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Author : Shane David Murphy
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (823 download)
Download or read book Skewed Steel Bridge Cross-frame Response to Truck Loading written by Shane David Murphy and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Todd Aaron Helwig
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)
Download or read book Cross-frame and Diaphragm Behavior for Steel Bridges with Skewed Supports written by Todd Aaron Helwig and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Matthew Craig Reichenbach
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (134 download)
Download or read book Experimental and Analytical Evaluation of Cross-frame Fatigue Behavior in Steel I-girder Bridges written by Matthew Craig Reichenbach and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross-frames are important structural components that serve many functions throughout the service life of steel I-girder bridge systems. They primarily act as stability braces to enhance the lateral-torsional buckling resistance of the girders during erection and deck construction, but also distribute live loads in the final composite condition. Under repetitive load cycles caused by heavy truck passages, cross-frames and their connections are susceptible to load-induced fatigue cracking if not properly designed. Cross-frames have historically been detailed and fabricated based on general rules-of-thumb and experience. In recent years, however, developments in bridge design specifications have necessitated the modernization of cross-frame design and analysis practices. Cross-frames are now designed and detailed based on rational analysis for all stages of construction and service life, which has further emphasized the importance of accurate and reliable analysis techniques and design criteria. Although considerable research over the past several decades has improved cross-frame design and analysis, the design industry has generally lacked quantitively based guidance on load-induced behavior of cross-frames in composite, in-service bridges. As such, this dissertation explores two major concepts: (i) the influence of skewed and curved superstructure geometry on the fatigue response of cross-frames and (ii) the limitations of simplified analysis techniques commonly utilized in commercial software programs with respect to estimating cross-frame force effects. Field experiments were performed on three steel I-girder bridges in the greater Houston area, and the stress ranges induced in key cross-frame members from truck traffic were monitored for one month each. Upon validating a finite-element approach with the measured data, an extensive analytical parametric study was conducted to expand the breadth and depth of knowledge gained from the limited field studies. In general, the load-induced fatigue behavior of conventional X- and K-type cross-frames were examined for a variety of bridge geometries commonly found in the United States. These analyses were performed with different levels of computational refinement, ranging from sophisticated three-dimensional approaches to simplified two-dimensional approaches. Based on the data collected and processed from the experimental and analytical studies, recommendations are proposed to improve the design and analysis of cross-frames in composite bridge structures. Because cross-frames represent a costly component of fabrication and erection, these recommendations ultimately lead to improved efficiency and economy of new steel bridge construction
Author : Prem P. Rimal
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Sensitivity Analysis of Fatigue Evaluation of Steel Bridges written by Prem P. Rimal and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : James Zhou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Skewed Steel Bridges, Part II written by James Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skewed bridges in Kansas are often designed such that the cross-frames are carried parallel to the skew angle up to 40°, while many other states place cross-frames perpendicular to the girder for skew angles greater than 20°. Skewed-parallel cross-frames are longer and may require different connections than cross-frames oriented perpendicular to the girder. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the cross-frames and their corresponding connecting elements placed in a parallel-to-skew configuration are sufficiently designed to resist lateral torsional buckling demands using current KDOT practices. The authors have performed a study to investigate the effect of cross-frame orientation, skew angle, and cross-frame connection upon bridge system behavior and cross-frame stresses. In a suite of detailed 3D, solid finite element analyses models of skewed bridge systems, cross-frame layout, connection thickness and type, and skew angle were varied. Skewed bridge systems with cross-frames placed parallel to the skew angle as well as systems with cross-frames arranged in a staggered configuration were considered. Varying bent plate connection thicknesses and a half-pipe connection were also analyzed. Cross-frame spacing of 4.6 m [15 ft] and 9.14 m [30 ft] were examined; severe cross-frame spacing of 13.7 m [45 ft] was also considered to examine behavior at very long unbraced lengths. The findings of this study showed that skew angle, skew configuration, and connection type all influenced the strength and stiffness of system. The data showed that cross-frame placed parallel to skew up to an angle of 40° performed similar or better than cross-frames oriented perpendicular to skew for every given skew angle and connection type.
