Simulating Information Retrieval Test Collections

Download Simulating Information Retrieval Test Collections PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031023234
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Simulating Information Retrieval Test Collections by : David Hawking

Download or read book Simulating Information Retrieval Test Collections written by David Hawking and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Simulated test collections may find application in situations where real datasets cannot easily be accessed due to confidentiality concerns or practical inconvenience. They can potentially support Information Retrieval (IR) experimentation, tuning, validation, performance prediction, and hardware sizing. Naturally, the accuracy and usefulness of results obtained from a simulation depend upon the fidelity and generality of the models which underpin it. The fidelity of emulation of a real corpus is likely to be limited by the requirement that confidential information in the real corpus should not be able to be extracted from the emulated version. We present a range of methods exploring trade-offs between emulation fidelity and degree of preservation of privacy. We present three different simple types of text generator which work at a micro level: Markov models, neural net models, and substitution ciphers. We also describe macro level methods where we can engineer macro properties of a corpus, giving a range of models for each of the salient properties: document length distribution, word frequency distribution (for independent and non-independent cases), word length and textual representation, and corpus growth. We present results of emulating existing corpora and for scaling up corpora by two orders of magnitude. We show that simulated collections generated with relatively simple methods are suitable for some purposes and can be generated very quickly. Indeed it may sometimes be feasible to embed a simple lightweight corpus generator into an indexer for the purpose of efficiency studies. Naturally, a corpus of artificial text cannot support IR experimentation in the absence of a set of compatible queries. We discuss and experiment with published methods for query generation and query log emulation. We present a proof-of-the-pudding study in which we observe the predictive accuracy of efficiency and effectiveness results obtained on emulated versions of TREC corpora. The study includes three open-source retrieval systems and several TREC datasets. There is a trade-off between confidentiality and prediction accuracy and there are interesting interactions between retrieval systems and datasets. Our tentative conclusion is that there are emulation methods which achieve useful prediction accuracy while providing a level of confidentiality adequate for many applications. Many of the methods described here have been implemented in the open source project SynthaCorpus, accessible at: https://bitbucket.org/davidhawking/synthacorpus/

Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems

Download Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Now Publishers Inc
ISBN 13 : 1601983603
Total Pages : 143 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems by : Mark Sanderson

Download or read book Test Collection Based Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems written by Mark Sanderson and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2010-06-03 with total page 143 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Use of test collections and evaluation measures to assess the effectiveness of information retrieval systems has its origins in work dating back to the early 1950s. Across the nearly 60 years since that work started, use of test collections is a de facto standard of evaluation. This monograph surveys the research conducted and explains the methods and measures devised for evaluation of retrieval systems, including a detailed look at the use of statistical significance testing in retrieval experimentation. This monograph reviews more recent examinations of the validity of the test collection approach and evaluation measures as well as outlining trends in current research exploiting query logs and live labs. At its core, the modern-day test collection is little different from the structures that the pioneering researchers in the 1950s and 1960s conceived of. This tutorial and review shows that despite its age, this long-standing evaluation method is still a highly valued tool for retrieval research.

String Processing and Information Retrieval

Download String Processing and Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319460498
Total Pages : 273 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (194 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis String Processing and Information Retrieval by : Shunsuke Inenaga

Download or read book String Processing and Information Retrieval written by Shunsuke Inenaga and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-20 with total page 273 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 23rd International Symposium on String Processing and Information Retrieval, SPIRE 2016, held in Beppu, Japan, in October 2016. The 25 full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 46 submissions. The focus of the papers is on fundamental studies of string processes and information retrieval and its applications for example to areas such as bioinformatics, Web mining and others.

Advances in Information Retrieval

Download Advances in Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031282388
Total Pages : 735 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Information Retrieval by : Jaap Kamps

Download or read book Advances in Information Retrieval written by Jaap Kamps and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-16 with total page 735 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The three-volume set LNCS 13980, 13981 and 13982 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 45th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2023, held in Dublin, Ireland, during April 2-6, 2023. The 65 full papers, 41 short papers, 19 demonstration papers, 12 reproducibility papers consortium papers, 7 tutorial papers, and 10 doctorial consortium papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 489 submissions. The book also contains, 8 workshop summaries and 13 CLEF Lab descriptions. The accepted papers cover the state of the art in information retrieval focusing on user aspects, system and foundational aspects, machine learning, applications, evaluation, new social and technical challenges, and other topics of direct or indirect relevance to search.

