Six Galleons for the King of Spain

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Author :
Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 1421441195
Total Pages : 642 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (214 download)

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Book Synopsis Six Galleons for the King of Spain by : Carla Rahn Phillips

Download or read book Six Galleons for the King of Spain written by Carla Rahn Phillips and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2020-09-01 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1625, Martin de Arana built six Atlantic warships for the Spanish crown. The author traces the ships from their construction through a decade of service, incorporating a history of Spain's Golden Age. This book was awarded the Spain and America in Quincentennial Year of Discovery prize.

Six Galleons for the King of Spain

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (491 download)

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Book Synopsis Six Galleons for the King of Spain by : Carla Rahn Phillips

Download or read book Six Galleons for the King of Spain written by Carla Rahn Phillips and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

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Author :
Publisher : Boydell Press
ISBN 13 : 9780851159034
Total Pages : 308 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (59 download)

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Book Synopsis War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance by : John B. Hattendorf

Download or read book War at Sea in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance written by John B. Hattendorf and published by Boydell Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 308 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Wide-ranging in place and time, yet tightly focused on particular concerns, these new and original specialist articles show how observations on the early history of warfare based on the relatively stable conditions of the late seventeenth century ignore the realities of war at sea in the middle ages and renaissance. In these studies, naval historians firmly grounded in the best current understanding of the period take account of developments in ships, guns and the language of public policy on war at sea, and in so doing give a stimulating introduction to five hundred years of maritime violence in Europe."--BOOK JACKET.

A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks

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Author :
Publisher : ForeEdge from University Press of New England
ISBN 13 : 1611687543
Total Pages : 283 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks by : Stewart Gordon

Download or read book A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks written by Stewart Gordon and published by ForeEdge from University Press of New England. This book was released on 2015-04-22 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Roman triremes of the Mediterranean. The treasure fleet of the Spanish Main. Great ocean liners of the Atlantic. Stories of disasters at sea fire the imagination as little else can, whether the subject is a historical wreck - the Titanic or the Bismark - or the recent capsizing of a Mediterranean cruise ship. Shipwrecks also make for a new and very different understanding of world history. A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks explores the ages-long, immensely hazardous, persistently romantic, and still-ongoing process of moving people and goods across far-flung maritime worlds. Telling the stories of ships and the people who made and sailed them, from the earliest ancient-Nile craft to the Exxon Valdez, A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks argues that the gradual integration of localized and separate maritime regions into fewer, larger, and more interdependent regions offers a unique window on world history. Stewart Gordon draws a number of provocative conclusions from his study, among them that the European "Age of Exploration" as a singular event is simply a myth - many cultures, east and west, explored far-flung maritime worlds over the millennia - and that technologies of shipbuilding and navigation have been among the main drivers of science and technology throughout history. Finally, A History of the World in Sixteen Shipwrecks shows in a series of compelling narratives that the development of institutions and technologies that made terrifying oceans familiar, and turned unknown seas into sea-lanes, profoundly matters in our modern world.

Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana

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Publisher : LSU Press
ISBN 13 : 0807174645
Total Pages : 298 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana by : Evelyn Jennings

Download or read book Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana written by Evelyn Jennings and published by LSU Press. This book was released on 2020-12-16 with total page 298 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana examines the political economy surrounding the use of enslaved laborers in the capital of Spanish imperial Cuba from 1762 to 1835. In this first book-length exploration of state slavery on the island, Evelyn P. Jennings demonstrates that the Spanish state’s policies and practices in the ownership and employment of enslaved workers after 1762 served as a bridge from an economy based on imperial service to a rapidly expanding plantation economy in the nineteenth century. The Spanish state had owned and exploited enslaved workers in Cuba since the early 1500s. After the humiliating yearlong British occupation of Havana beginning in 1762, however, the Spanish Crown redoubled its efforts to purchase and maintain thousands of royal slaves to prepare Havana for what officials believed would be the imminent renewal of war with England. Jennings shows that the composition of workforces assigned to public projects depended on the availability of enslaved workers in various interconnected labor markets within Cuba, within the Spanish empire, and in the Atlantic world. Moreover, the site of enslavement, the work required, and the importance of that work according to imperial priorities influenced the treatment and relative autonomy of those laborers as well as the likelihood they would achieve freedom. As plantation production for export purposes emerged as the most dynamic sector of Cuba’s economy by 1810, the Atlantic networks used to obtain enslaved workers showed increasing strain. British abolitionism exerted additional pressure on the slave trade. To offset the loss of access to enslaved laborers, colonial officials expanded the state’s authority to sentence deserters, vagrants, and fugitives, both enslaved and free, to labor in public works such as civil construction, road building, and the creation of Havana’s defensive forts. State efforts in this area demonstrate the deep roots of state enslavement and forced labor in nineteenth-century Spanish colonialism and in capitalist development in the Atlantic world. Constructing the Spanish Empire in Havana places the processes of building and sustaining the Spanish empire in the imperial hub of Havana in a comparative perspective with other sites of empire building in the Atlantic world. Furthermore, it considers the human costs of reproducing the Spanish empire in a major Caribbean port, the state’s role in shaping the institution of slavery, and the experiences of enslaved and other coerced laborers both before and after the beginning of Cuba’s sugar boom in the early nineteenth century.