Author : Renxiang Lu
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (781 download)
Download or read book Experimental Load Rating of Skewed Steel Girder Highway Bridges written by Renxiang Lu and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Skewed highway bridges are commonplace, but the behavior of a skewed bridge can be significantly more complex compared to a straight bridge. As a consequence, the theoretical equations currently used to determine the load rating of a skewed bridge can be inaccurate for a large skew angle because the location of the girder and the moment (positive or negative) under consideration, the arrangement and position of cross-frames and parapets, and the location of loading applied on the bridge are neglected. In this study, an accurate load rating method is proposed that accounts for these effects. In the proposed method, a field test is used to determine the safe load-carrying capacity of the bridge, and a two-dimensional grid with longitudinal and transverse beam elements rigidly connected at intersecting nodes and vertical loads applied at the nodes (“grillage”) model is used to calculate the contribution due to skew. The field test is conducted using a calibrated truck driven over the bridge in successive runs that traverse the entire width of the roadway, and the measured strain response is used to calculate internal moments and experimental live load effects. To compare the behaviors between the actual bridge and the analytical estimation, the ratio of the bridge experimental and analytical load ratings is obtained. Additionally, contributors to the bridge live load are decomposed and compared to the analytical load rating to obtain the bridge deaggregated ratio of load ratings. The effect of critical span adjustment, longitudinal and lateral load distribution, unintended composite action between the slab and the girders, slab flexure, and additional stiffness in the system on the ratio of load ratings are qualified and quantified. The contribution of additional stiffness in the system to the actual load rating in comparison to the analytical is further discretized into the contribution to stiffness due to skew and the contribution to stiffness due to curbs and railings. The contribution to stiffness due to skew is calculated as the ratio of the statical moment in the skewed bridge grillage model to the corresponding statical moment in the equivalent straight bridge. The proposed method is illustrated using a case study of a steel girder highway bridge with a 43-degree skew angle. The tests indicate that the experimental load rating is 156% greater than the analytical load rating at the positive moment location, and 11% greater at the negative moment location. The increased load rating is primarily due to unintended composite action. Since unintended composite action is not reliable for load-levels above the linear-elastic region, the effect of unintended composite action is removed, resulting in a reliable experimental rating load rating that is 46% greater than the analytical load rating at the positive moment location. The grillage model indicates that additional stiffness due to skew contributes to a 19% increase in the positive moment load rating. The case study demonstrates that the proposed method provides a more accurate determination of the skew effect, compared to the theoretical equations currently in use, because the location of the girder and moment under consideration, the arrangement and position of cross-frames and parapets, and the location of loading applied on the bridge are explicitly incorporated. Therefore, field testing coupled with a grillage model has the potential to effectively load rate skewed highway bridges.
Author : Asmaa Taha Ibrahim Abo Alouk
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (797 download)
Download or read book Investigation of the Performance of a Skewed Steel Bridge with and Without Cross-frames written by Asmaa Taha Ibrahim Abo Alouk and published by . This book was released on 2023 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In addition to this test, another test was previously conducted for the same bridge with the presence of the intermediate cross-frame, which gave an opportunity to compare the bridge's performance with and without cross-frames. The difference in the distribution factor between the bridge with the cross-frame and the bridge without them was less than or equal to 5%, according to the results of the comparison. Field data shows that the bridge with the cross-frames is subjected to higher lateral and warping stresses than the bridge without them. In addition to the field tests, a finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted, and compared to the field data. The FEA predictions closely match the field data. In addition, The FEA showed that at the inelastic load level, the cross-frames did not contribute to redistributing the load, as these cross-frames yielded much earlier than the heavily loaded girder. Finally, a unique finding in this study was that cross-frames induce concentrated major-axis bending moments that change the bridge's expected behavior.