Advances in Information Retrieval

Download Advances in Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030997367
Total Pages : 734 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Information Retrieval by : Matthias Hagen

Download or read book Advances in Information Retrieval written by Matthias Hagen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-04-05 with total page 734 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This two-volume set LNCS 13185 and 13186 constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 44th European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2022, held in April 2022, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 35 full papers presented together with 11 reproducibility papers, 13 CLEF lab descriptions papers, 12 doctoral consortium papers, 5 workshop abstracts, and 4 tutorials abstracts were carefully reviewed and selected from 395 submissions.

Advanced Topics in Information Retrieval

Download Advanced Topics in Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3642209467
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advanced Topics in Information Retrieval by : Massimo Melucci

Download or read book Advanced Topics in Information Retrieval written by Massimo Melucci and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-06-10 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Information retrieval is the science concerned with the effective and efficient retrieval of documents starting from their semantic content. It is employed to fulfill some information need from a large number of digital documents. Given the ever-growing amount of documents available and the heterogeneous data structures used for storage, information retrieval has recently faced and tackled novel applications. In this book, Melucci and Baeza-Yates present a wide-spectrum illustration of recent research results in advanced areas related to information retrieval. Readers will find chapters on e.g. aggregated search, digital advertising, digital libraries, discovery of spam and opinions, information retrieval in context, multimedia resource discovery, quantum mechanics applied to information retrieval, scalability challenges in web search engines, and interactive information retrieval evaluation. All chapters are written by well-known researchers, are completely self-contained and comprehensive, and are complemented by an integrated bibliography and subject index. With this selection, the editors provide the most up-to-date survey of topics usually not addressed in depth in traditional (text)books on information retrieval. The presentation is intended for a wide audience of people interested in information retrieval: undergraduate and graduate students, post-doctoral researchers, lecturers, and industrial researchers.

Introduction to Information Retrieval

Download Introduction to Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139472100
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Introduction to Information Retrieval by : Christopher D. Manning

Download or read book Introduction to Information Retrieval written by Christopher D. Manning and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2008-07-07 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Class-tested and coherent, this textbook teaches classical and web information retrieval, including web search and the related areas of text classification and text clustering from basic concepts. It gives an up-to-date treatment of all aspects of the design and implementation of systems for gathering, indexing, and searching documents; methods for evaluating systems; and an introduction to the use of machine learning methods on text collections. All the important ideas are explained using examples and figures, making it perfect for introductory courses in information retrieval for advanced undergraduates and graduate students in computer science. Based on feedback from extensive classroom experience, the book has been carefully structured in order to make teaching more natural and effective. Slides and additional exercises (with solutions for lecturers) are also available through the book's supporting website to help course instructors prepare their lectures.

Advances in Information Retrieval

Download Advances in Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031560604
Total Pages : 505 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (315 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Information Retrieval by : Nazli Goharian

Download or read book Advances in Information Retrieval written by Nazli Goharian and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Methods for Evaluating Interactive Information Retrieval Systems with Users

Download Methods for Evaluating Interactive Information Retrieval Systems with Users PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Now Publishers Inc
ISBN 13 : 1601982240
Total Pages : 246 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Methods for Evaluating Interactive Information Retrieval Systems with Users by : Diane Kelly

Download or read book Methods for Evaluating Interactive Information Retrieval Systems with Users written by Diane Kelly and published by Now Publishers Inc. This book was released on 2009 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides an overview and instruction on the evaluation of interactive information retrieval systems with users.

