Short Distance Behavior Of Fundamental Interactions

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Fundamental Interactions in Physics and Astrophysics

Author : Behram Kursunoglu
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461345863
Total Pages : 471 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamental Interactions in Physics and Astrophysics by : Behram Kursunoglu

Download or read book Fundamental Interactions in Physics and Astrophysics written by Behram Kursunoglu and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-07 with total page 471 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present volume is a compilation of the talks presented at the 1972 Coral Gables Conference on Fundamental Interactions at High Energy held at the University of Miami by the Center for Theoretical Studies. The volume contains, in addition, contributions by B. Kursunoglu and G. Breit, which were not actually presented, but are included as tributes to Professor P.A.M. Dirac, to whom the Conference is formally dedicated. Again this year the theme, style and format of each session was in most cases the responsibility of the section leaders who also cons~ituted the Conference Committee. This organization of the conference meant that each section was coherent and essentially self-contained, and as weIl, allowed for spirited panel discussions to critically summarize, and to indicate new directions for future research. This volume is divided into four sections on Constructive Field Theory, and Advances in the Theory of Weak and Electro magnetic Interactions, Cosmic Evolution,and New Vistas in the Theory of Fundamental Interactions. Each section represents a thorough, penetrating survey of one of the most active research programs of theoretical physics. Thanks are due to typists Mrs. Helga S. Billings, Mrs. Jackie Zagursky, Miss Connie Retting, and to Mrs. Norma Gayle Hagan for her industrious supervision of the many programs involved in the conference. This conference received some support from the Atomic Energy Commission and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The Editors vii Miss Sevil Kursunoglu, Professor Behram Kursunoglu, Professor P. A. M. Dirac, Mrs. Behram Kursunoglu, Mr.

Short-Distance Phenomena in Nuclear Physics

Author : David H. Boal
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468446258
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Short-Distance Phenomena in Nuclear Physics by : David H. Boal

Download or read book Short-Distance Phenomena in Nuclear Physics written by David H. Boal and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Each summer, the Theoretical Physics Division of the Canadian Association of Physicists organizes a summer institute of two weeks duration on a current topic in theoretical physics. This volume contains the lectures from the Pacific Summer Institute held at Pearson College on Vancouver Island, B. C. (Canada) from August 23 to September 3, 1982. The Institute was titled "Progress in Nuclear Dynamics: Short-Distance Behavior in the Nucleus". The primary source of funds for the Institute came from NATO through its Advanced Study Institute programme. Significant finan cial support is also gratefully acknowledged from TRIUMF, Simon Fraser University, Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada, and Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd. The topic of the school was the role of the substructure of hadrons--quarks and gluons--in nuclear physics. This includes not only the effects which may be observed in specific nuclear states, such as form factors at large momentum transfer, or the presence of hidden color components in the ground states of few nucleon systems, but also effects which may be observed in the nuclear matter contin uum: the phase transition from normal nuclear matter to a plasma of quarks and gluons. The current status of the long distance phenom enology of the nucleus--the interacting boson approximation and the role of n's and ~'s in nuclear structure, is also reviewed.

Symmetries and Fundamental Interactions in Nuclei

Author : Wick C. Haxton
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 981022057X
Total Pages : 451 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Symmetries and Fundamental Interactions in Nuclei by : Wick C. Haxton

Download or read book Symmetries and Fundamental Interactions in Nuclei written by Wick C. Haxton and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1995 with total page 451 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book shows the usefulness of the nucleus as a laboratory for learning about basic symmetries and fundamental interactions. It is aimed at advanced graduate students and beginning researchers, but should be useful to advanced researchers as well. Nuclear and particle physicists will find it particularly useful.

Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 4

Author : B. G. Sidharth
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461513391
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 4 by : B. G. Sidharth

Download or read book Frontiers of Fundamental Physics 4 written by B. G. Sidharth and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This symposium was organized at the B.M. Birla Science Centre, Hyderabad, India, and provided a platform for frontier physicists to exchange ideas and review the latest work and developments on a variety of interrelated topics. A feature of the symposium, as well as the proceedings, is the B.M. Birla Memorial Lecture by Nobel Laureate Professor Gerard 't Hooft. There were participants from the USA, several European countries, Russia and CIS countries, South Africa, Japan, India and elsewhere, of whom some forty scientists presented papers. Spanning a wide range of contemporary issues in fundamental physics from string theory to cosmology, the proceedings present many of these talks and contributions.