Spanish Galleon 1530–1690

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Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1472853245
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (728 download)

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Book Synopsis Spanish Galleon 1530–1690 by : Angus Konstam

Download or read book Spanish Galleon 1530–1690 written by Angus Konstam and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2021-10-28 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the middle decade of the 16th century a new type of sailing vessel emerged, designed to carry the wealth of the Americas to Spain. This was the galleon, and over the next century these vessels would serve Spain well as treasure ships and warships, becoming a symbol of Spanish power and wealth during the period. The development and construction of the Spanish galleon are discussed in this book, and the ordnance and crewing needed to produce and maintain these stately vessels is covered. The author also examines the role of the galleon as a treasure ship, and describes how these ships were manned and fought in action.

Pillaging the Empire

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317524470
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Pillaging the Empire by : Kris E Lane

Download or read book Pillaging the Empire written by Kris E Lane and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-07-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Between 1500 and 1750, European expansion and global interaction produced vast wealth. As goods traveled by ship along new global trade routes, piracy also flourished on the world’s seas. Pillaging the Empire tells the fascinating story of maritime predation in this period, including the perspectives of both pirates and their victims. Brushing aside the romantic legends of piracy, Kris Lane pays careful attention to the varied circumstances and motives that led to the rise of this bloodthirsty pursuit of riches, and places the history of piracy in the context of early modern empire building. This second edition of Pillaging the Empire has been revised and expanded to incorporate the latest scholarship on piracy, maritime law, and early modern state formation. With a new chapter on piracy in East and Southeast Asia, Lane considers piracy as a global phenomenon. Filled with colorful details and stories of individual pirates from Francis Drake to the women pirates Ann Bonny and Mary Read, this engaging narrative will be of interest to all those studying the history of Latin America, the Atlantic world, and the global empires of the early modern era.

Essays in Naval History, from Medieval to Modern

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000940985
Total Pages : 345 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Essays in Naval History, from Medieval to Modern by : N.A.M. Rodger

Download or read book Essays in Naval History, from Medieval to Modern written by N.A.M. Rodger and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-05-31 with total page 345 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The articles collected here (two appearing for the first time in English) cover a number of topics central to naval history and illustrate the author's contention that this is not only, or even chiefly, a distinct area of special study, but rather a central theme running through the history of England, and of the whole British Isles. Though the subjects and the styles vary a good deal, the studies are linked by a common approach and some common ideas. Hence many examine ways in which naval history has formed a key element in such subjects as intellectual, religious, administrative or medical history and explored the nature and meaning of sea power as a theme. At the same time naval history is a technical subject, which demands a willingness to understand warships - the most complex artefacts - and the structure of large and complex organisations. Detailed evidence about ships and weapons can build large conclusions, for example about late Anglo-Saxon government and military organisation, or about the nature of warfare at sea in the Renaissance era. While mostly written from the British point of view, several essays explicitly survey naval developments over a range of countries, and even the most narrowly focused are at least implicitly aware of the wider world of war at sea.

The Spanish Treasure Fleets

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Author :
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 156164899X
Total Pages : 224 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (616 download)

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Book Synopsis The Spanish Treasure Fleets by : Timothy R Walton

Download or read book The Spanish Treasure Fleets written by Timothy R Walton and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2015-10-17 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The story of the expeditions of Spanish explorers told through the history of the first American currency: pieces of eight.