Information Retrieval

Download Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780470033630
Total Pages : 320 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (336 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Retrieval by : Ayse Goker

Download or read book Information Retrieval written by Ayse Goker and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2009-12-15 with total page 320 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is an essential reference to cutting-edge issues and future directions in information retrieval Information retrieval (IR) can be defined as the process of representing, managing, searching, retrieving, and presenting information. Good IR involves understanding information needs and interests, developing an effective search technique, system, presentation, distribution and delivery. The increased use of the Web and wider availability of information in this environment led to the development of Web search engines. This change has brought fresh challenges to a wider variety of users’ needs, tasks, and types of information. Today, search engines are seen in enterprises, on laptops, in individual websites, in library catalogues, and elsewhere. Information Retrieval: Searching in the 21st Century focuses on core concepts, and current trends in the field. This book focuses on: Information Retrieval Models User-centred Evaluation of Information Retrieval Systems Multimedia Resource Discovery Image Users’ Needs and Searching Behaviour Web Information Retrieval Mobile Search Context and Information Retrieval Text Categorisation and Genre in Information Retrieval Semantic Search The Role of Natural Language Processing in Information Retrieval: Search for Meaning and Structure Cross-language Information Retrieval Performance Issues in Parallel Computing for Information Retrieval This book is an invaluable reference for graduate students on IR courses or courses in related disciplines (e.g. computer science, information science, human-computer interaction, and knowledge management), academic and industrial researchers, and industrial personnel tracking information search technology developments to understand the business implications. Intermediate-advanced level undergraduate students on IR or related courses will also find this text insightful. Chapters are supplemented with exercises to stimulate further thinking.

Word Association Thematic Analysis

Download Word Association Thematic Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Morgan & Claypool Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1636390668
Total Pages : 131 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (363 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Word Association Thematic Analysis by : Mike Thelwall

Download or read book Word Association Thematic Analysis written by Mike Thelwall and published by Morgan & Claypool Publishers. This book was released on 2021-02-02 with total page 131 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explains the word association thematic analysis method, with examples, and gives practical advice for using it. It is primarily intended for social media researchers and students, although the method is applicable to any collection of short texts. Many research projects involve analyzing sets of texts from the social web or elsewhere to get insights into issues, opinions, interests, news discussions, or communication styles. For example, many studies have investigated reactions to Covid-19 social distancing restrictions, conspiracy theories, and anti-vaccine sentiment on social media. This book describes word association thematic analysis, a mixed methods strategy to identify themes within a collection of social web or other texts. It identifies these themes in the differences between subsets of the texts, including female vs. male vs. nonbinary, older vs. newer, country A vs. country B, positive vs. negative sentiment, high scoring vs. low scoring, or subtopic A vs. subtopic B. It can also be used to identify the differences between a topic-focused collection of texts and a reference collection. The method starts by automatically finding words that are statistically significantly more common in one subset than another, then identifies the context of these words and groups them into themes. It is supported by the free Windows-based software Mozdeh for data collection or importing and for the quantitative analysis stages.

Word Association Thematic Analysis

Download Word Association Thematic Analysis PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031023242
Total Pages : 111 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Word Association Thematic Analysis by : Michael Thelwall

Download or read book Word Association Thematic Analysis written by Michael Thelwall and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 111 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many research projects involve analyzing sets of texts from the social web or elsewhere to get insights into issues, opinions, interests, news discussions, or communication styles. For example, many studies have investigated reactions to Covid-19 social distancing restrictions, conspiracy theories, and anti-vaccine sentiment on social media. This book describes word association thematic analysis, a mixed methods strategy to identify themes within a collection of social web or other texts. It identifies these themes in the differences between subsets of the texts, including female vs. male vs. nonbinary, older vs. newer, country A vs. country B, positive vs. negative sentiment, high scoring vs. low scoring, or subtopic A vs. subtopic B. It can also be used to identify the differences between a topic-focused collection of texts and a reference collection. The method starts by automatically finding words that are statistically significantly more common in one subset than another, then identifies the context of these words and groups them into themes. It is supported by the free Windows-based software Mozdeh for data collection or importing and for the quantitative analysis stages. This book explains the word association thematic analysis method, with examples, and gives practical advice for using it. It is primarily intended for social media researchers and students, although the method is applicable to any collection of short texts.