Fundamental Interactions

Author : Jean-Louis Basdevant
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461335515
Total Pages : 705 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamental Interactions by : Jean-Louis Basdevant

Download or read book Fundamental Interactions written by Jean-Louis Basdevant and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 705 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 1981Cargese Summer Institute on Fundamental Interactions was organized by the Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris (M. LEVY and J.-L. BASDEVANT), CERN (M. JACOB), the Universite Catholique de Louvain (D. SPEISER and J. WEYERS), and the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven (R. GASTMANS), which, like in 1975, 1977 and 1979, had joined their efforts and worked in common. It was the 22nd Summer Institute held at Cargese and the 6th one organized by the two institutes of theoretical physics at Leuven and Louvain-la-Neuve. This time, while the last school was dominated by the impres sive advances which were made in the field of perturbative quantum chromodynamics and its applications to high energy phenomena invol ving strongly interacting particles, the 1981 school clearly reflected a period of transition, where the new insights gained by experiment and theory are digested and put in order. Place of pride among the experiments belonged this time to DESY. On the theore tical side the reader will find a more thorough interpretation and understanding of the experiments as well as approaches to new theories. Finally several talks were devoted to experiments of the future. We owe many thanks to all those who have made this Summer Institute possible! Thanks are due to the Scientific Committee of NATO and its President for a generous grant and especially to the head of the Advanced Study Institute Program, Dr. R. Chabbal and his collabora tors for their constant help and encouragements.

Effective Theories And Fundamental Interactions - Proceedings Of The International School Of Subnuclear Physics

Author : Antonino Zichichi
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814546054
Total Pages : 606 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Effective Theories And Fundamental Interactions - Proceedings Of The International School Of Subnuclear Physics by : Antonino Zichichi

Download or read book Effective Theories And Fundamental Interactions - Proceedings Of The International School Of Subnuclear Physics written by Antonino Zichichi and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1997-11-26 with total page 606 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a unique report on the frontiers of subnuclear physics presented by world specialists in a clear, rigorous and simple way.The problem of the physical vacuum is presented in the opening lecture by T D Lee and the effective string-theoretical approach to cosmological vacua by G Veneziano. Effective theoretical approaches to light and heavy quark physics are presented by H Leutwyler and M Neubert. V N Gribov discusses the quark confinement and N Seiberg the problem of finding the effective actions in supersymmetric theories. A detailed analysis confronting electroweak theory with the high precision experimental data is presented by D Schildknecht. The great specialist in membrane theory, M Duff, presents the latest results of the 11-dimensional approach, while the finite temperature effective theories are discussed by M Shaposhnikov. The unification and the physics beyond the standard model constitute the content of the lectures by R Barbieri and D Nanopoulos. The experimental data from LEP and Hera are presented by M Pohl and G Wolf. N F Ramsey, the world specialist in the field, discusses how to explore the universe with atomic clocks. An elusive Z' is the subject of a specialised seminar by P Frampton.This volume contains the reports presented by a selected group of “new talents” on various topics in the field of subnuclear physics.

Fundamental Interactions

Author : Daniel Grumiller
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814277835
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (142 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamental Interactions by : Daniel Grumiller