The Treasure of the San José

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Publisher : JHU Press
ISBN 13 : 0801896479
Total Pages : 289 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis The Treasure of the San José by : Carla Rahn Phillips

Download or read book The Treasure of the San José written by Carla Rahn Phillips and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2007-07-02 with total page 289 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2007 Award for Excellence in World History and Biography/Autobiography, Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division of the Association of American Publishers Sunk in a British ambush in 1708, the Spanish galleon San José was rumored to have one of the richest cargos ever lost at sea. Though treasure hunters have searched for the wreck's legendary bounty, no one knows exactly how much went down with the ship or exactly where it sank. Here, Carla Rahn Phillips confronts the legend of lost treasure with documentary records of the San José's final voyage and suggests that the loss of silver and gold en route to Spain paled in comparison to the loss of the six hundred men who went down with the ship. Drawing from rich archival records, Phillips presents a biography of the ship and its crew. With vivid detail and meticulous scholarship, the author tells the stories of the officers, sailors, apprentices, and pages who manned the ship and explains the historical context in which the San José became prey to the British squadron. But the story does not end with the sinking of the San José. While Phillips addresses the persistent question of how much treasure was on board when the ship went down, she focuses on the human dimensions of the tragedy as well. She recovers the accounts of British naval officers involved in the battle, and examines the impact of the ship's loss on the Spanish government, the survivors, and the families of the men who perished. Original, comprehensive, and compelling, The Treasure of the San José separates popular myth from history and sheds light on the human lives associated with a "treasure" ship.

Champlain's Dream

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Author :
Publisher : Vintage Canada
ISBN 13 : 0307373010
Total Pages : 864 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (73 download)

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Book Synopsis Champlain's Dream by : David Hackett Fischer

Download or read book Champlain's Dream written by David Hackett Fischer and published by Vintage Canada. This book was released on 2009-11-03 with total page 864 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this sweeping, enthralling biography, acclaimed Pulitzer Prize–winner David Hackett Fischer magnificently brings to life the visionary adventurer who has straddled our history for 400 years. Champlain’s Dream reveals, with rare immediacy and drama, the story of a remarkable man: a leader who dreamed of humanity and peace in a world riven by violence; a man of his own time who nevertheless strove to build a settlement in Canada that would be founded on harmony and respect. With consummate narrative skill and comprehensive scholarship, Fischer unfolds a life shrouded in mystery, a complex, elusive man among many colorful characters. Born on France’s Atlantic coast, Samuel de Champlain grew up in a country bitterly divided by religious wars. But, like Henry IV, one of France’s greatest kings whose illegitimate son he may have been and who supported his travels from the Spanish Empire in Mexico to the St. Lawrence and the unknown territories, Champlain was religiously tolerant in an age of murderous sectarianism. Soldier, spy, master mariner, explorer, cartographer, and artist, he maneuvered his way through court intrigues in Paris, supported by Henri IV and, later, Louis XIII, though bitterly opposed by the Queen Regent Marie de Medici and the wily Cardinal Richelieu. But his astonishing dedication and stamina triumphed…. Champlain was an excellent navigator. He went to sea as a boy, acquiring the skills that allowed him to make 27 Atlantic crossings between France and Canada, enduring raging storms without losing a ship, and finally bringing with him into the wilderness his young wife, whom he had married in middle age. In the place he called Quebec, on the beautiful north shore of the St. Lawrence, he founded the first European settlement in Canada, where he dreamed that Europeans and First Nations would cooperate for mutual benefit. There he played a role in starting the growth of three populations — Québécois, Acadian, and Métis — from which millions descend. Through three decades, on foot and by ship and canoe, Champlain traveled through what are now six Canadian provinces and five American states, negotiating with more than a dozen Indian nations, encouraging intermarriage among the French colonists and the natives, and insisting, as a Catholic, on tolerance for Protestants. A brilliant politician as well as a soldier, he tried constantly to maintain a balance of power among the Indian nations and his Indian allies, but, when he had to, he took up arms with them and against them, proving himself a formidable strategist and warrior in ferocious wars. Drawing on Champlain’s own diaries and accounts, as well as his exquisite drawings and maps, Fischer shows him to have been a keen observer of a vanished world: an artist and cartographer who drew and wrote vividly, publishing four invaluable books on the life he saw around him. This superb biography (the first full-scale biography in decades) by a great historian is as dramatic and richly exciting as the life it portrays. Deeply researched, it is illustrated throughout with 110 contemporary images and 37 maps, including several drawn by Champlain himself.