Information Retrieval Technology

Download Information Retrieval Technology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3642047696
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Information Retrieval Technology by : Dawei Song

Download or read book Information Retrieval Technology written by Dawei Song and published by Springer. This book was released on 2009-09-30 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 5th Asia Information Retrieval Symposium, AIRS 2009, held in Sapporo, Japan, in October 2009. The 18 revised full papers and 20 revised poster papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 82 submissions. All current aspects of information retrieval - in theory and practice - are addressed; working with text, audio, image, video and multimedia data.

Third Space, Information Sharing, and Participatory Design

Download Third Space, Information Sharing, and Participatory Design PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031023277
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Third Space, Information Sharing, and Participatory Design by : Preben Hansen

Download or read book Third Space, Information Sharing, and Participatory Design written by Preben Hansen and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-31 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Society faces many challenges in workplaces, everyday life situations, and education contexts. Within information behavior research, there are often calls to bridge inclusiveness and for greater collaboration, with user-centered design approaches and, more specifically, participatory design practices. Collaboration and participation are essential in addressing contemporary societal challenges, designing creative information objects and processes, as well as developing spaces for learning, and information and research interventions. The intention is to improve access to information and the benefits to be gained from that. This also applies to bridging the digital divide and for embracing artificial intelligence. With regard to research and practices within information behavior, it is crucial to consider that all users should be involved. Many information activities (i.e., activities falling under the umbrella terms of information behavior and information practices) manifest through participation, and thus, methods such as participatory design may help unfold both information behavior and practices as well as the creation of information objects, new models, and theories. Information sharing is one of its core activities. For participatory design with its value set of democratic, inclusive, and open participation towards innovative practices in a diversity of contexts, it is essential to understand how information activities such as sharing manifest itself. For information behavior studies it is essential to deepen understanding of how information sharing manifests in order to improve access to information and the use of information. Third Space is a physical, virtual, cognitive, and conceptual space where participants may negotiate, reflect, and form new knowledge and worldviews working toward creative, practical and applicable solutions, finding innovative, appropriate research methods, interpreting findings, proposing new theories, recommending next steps, and even designing solutions such as new information objects or services. Information sharing in participatory design manifests in tandem with many other information interaction activities and especially information and cognitive processing. Although there are practices of individual information sharing and information encountering, information sharing mostly relates to collaborative information behavior practices, creativity, and collective decision-making. Our purpose with this book is to enable students, researchers, and practitioners within a multi-disciplinary research field, including information studies and Human–Computer Interaction approaches, to gain a deeper understanding of how the core activity of information sharing in participatory design, in which Third Space may be a platform for information interaction, is taking place when using methods utilized in participatory design to address contemporary societal challenges. This could also apply for information behavior studies using participatory design as methodology. We elaborate interpretations of core concepts such as participatory design, Third Space, information sharing, and collaborative information behavior, before discussing participatory design methods and processes in more depth. We also touch on information behavior, information practice, and other important concepts. Third Space, information sharing, and information interaction are discussed in some detail. A framework, with Third Space as a core intersecting zone, platform, and adaptive and creative space to study information sharing and other information behavior and interactions are suggested. As a tool to envision information behavior and suggest future practices, participatory design serves as a set of methods and tools in which new interpretations of the design of information behavior studies and eventually new information objects are being initiated involving multiple stakeholders in future information landscapes. For this purpose, we argue that Third Space can be used as an intersection zone to study information sharing and other information activities, but more importantly it can serve as a Third Space Information Behavior (TSIB) study framework where participatory design methodology and processes are applied to information behavior research studies and applications such as information objects, systems, and services with recognition of the importance of situated awareness.