Download or read book Fundamental Interactions written by Daniel Grumiller and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2010 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This memorial volume on the work of Wolfgang Kummer brings together articles devoted to the history of high energy physics with detailed coverage on the scientific concepts and scientific institutions, in particular CERN OCo and the underlying physics involved. Covering recent advances and developments as well as giving a reminiscent overview in two rapidly evolving fields of high energy/particle physics, and gravitational physics, the commemorative volume contains more than 20 original invited paper contributions OCo which will appear for the first time in print OCo from eminent and renowned physicists who interacted and collaborated with Wolfgang Kummer, including Physics Nobel Laureate Jack Steinberger. Wolfgang Kummer was president of the CERN council from 1985 to 1987, among his numerous eminent academic and administrative positions which he held during his illustrious career. This volume also aims to demonstrate and highlight Wolfgang Kummer''s significant contribution to the foundational work in gauge field theory, particle physics, and quantum gravity, and the tremendous impact leading to cutting-edge findings and advances at LHC. Sample Chapter(s). Foreword (155 KB). Chapter 1: Noncovariant Gauges at Zero and Nonzero Temperature (215 KB). Contents: Gauge Field Theory and Particle Physics: Noncovariant Gauges at Zero and Nonzero Temperature (P V Landshoff); Non-Relativistic Bound States: The Long Way Back from the BetheOCoSalpeter to the SchrAdinger Equation (A Vairo); Distended/Diminished Topologically Massive Electrodynamics (S Deser); Dynamical Spin (P G O Freund); Quantum Corrections to Solitons and BPS Saturation (A Rebhan et al.); Gauging Noncommutative Theories (H Grosse & M Wohlgenannt); Topological Phases and Contextuality Effects in Neutron Quantum Optics (H Rauch); First Class Constrained Systems and Twisting of Courant Algebroids by a Closed 4-Form (M Hansen & T Strobl); Some Local and Global Aspects of the Gauge Fixing in YangOCoMills-Theories (D N Blaschke et al.); Frozen Ghosts in Thermal Gauge Field Theory (P V Landshoff & A Rebhan); Classical and Quantum Gravity: Wolfgang Kummer and the Vienna School of Dilaton (Super-)Gravity (L Bergamin & R Meyer); Order and Chaos in Two Dimensional Gravity (R B Mann); 2-D Midisuperspace Models for Quantum Black Holes (J Gegenberg & G Kunstatter); Global Solutions in Gravity. Euclidean Signature (M O Katanaev); Thoughts on the Cosmological Principle (D J Schwarz); When Time Emerges (C Faustmann et al.); Towards Noncommutative Gravity (D V Vassilevich); Superembedding Approach to Superstring in AdS 5 X S 5 Superspace (I A Bandos); Heterotic (0,2) Gepner Models and Related Geometries (M Kreuzer); Canonical Analysis of Cosmological Topologically Massive Gravity at the Chiral Point (D Grumiller et al.); Wolfgang Kummer and the Physics Community: Wolfgang Kummer at CERN (H Schopper); Wolfgang Kummer and the Little Lost Lane Boy (K Lane); Mitigation of Fossil Fuel Consumption and Global Warming by Thermal Solar Electric Power Production in the World''s Deserts (J Steinberger); (My) Life with Wolfgang Kummer (M Schweda); Schubert in Stony Brook and Kinks in Vienna (P van Nieuwenhuizen). Readership: Scientists, researchers, graduates and undergraduates interested in high energy, particle or gravitational physics."

Physics in a New Era

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309073421
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Physics in a New Era by : National Research Council

Download or read book Physics in a New Era written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-07-15 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Physics at the beginning of the twenty-first century has reached new levels of accomplishment and impact in a society and nation that are changing rapidly. Accomplishments have led us into the information age and fueled broad technological and economic development. The pace of discovery is quickening and stronger links with other fields such as the biological sciences are being developed. The intellectual reach has never been greater, and the questions being asked are more ambitious than ever before. Physics in a New Era is the final report of the NRC's six-volume decadal physics survey. The book reviews the frontiers of physics research, examines the role of physics in our society, and makes recommendations designed to strengthen physics and its ability to serve important needs such as national security, the economy, information technology, and education.

Fundamental Interactions - Proceedings Of The Seventeenth Lake Louise Winter Institute

Author : Alan Astbury
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814486531
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamental Interactions - Proceedings Of The Seventeenth Lake Louise Winter Institute by : Alan Astbury

Download or read book Fundamental Interactions - Proceedings Of The Seventeenth Lake Louise Winter Institute written by Alan Astbury and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2003-02-21 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Lake Louise Winter Institute is held annually to explore recent trends in high energy physics in an informal setting. Pedagogical and review lectures are presented by invited experts. A topical workshop is held in conjunction with the Institute, with presentations by participants.