Spanish Warships in the Age of Sail, 1700–1860

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Author :
Publisher : Seaforth Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1526790793
Total Pages : 761 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (267 download)

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Book Synopsis Spanish Warships in the Age of Sail, 1700–1860 by : Rif Winfield

Download or read book Spanish Warships in the Age of Sail, 1700–1860 written by Rif Winfield and published by Seaforth Publishing. This book was released on 2023-05-30 with total page 761 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the latest contribution to a unique series in a common format documenting in great detail the warships of the major naval powers during the age of sail. To date, four volumes have covered the British Navy, two have been devoted to the French Navy and one each to the Dutch and Russian Navies. This volume on the Spanish Navy, for much of its history the third largest in the world, fills the final gap in the ranks of the major maritime powers. This book is the first comprehensive listing of these ships in English and covers the development of all the naval vessels owned or deployed by Spain during the period of the Bourbon monarchy from 1700 to 1860 (including the period of French control during the Napoleonic Wars), but it also sets the scene for that period by summarizing the origins of Spanish naval development under the preceding Habsburg regime. As with previous volumes in the series, the main chapters list all the naval vessels from 1700 onwards (including those 16th century ships which survived into the new regime in 1700) by type, with the first chapters listing the ships of the line (navíos in Spanish terminology) and frigates in descending order of firepower, and subsequent chapters covering minor and ancillary vessels. Where available, a brief service history of each individual ship is given. A comprehensive introductory section includes a group of background essays designed to provide the reader with a deep understanding of how Spanish naval forces operated, and the context within which they were organized. Certain to become the standard English-language reference work, its publication is of the utmost importance to every naval historian and general reader interested in the navies of the sailing era.

Spanish Society, 1400-1600

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131788888X
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (178 download)

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Book Synopsis Spanish Society, 1400-1600 by : Teofilo F Ruiz

Download or read book Spanish Society, 1400-1600 written by Teofilo F Ruiz and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-09-11 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spanish Society depicts a complex and fascinating country in transition from the late Middle Ages to modernity. It describes every part of society from the gluttonous nobility to their starving peasants. Through anecdotes, a lively style and portraits of figures such as St Teresa of Avila and Torquemada, the book reflects the character and humour with which the common Spaniard endured an often-wretched lot. Beginning with a description of the geography, political life, and culture of Spain from 1400 to 1600, the unfolding narrative charts the country's shifts from one age to the next. It unveils patterns of everyday life from the court to the brothel, from the 'haves' of the aristocracy and clergy to the 'have nots' of the peasantry and the urban poor. Historical records illuminate details of Spanish society such as the transition from medieval festivities to the highly-scripted spectacles of the early modern period, the reasons for violence and popular resistance and the patterns of daily living: eating, dressing, religious beliefs and concepts of honour and sexuality. This compelling account includes historical examples and literary extracts, which allow the reader direct access to the period. From the street theatre of village carnivals to the oppressive Spanish Inquisition, it gives an abiding sense of Spain in the making and renders vivid the colours of a passionate history.

Spanish and Portuguese Conflict in the Spice Islands: The Loaysa Expedition to the Moluccas 1525-1535

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Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1000367088
Total Pages : 215 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

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Book Synopsis Spanish and Portuguese Conflict in the Spice Islands: The Loaysa Expedition to the Moluccas 1525-1535 by : Glen Frank Dille

Download or read book Spanish and Portuguese Conflict in the Spice Islands: The Loaysa Expedition to the Moluccas 1525-1535 written by Glen Frank Dille and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2021-04-18 with total page 215 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo y Valdés, (1478–1557), warden of the fortress and port of Santo Domingo of the Island of Hispaniola, also served his emperor, Charles V, as the official chronicler of the first half-century of the Spanish presence in the New World. His monumental General y Natural Historia de las Indias, consisting of three parts, with fifty books, hundreds of chapters and thousands of pages, is still a major primary source for researchers of the period 1492–1548. Part One, consisting of 19 books, was first published in 1535, then reprinted and augmented in 1547, with a third edition, including Book XX, the first book of Part II, appearing in Valladolid in 1557. Book XX, which was printed separately in Valladolid in 1557 (the year of Oviedo’s death), concerns the first three Spanish voyages to the East Indies. While it might be expected that the narrative of Magellan’s voyage would predominate in Book XX, Oviedo devoted only the first four chapters to this monumental voyage. The remaining thirty–one concern the two subsequent and little-known Spanish follow-up expeditions to the Moluccas 1525-35. The first, initially led by García Jofre de Loaysa, set out from Coruña to follow Magellan’s route through the Strait and across the Pacific. A second relief expedition under Alvaro Saavedra was sent out in search of Loaysa’s company from the Pacific coast of New Spain in 1527. In each venture only one vessel reached the Spice Islands. Oviedo’s narrative offers many details of the 10 years of hardships and conflict with the Portuguese, endured by the stoic Spanish, and of the growing unrest it provoked among their indigenous hosts. The news that Charles V had pawned his claim to the King João III of Portugal allowed a very few of the Spaniards to negotiate a passage back to Spain via Lisbon, while others remained in Portuguese settlements in the East Indies. The reports made by the returnees to the Consejo de Indias were integrated by Oviedo into his narrative, expanded and enriched by personal interviews. His chronicle includes much information about the indigenous culture, commerce, geography and of the exotic fauna and flora of the Spice Islands.

