercial considerations as well as new chapters on microfabrication, materiomics and cell/biomaterial interface. Effectively reviews major foundational topics in tissue engineering in a clear and accessible fashion Includes state of the art experiments presented in break-out boxes, chapter objectives, chapter summaries, and multiple choice questions to aid learning New edition contains material on regulatory authorities and commercial considerations in tissue engineering

Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Author : Ying Deng
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0081009801
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (81 download)

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Book Synopsis Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds by : Ying Deng

Download or read book Functional 3D Tissue Engineering Scaffolds written by Ying Deng and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2017-10-17 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to grow replacement tissues, 3D scaffolds are widely used as a template for tissue engineering and regeneration. These scaffolds, which are typically ‘seeded’ with cells, support the growth of new tissues. However, in order to achieve successful tissue growth, the scaffold must meet specific requirements and are often ‘functionalized’ to accentuate particular properties. Functional 3D tissue engineering scaffolds: materials, technologies, and applications, is a comprehensive review of functional 3D scaffolds, providing information on the fundamentals, technologies, and applications. Part 1 focuses on the fundamentals of 3D tissue scaffolds, examining information on materials, properties, and trends. Part 2 discusses a wide range of conventional technologies for engineering functional 3D scaffolds, leading the way to a discussion on CAD and advanced technologies for functional 3D scaffold engineering. Chapters in part 3 study methods for functionalizing scaffolds to support a variety of in vivo functions whilst the final set of chapters provides an important review of the most significant applications of functional 3D scaffolds within tissue engineering. This book is a valuable resource for biomaterial scientists and biomedical engineers in academia and industry, with interests in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Provides a self-contained work for the field of biomaterials and tissue engineering Discusses all the requirements a scaffold must meet and a wide range of strategies to create them Highlights significant and successful applications of functional 3D scaffolds

Skin Biophysics

Author : Georges Limbert
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 303013279X
Total Pages : 303 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Biophysics by : Georges Limbert

Download or read book Skin Biophysics written by Georges Limbert and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-05-28 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents state-of-the-art experimental and modelling techniques for skin biophysics that are currently used in academic and industrial research. It also identifies current and future challenges, as well as a growing number of opportunities in this exciting research field. The book covers the basics of skin physiology, biology, microstructural and material properties, and progressively introduces the reader to established experimental characterisation protocols and modelling approaches. Advanced topics in modelling theories and numerical implementation are also presented. The book focusses especially on: 1. Basic physiology, molecular biology, microstructural and material properties of the skin. 2. Experimental characterisation techniques for the skin (including imaging): in vivo and in vitro techniques and combination of those with in silico approaches. 3. State-of-the-art constitutive models of the skin: elastic, anelastic and mechanobiological formulations (e.g. growth, ageing, healing). 4. Applications: mechanics, damage, biological growth, healing, ageing and skin tribology. This book is addressed to postgraduate students in biomedical/mechanical/civil engineering, (bio)physics and applied mathematics, postdoctoral researchers, as well as scientists and engineers working in academia and industry engaged in skin research, particularly, if at the cross-roads of physical experiments, imaging and modelling. The book is also be of interest to clinicians/biologists who wish to learn about the possibilities offered by modern engineering techniques for skin science research and, by so doing, provide them with an incentive to broaden their outlook, engage more widely with the non-clinical research communities and, ultimately, help cross-fertilising new ideas that will lead to better treatment plans and engineering solutions.

Therapeutic Dressings and Wound Healing Applications

Author : Joshua Boateng
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119433266
Total Pages : 444 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (194 download)

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Book Synopsis Therapeutic Dressings and Wound Healing Applications by : Joshua Boateng

Download or read book Therapeutic Dressings and Wound Healing Applications written by Joshua Boateng and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 444 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The latest research on techniques for effective healing of chronic and difficult to heal wounds The healing of chronic wounds is a global medical concern, specifically for patients suffering from obesity and type II diabetes. Therapeutic Dressing and Wound Healing Applications is an essential text for research labs, industry professionals, and general clinical practitioners that want to make the shift towards advanced therapeutic dressing and groundbreaking wound application for better healing. This book takes a clinical and scientific approach to wound healing, and includes recent case studies to highlight key points and areas of improvement. It is divided into two key sections that include insight into the biochemical basis of wounds, as well as techniques and recent advancements. Chapters include information on: ● Debridement and disinfection properties of wound dressing ● Biofilms, silver nanoparticles, and honey dressings ● Clinical perspectives for treating diabetic wounds ● Treating mixed infections ● Wound healing and tissue regeneration treatments ● Gene based therapy, 3D bioprinting and freeze-dried wafers Anyone looking to update and improve the treatment of chronic wounds for patients will find the latest pertinent information in Therapeutic Dressing and Wound Healing Applications.

Skin Substitute Production by Tissue Engineering

Author : Mahmoud Rouabhia
Publisher : Austin : Landes Bioscience
ISBN 13 : 9781570594472
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (944 download)

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Book Synopsis Skin Substitute Production by Tissue Engineering by : Mahmoud Rouabhia

Download or read book Skin Substitute Production by Tissue Engineering written by Mahmoud Rouabhia and published by Austin : Landes Bioscience. This book was released on 1997-01-01 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Function-Oriented Bioengineered Skin Equivalents

Author : Tanja Zidarič
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031212983
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

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Book Synopsis Function-Oriented Bioengineered Skin Equivalents by : Tanja Zidarič

Download or read book Function-Oriented Bioengineered Skin Equivalents written by Tanja Zidarič and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book Function-oriented bioengineered skin equivalents - continuous development towards complete skin replication aims to provide potential readers with a comprehensive summary of the available information on various in vitro skin models, from historical background to different modeling approaches and their applications. Particular emphasis is placed on presenting the current technological components available for the development of engineered skin equivalents by summarizing advances in cell cultivation, materials science, and bioengineering. Using examples of the current-state-of-art, we describe the advantages, limitations, and challenges of developing in vitro skin models for successful use in clinical applications and skin-related research.

Biomaterials, Medical Devices and Tissue Engineering: An Integrated Approach

Author : F.H. Silver
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9401107351
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Biomaterials, Medical Devices and Tissue Engineering: An Integrated Approach by : F.H. Silver

Download or read book Biomaterials, Medical Devices and Tissue Engineering: An Integrated Approach written by F.H. Silver and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: are then selected and must meet the general 'biocompatibility' require ments. Prototypes are built and tested to include biocompatibility evalua tions based on ASTM standard procedures. The device is validated for sterility and freedom from pyrogens before it can be tested on animals or humans. Medical devices are classified as class I, II or III depending on their invasiveness. Class I devices can be marketed by submitting notification to the FDA. Class II and III devices require either that they show equivalence to a device marketed prior to 1976 or that they receive pre-marketing approval. The time from device conception to FDA approval can range from months (class I device) to in excess of ten years (class III device). Therefore, much planning is necessary to pick the best regulatory approach. 2. Wound Dressings and Skin Replacement 2.1 Introduction Wounds to the skin are encountered every day. Minor skin wounds cause some pain, but these wounds will heal by themselves in time. Even though many minor wounds heal effectively without scarring in the absence of treatment, they heal more rapidly if they are kept clean and moist. Devices such as Band-Aids are used to assist in wound healing. For deeper wounds, a variety of wound dressings have been developed including cell cultured artificial skin. These materials are intended to promote healing of skin damaged or removed as a result of skin grafting, ulceration, burns, cancer excision or mechanical trauma.