Unification of the Fundamental Particle Interactions II

Author : John Ellis
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1461592992
Total Pages : 525 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Unification of the Fundamental Particle Interactions II by : John Ellis

Download or read book Unification of the Fundamental Particle Interactions II written by John Ellis and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 525 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Work on the unification of the fundamental particle interac tions has continued vigorously since the first Europhysics study Conference on this subject. At that time we emphasized the exis tence of two main approaches, one based on supersymmetry and pos sibly its local version, supergravity, and the other approach based on grand unified gauge theories. Discussion of the possible tests of these theoretical speculations included experiments on baryon decay and neutrino oscillations. In view of the uncertainties surrounding the observability of such phenomena, the early Universe was welcomed as a possible Laboratory for testing new theoretical ideas. At that time, we expressed the hope that the different gauge and super symmetry approaches would cross-fertilize each other" and it is appropriate to ask now how much of that hope has been realized. We believe there has recently been considerable theoretical rapprochement, which is amply reflected in these Proceedings. On the one hand it has been realized that many of the technical pro blems in grand unified gauge theories, such as arranging the hierarchy of different mass scales, may be alleviated using simple global supersymmetry. On the other hand there has been growing interest in the possibility that extended supergravity theories may furnish a suitable framework for the unification of all the fundamental particle interactions. Many physicists in fact now question actively whether the known "fundamental" particles are in deed elementary, or whether they are composite.

From Quantum To Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research In Space

Author : Slava G Turyshev
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814468444
Total Pages : 764 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis From Quantum To Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research In Space by : Slava G Turyshev

Download or read book From Quantum To Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research In Space written by Slava G Turyshev and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009-05-21 with total page 764 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Space-based laboratory research in fundamental physics is an emerging research discipline that offers great discovery potential and at the same time could drive the development of technological advances which are likely to be important to scientists and technologists in many other different research fields. The articles in this review volume have been contributed by participants of the international workshop “From Quantum to Cosmos: Fundamental Physics Research in Space” held at the Airlie Center in Warrenton, Virginia, USA, on May 21-24, 2006. This unique volume discusses the advances in our understanding of fundamental physics that are anticipated in the near future, and evaluates the discovery potential of a number of recently proposed space-based gravitational experiments. Specific research areas covered include various tests of general relativity and alternative theories, search of physics beyond the Standard Model, investigations of possible violations of the equivalence principle, search for new hypothetical long- and short-range forces, variations of fundamental constants, tests of Lorentz invariance and attempts at unification of the fundamental interactions. The book also encompasses experiments aimed at the discovery of novel phenomena, including dark matter candidates, and studies of dark energy.

Fundamental Interactions

Author : A. Astbury
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812566317
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Fundamental Interactions by : A. Astbury

Download or read book Fundamental Interactions written by A. Astbury and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2006 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This proceedings volume contains pedagogical lectures on theoretical and experimental particle physics, cosmology and atomic trap physics. It also includes additional contributions that provide up-to-date information on new experimental results from accelerators, underground laboratories, and nuclear astrophysics. This combination of pedagogical talks and topical short talks provides comprehensive information to researchers in the fields of particle physics, cosmology and atomic trap physics. Readership: Graduate students, researchers and academics in high energy physics, particle physics and astrophysics.

Understanding the Fundamental Constituents of Matter

Author : Antonio Zichichi
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146840931X
Total Pages : 913 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding the Fundamental Constituents of Matter by : Antonio Zichichi

Download or read book Understanding the Fundamental Constituents of Matter written by Antonio Zichichi and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 913 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During July and August of 1976 a group of 90 physicists from 56 laboratories in 21 countries met in Erice for the 14th Course of the International School of Subnuclear Physics. The countries represented were Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Denmark, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, the German Democratic Republic, Greece, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States of America, Vietnam, and Yugoslavia. The School was sponsored by the Italian Ministry of Public Education (MPI), the Italian Ministry of Scientific and Technological Research (MRST), the North Atlantic Treaty Organi zation (NATO), the Regional Sicilian Government (ERS), and the Weizmann Institute of Science. The program of the School was mainly devoted to the elucida tion and discussion of the progress achieved in the theoretical and experimental understanding of the fundamental constituents of matter. On the theoretical front we had a series of remarkable lecturers (C. N. Yang, S. Weinberg, G. C. Wick) attempting a description of finite size particles. Another group of lecturers covered such topics as the understanding of the new particles (H. J. Lipkin), whether or not jets really exist (E. Lillethun), and the unexpected A-dependence of massive dileptons produced in high-energy proton- nucleus collisions (J. W. Cronin). Two other outstanding questions were covered by E. Leader and G. Preparata respectively: whether strong interactions are still within the Regge framework, and if it is really possible to master strong interactions. A. J. S.