Advances in Information Retrieval

Download Advances in Information Retrieval PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 0306470195
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (64 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advances in Information Retrieval by : W. Bruce Croft

Download or read book Advances in Information Retrieval written by W. Bruce Croft and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2006-04-11 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Center for Intelligent Information Retrieval (CIIR) was formed in the Computer Science Department ofthe University ofMassachusetts, Amherst in 1992. The core support for the Center came from a National Science Foun- tion State/Industry/University Cooperative Research Center(S/IUCRC) grant, although there had been a sizeable information retrieval (IR) research group for over 10 years prior to that grant. Thebasic goal ofthese Centers is to combine basic research, applied research, and technology transfer. The CIIR has been successful in each of these areas, in that it has produced over 270 research papers, has been involved in many successful government and industry collaborations, and has had a significant role in high-visibility Internet sites and start-ups. As a result of these efforts, the CIIR has become known internationally as one of the leading research groups in the area of information retrieval. The CIIR focuses on research that results in more effective and efficient access and discovery in large, heterogeneous, distributed, text and multimedia databases. The scope of the work that is done in the CIIR is broad and goes significantly beyond “traditional” areas of information retrieval such as retrieval models, cross-lingual search, and automatic query expansion. The research includes both low-level systems issues such as the design of protocols and architectures for distributed search, as well as more human-centered topics such as user interface design, visualization and data mining with text, and multimedia retrieval.

Trustworthy Communications and Complete Genealogies

Download Trustworthy Communications and Complete Genealogies PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031023250
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Trustworthy Communications and Complete Genealogies by : Reagan W. Moore

Download or read book Trustworthy Communications and Complete Genealogies written by Reagan W. Moore and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Genealogies document relationships between persons involved in historical events. Information about the events is parsed from communications from the past. This book explores a way to organize information from multiple communications into a trustworthy representation of a genealogical history of the modern world. The approach defines metrics for evaluating the consistency, correctness, closure, connectivity, completeness, and coherence of a genealogy. The metrics are evaluated using a 312,000-person research genealogy that explores the common ancestors of the royal families of Europe. A major result is that completeness is defined by a genealogy symmetry property driven by two exponential processes, the doubling of the number of potential ancestors each generation, and the rapid growth of lineage coalescence when the number of potential ancestors exceeds the available population. A genealogy expands from an initial root person to a large number of lineages, which then coalesce into a small number of progenitors. Using the research genealogy, candidate progenitors for persons of Western European descent are identified. A unifying ancestry is defined to which historically notable persons can be linked.

Task Intelligence for Search and Recommendation

Download Task Intelligence for Search and Recommendation PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031023269
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Task Intelligence for Search and Recommendation by : Chirag Shah

Download or read book Task Intelligence for Search and Recommendation written by Chirag Shah and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-06-01 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While great strides have been made in the field of search and recommendation, there are still challenges and opportunities to address information access issues that involve solving tasks and accomplishing goals for a wide variety of users. Specifically, we lack intelligent systems that can detect not only the request an individual is making (what), but also understand and utilize the intention (why) and strategies (how) while providing information and enabling task completion. Many scholars in the fields of information retrieval, recommender systems, productivity (especially in task management and time management), and artificial intelligence have recognized the importance of extracting and understanding people's tasks and the intentions behind performing those tasks in order to serve them better. However, we are still struggling to support them in task completion, e.g., in search and assistance, and it has been challenging to move beyond single-query or single-turn interactions. The proliferation of intelligent agents has unlocked new modalities for interacting with information, but these agents will need to be able to work understanding current and future contexts and assist users at task level. This book will focus on task intelligence in the context of search and recommendation. Chapter 1 introduces readers to the issues of detecting, understanding, and using task and task-related information in an information episode (with or without active searching). This is followed by presenting several prominent ideas and frameworks about how tasks are conceptualized and represented in Chapter 2. In Chapter 3, the narrative moves to showing how task type relates to user behaviors and search intentions. A task can be explicitly expressed in some cases, such as in a to-do application, but often it is unexpressed. Chapter 4 covers these two scenarios with several related works and case studies. Chapter 5 shows how task knowledge and task models can contribute to addressing emerging retrieval and recommendation problems. Chapter 6 covers evaluation methodologies and metrics for task-based systems, with relevant case studies to demonstrate their uses. Finally, the book concludes in Chapter 7, with ideas for future directions in this important research area.