Author : James Zhou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (939 download)
Download or read book Skewed Steel Bridges written by James Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lateral flange bending stresses can arise from a number of sources, such as wind loading or eccentric concrete placement, but of particular interest are lateral flange bending stresses, fl, that occur due to skew. Lateral flange bending stresses that occur in skewed bridge systems tend to develop due to lateral forces transferred through cross frames which may connect adjacent girders at different span points. In lieu of a refined analysis, the AASHTO (2010) LRFD Bridge Design Specifications currently permit engineers examining bridges skewed more than 20° to use a minimum value of fl = 10 ksi for an interior girder and fl = 7.5 ksi for an exterior girder. The estimates for fl provided within the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications are based on a limited data set for skewed bridges. Additionally, since the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications state that cross frames or diaphragms should be placed in a staggered configuration when a bridge is skewed more than 20°, the approximate values provided for fl should not be expected to be indicative of the lateral flange bending stresses experienced when cross frames are instead carried parallel to the skew in bridges skewed beyond 20°. The authors have performed a study to investigate the effects of cross frame orientation and skew angle upon lateral flange bending stresses, by examining lateral flange bending stresses in a suite of detailed 3D solid finite element analyses of skewed bridge systems, in which cross frame layout, spacing, and skew angle were varied. The findings of this study showed that cross frames placed parallel to the angle of skew produced significantly lower values for fl than cases in which cross frames were placed perpendicular to the girder line and staggered. Both reducing the skew angle and decreasing cross frame spacing were found to reduce lateral flange bending stresses. The values of lateral flange bending stress for all configurations were greater than the bounds of the approximate values suggested by AASHTO.
Author : Craig Quadrato
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 393 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (739 download)
Download or read book Cross-frame Connection Details for Skewed Steel Bridges written by Craig Quadrato and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 393 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Alex Arzoumanidis
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319950533
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)
Download or read book Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Volume 2 written by Alex Arzoumanidis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-08-09 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Challenges in Mechanics of Time-Dependent Materials, Volume 2 of the Proceedings of the 2018 SEM Annual Conference& Exposition on Experimental and Applied Mechanics, the second volume of eight from the Conference, brings together contributions to this important area of research and engineering. The collection presents early findings and case studies on fundamental and applied aspects of Experimental Mechanics, including papers in the following general technical research areas: Characterization Across Length Scales Extreme Environments & Environmental Effects Soft Materials Damage, fatigue and Fracture Inhomogeneities & Interfaces Viscoelasticity Research in Progress
Author : Matthew Eric Moore
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (123 download)
Download or read book Cross-frame Forces in a Straight Bridge with Normal Supports written by Matthew Eric Moore and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross-frame and diaphragm systems are important structural elements in steel I-girder bridges. These members enhance the lateral-torsional buckling resistance in straight girder systems by reducing the unbraced length. The critical stage for the braces from a stability perspective often occurs during construction of the concrete bridge deck when the non-composite steel girders must resist the entire construction load. The braces not only enhance the lateral-torsional buckling resistance of the girders, but are also necessary to resist the torsion applied to the girders due to the deck overhang construction, and distribute lateral loads across the structure from sources such as wind. In horizontally curved bridges, the braces are primary structural elements in the superstructure and engage the girders across the width of the bridge to behave as a structural system to resist the torsion that develops as a result of the curved geometry. For straight girder systems, the specifications of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) have generally provided little guidance in the sizing of the braces other than recommended connection plate (web stiffener) details or slenderness limits. While there have been many advances in recent years towards improving the understanding of the behavior of cross-frame systems, there has not been sufficient research carried out on the proper loading conditions for assessing the fatigue performance of cross-frames. The work outlined in this thesis is part of a larger study on the behavior of cross-frames in steel bridge system. The study is funded by the National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP 12-113). The fundamental goals of the research investigation are to produce methodologies and design guidelines for the following: evaluation of fatigue design stresses in cross-frames in straight and horizontally