The Seaforth Bibliography

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Author :
Publisher : Pen and Sword
ISBN 13 : 1473812399
Total Pages : 951 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (738 download)

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Book Synopsis The Seaforth Bibliography by : Eugene Rasor

Download or read book The Seaforth Bibliography written by Eugene Rasor and published by Pen and Sword. This book was released on 2009-04-17 with total page 951 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This remarkable work is a comprehensive historiographical and bibliographical survey of the most important scholarly and printed materials about the naval and maritime history of England and Great Britain from the earliest times to 1815. More than 4,000 popular, standard and official histories, important articles in journals and periodicals, anthologies, conference, symposium and seminar papers, guides, documents and doctoral theses are covered so that the emphasis is the broadest possible. But the work is far, far more than a listing. The works are all evaluated, assessed and analysed and then integrated into an historical narrative that makes the book a hugely useful reference work for student, scholar, and enthusiast alike. It is divided into twenty-one chapters which cover resource centres, significant naval writers, pre-eminent and general histories, the chronological periods from Julius Caesar through the Vikings, Tudors and Stuarts to Nelson and Bligh, major naval personalities, warships, piracy, strategy and tactics, exploration, discovery and navigation, archaeology and even naval fiction. Quite simply, no-one with an interest and enthusiasm for naval history can afford to be without this book at their side.

The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : the Treasure Ships of the Pacific

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Author :
Publisher : AuthorHouse
ISBN 13 : 145677543X
Total Pages : 553 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (567 download)

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Book Synopsis The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : the Treasure Ships of the Pacific by : Shirley Fish

Download or read book The Manila-Acapulco Galleons : the Treasure Ships of the Pacific written by Shirley Fish and published by AuthorHouse. This book was released on 2011-05-18 with total page 553 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries, the transpacific treasure galleons sailed annually from Manila to Acapulco. In Manila, the vessel was loaded with the scented spices of the East, luxurious silks from China, exquisite hand crafted lacquerware from Japan and a multitude of Oriental goods that the Spaniards of New Spain longed to own. The returning galleon from Acapulco to Manila, carried as much as 2.5 million silver pesos in payment of the goods sent to the New Spain in the previous year, as well as a yearly silver subsidy of 250,000 reales for the maintenance of the colonial government in the Philippines. But while the galleons mainly sailed alone and unaccompanied from Manila to Acapulco and vice versa, they were vulnerable to a host of calamities and misfortunes. A fire on board the vessel or a terrifying storm could end the voyage and the lives of every one on the ship even before the galleon was able to reach land. Additionally, the commanders of the galleons were always threatened by lurking pirates and privateers who preyed on the vessels and coveted the treasures they carried. The book describes in detail how the galleons were attacked at sea and how they fought against enemy vessels, as well as how many of the ships sank or were shipwrecked over the years. It also covers their management, construction, manning, weaponry, navigation, daily life on the ship, provisions, cargoes and voyages. The book contains an annotated list of the galleons sailing between the Philippines and Mexico from 1565 to 1815. This informative book is the first of its kind to cover such an expansive history of the Pacific galleons which up to this point had remained largely untold.

Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750

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Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317462793
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (174 download)

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Book Synopsis Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750 by : Kris E Lane

Download or read book Pillaging the Empire: Piracy in the Americas, 1500-1750 written by Kris E Lane and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2015-03-04 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory survey to maritime predation in the Americas from the age of Columbus to the reign of the Spanish king Philip V includes piracy, privateering (state-sponsored sea-robbery), and genuine warfare carried out by professional navies.