Astronomy, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics

Author : Michele Caffo
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9400909659
Total Pages : 499 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Astronomy, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics by : Michele Caffo

Download or read book Astronomy, Cosmology and Fundamental Physics written by Michele Caffo and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 499 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the development of Fundamental Physics on one side, and of Astronomy/Cosmology on the other side, periods of parallell, relatively independent progress seem to alternate with others of intense interaction and mutual influence. To this latter case belong the very beginnings of Modern Physics, with Galileo and Newton. There is now a widespread feeling that another of such flourishing periods may have started some ten years ago, with the advent of Unified Theories and the introduction of Inflationary Cosmologies. The interaction between the two disciplines has become tighter ever since, spurring studies of e. g. astronomical and particle Dark Matter candidates, Superstrings and Cosmic Strings, phase transitions in the Early Universe, etc. etc. Then the recent birth of Neutrino Astronomy has added further flavor to this splendid conjunction. It was indeed with the clear perception of this trend that six years ago CERN and ESO decided to jointly organize a series of symposia focusing on the interactions between Astronomy, Cosmology, and Fundamental Physics, to be held about every two years. The aim of these meetings is to bring together astronomers, cosmologists, and particle physicists to exchange information, to discuss scientific issues of common interest, and to take note of the latest devolopments in each discipline that are relevant to the other. The First ESO-CERN Symposium was held at CERN (Geneva) on November 21-25, 1983. Then for its Second edition the ESO-CERN Symposium moved to Garching bei Miinchen, where ESO headquarters are located, and took place on March 17-21, 1986.

Social Robotics

Author : Abderrahmane Kheddar
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319700227
Total Pages : 776 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Social Robotics by : Abderrahmane Kheddar

Download or read book Social Robotics written by Abderrahmane Kheddar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Social Robotics, ICSR 2016, held in Tsukuba, Japan, in November 2017.The 74 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 110 submissions. The theme of the 2017 conference is: Embodied Interactive Robots. In addition to the technical sessions, ICSR 2017 included four workshops: 1) Social Robot Intelligence for Social Human-Robot Interaction of Service Robots; 2) Human Safety and Comfort in Human-Robot Interactive Social Environments; 3) Modes of Interaction for Social Robots (MISR 2017): Postures, Gestures and Microinteractions; and 4) Religion in Robotics.

University Physics

Author : OpenStax
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781680920451
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis University Physics by : OpenStax

Download or read book University Physics written by OpenStax and published by . This book was released on 2016-11-04 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: University Physics is a three-volume collection that meets the scope and sequence requirements for two- and three-semester calculus-based physics courses. Volume 1 covers mechanics, sound, oscillations, and waves. Volume 2 covers thermodynamics, electricity and magnetism, and Volume 3 covers optics and modern physics. This textbook emphasizes connections between between theory and application, making physics concepts interesting and accessible to students while maintaining the mathematical rigor inherent in the subject. Frequent, strong examples focus on how to approach a problem, how to work with the equations, and how to check and generalize the result. The text and images in this textbook are grayscale.

The New Cosmology

Author : Roland E. Allen
Publisher : American Institute of Physics
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 476 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis The New Cosmology by : Roland E. Allen

Download or read book The New Cosmology written by Roland E. Allen and published by American Institute of Physics. This book was released on 2004-12-14 with total page 476 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The papers in this volume examine the recent revolutionary discoveries in cosmology and astronomy, and their theoretical interpretation. The observational evidence for an accelerating universe, and an earlier decelerating phase, is brought up to date with the newest results for the most distant and oldest Type Ia supernovae. The data from the WMAP satellite provide, for the first time, true precision cosmology: reliable results for the age of the universe, its geometry, its evolution over the past 13.7 billion years, and many other features, including the proportions of ordinary matter, dark matter, and dark energy. Other papers in this volume describe the information obtained with 21st century astronomical techniques, including gravitational lensing, studies across the electromagnetic spectrum with ground-based and NASA observatories, and surveys of millions of galaxies. The results are interpreted by leading theorists using both accepted and exotic theories, including inflation and superstring theory.