curved steel I-girder bridges; calculation of minimum cross-frame strength and stiffness requirements for stability bracing of I-girders during construction and in-service; development of improved methods to account for the influence of end connection details on cross-frame stiffness that extend beyond and improve upon the suggested guidance currently provided in Article C4.6.3.3.4 of the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. This work includes field monitoring and parametric FEA studies. The field studies are focused on three bridges: 1) a straight bridge with normal supports, 2) a straight bridge with skewed supports, and 3) a horizontally curved bridge. The field studies include rainflow monitoring of fatigue induced stresses in select cross-frames and the girders for a period of approximately 1 month as well as live load tests using trucks of known weights. This thesis focuses on some of the background studies, a survey of bridge owners around the United States, as well as the instrumentation and live load tests on the straight bridge with normal supports
Author : Matthew Craig Reichenbach
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309673730
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (737 download)
Download or read book Proposed Modification to AASHTO Cross-frame Analysis and Design written by Matthew Craig Reichenbach and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cross-frames are important structural components that serve many functions throughout the service life of steel I-girder bridges. Under repetitive load cycles caused by heavy truck passages, cross-frames and their connections can be susceptible to load-induced fatigue cracking if not properly designed. The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 962: Proposed Modification to AASHTO Cross-Frame Analysis and Design addresses knowledge gaps in an attempt to improve the reliability and economy of cross-frames in steel I-girder bridges and produces quantitatively based methodologies and design guidelines. Appendices B through F provide examples of cross-frame design for a straight bridge and a curved bridge as well as a comprehensive overview of the work completed in Phases I, II, and III of the project. Appendix A, Proposed Modifications to AASHTO LRFD, will be published by AASHTO.
Author : Alfred G. Bishara
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (555 download)
Download or read book Analysis for Design of Bearings at Skew Bridge Supports written by Alfred G. Bishara and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Wassef E. Elmir
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 502 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (193 download)
Download or read book Spatial Interaction Between Cross Frames and Girders of Multi-stringer Skewed Steel Bridges written by Wassef E. Elmir and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 502 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Liqun Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 590 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (531 download)
Download or read book Cross-frame and Diaphragm Behavior for Steel Bridges with Skewed Supports written by Liqun Wang and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 590 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 58 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)
Download or read book Investigation of Intermediate Diaphragm Loads on Steel Bridges written by and published by . This book was released on 1994 with total page 58 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Narendra Taly
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1466552182
Total Pages : 966 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (665 download)
Download or read book Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering written by Narendra Taly and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2014-11-21 with total page 966 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A How-To Guide for Bridge Engineers and Designers Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering: LRFD Approaches to Design and Analysis provides a detailed discussion of traditional structural design perspectives, and serves as a state-of-the-art resource on the latest design and analysis of highway bridge superstructures. This book is applicable to highway bridges of all construction and material types, and is based on the load and resistance factor design (LRFD) philosophy. It discusses the theory of probability (with an explanation leading to the calibration process and reliability), and includes fully solved design examples of steel, reinforced and prestressed concrete bridge superstructures. It also contains step-by-step calculations for determining the distribution factors for several different types of bridge superstructures (which form the basis of load and resistance design specifications) and can be found in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications. Fully Realize the Basis and Significance of LRFD Specifications Divided into six chapters, this instructive text: Introduces bridge engineering as a discipline of structural design Describes numerous types of highway bridge superstructures systems Presents a detailed discussion of various types of loads that act on bridge superstructures and substructures Discusses the methods of analyses of highway bridge superstructures Includes a detailed discussion of reinforced and prestressed concrete bridges, and slab-steel girder bridges Highway Bridge Superstructure Engineering: LRFD Approaches to Design and Analysis can be used for teaching highway bridge design courses to undergraduate- and graduate-level classes, and as an excellent resource for practicing engineers.
