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Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604528
Total Pages : 145 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2019-12-13 with total page 145 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Hebrew scriptures for the Library of Alexandria, which resulted in the creation of the Septuagint. The original version, published circa 250 BC, only included the Torah, or in Greek terms, the Pentateuch. The Torah is the five books traditionally credited to Moses, circa 1500 BC: Cosmic Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The first edition was followed by the second, before 200 BC which added the books of Joshua, Judges, and Ruth, which was later known as the Octateuch. Around 200 BC the four books of the Kingdoms and two books of the Paralipomena were added to the Septuagint, along with the two books of Ezra the Scribe. The four books of the Kingdoms are believed to have been translated into Greek and added to the Septuagint around 200 BC when a large number of refugees fled from the war in Judea and settled in Egypt. The four books of the Kingdoms would later become two books in the Masoretic Texts, the books of Samuel and Kings. Subsequent Latin and English translations of the Masoretic Texts labeled these books as 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Samuel and 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kings. The Septuagint's 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms is the book called 2ⁿᵈ Samuel in most Catholic and Protestant Bibles, and 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms in Orthodox and Coptic Bibles. This version differs slightly from the later Masoretic book of Samuel, although all three are generally similar. While a Greek simplification of the text is the simplest explanation for the less-confusing narrative, it cannot explain why the Greek translation has transliterated Hebrew words that are no longer in the Masoretic version. The origin of 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms, along with the other five books of Kingdoms and Paralipomena, is a matter of great debate among scholars. The Bava Basra tractate of the Talmud, reports that the first 25 chapters of Masoretic Samuel, and therefore the first 25 chapters of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms, was written by the prophet Samuel, and the rest of Masoretic Samuel, which would be chapter 26 through 31 of 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms and the entire book of 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms was written by the prophets Gad and Nathan. Samuel, Gad, and Nathan are all mentioned in 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms, however, most biblical scholars have rejected the idea that they had anything to do with the authorship of these books for the past few hundred years. Almost all scholars in every era have agreed with the idea that the six books were based on the older, now lost, books of the Chronicles of the Kings of Samaria and Judea mentioned in the later books of Kingdoms. These six later books are generally accepted as having been written in the Babylonian or Persian era and then redacted in the Greek era or Hasmonean dynasty, however, the origin of the earlier works is a matter of debate. The Hebrew language of the second half of Samuel (2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms) is less archaic than the language of the first half of Samuel (1ˢᵗ Kingdoms), suggesting it was written later than the text that became 1ˢᵗ Kingdoms. The Greek translation also included a number of inconsistencies with the translations of 1ˢᵗ, 3ʳᵈ, and 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms, as well as the following book of 1ˢᵗ Paralipomenon, implying it was redacted sometime after the Hasmonean redaction, but before the Codex Vaticanus was prepared in the 4ᵗʰ century, which includes the oldest copy of the Septuagint's 2ⁿᵈ Kingdoms currently in existence.

Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989604579
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees claims to be an abridged version of Jason of Cyrene's now lost five-volume version of Maccabees. Jason's books of the Maccabees were likely composed earlier than 1ˢᵗ Maccabees, as the story ends decades earlier, and contains many references to Sabaoth in the form of Dionysus which are missing from the 1ˢᵗ Maccabees. While 1ˢᵗ Maccabees is a very secular version of the events that lead to the creation of the Hasmonean kingdom, and was, therefore, almost certainly composed by a Sadducee, 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees claims that Judas the Hammer, the protagonist of both 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees was a Hasidean, suggesting that either Jason of Cyrene, or whoever abridged his work, was a Hasidean. 1ˢᵗ Maccabees mentioned the Hasideans joining Judas' forces, but did not claim he was one. The Hasideans were one of two Judean sects that were mentioned in the various books of the Maccabees whose relationship to other sects is unclear. Some scholars have theorized that they may be the precursors to the Pharisees. 2ⁿᵈ Maccabees appears to be an anti-Phrygian work, although it is not clear if this was added by the author, or found in Jason's earlier work. The book is the only clear reference to the origin of Sabaoth within the Judean sects, as the god appears in the book, under his Greek name Dionysus, while Philip the Phrygian is in charge of the Temple in Jerusalem. References to the Judean god Sabaoth appear at this point in the Greek language literature, either transliterated directly in the form of Sabaoth or translated into Greek as Dionysus. While there is a similar word in the ancient Israelite scriptures, it as translated as ṣbʾwt, meaning 'armies,' when the Hebrew translations were made under the Hasmoneans, which is likely a direct translation of the Aramaic term. This god Sabaoth was considered at the time, to be the same god as the Phrygian god Sabazios, who the Greeks also considered a local variant of Dionysus. The fact that Dionysus was the Greek name of Sabaoth and Sabazios was recorded by the many Classical Era scholars, including Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, Tacitus, Lydus, Cornelius Labeo, and Plutarch.

Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Ezra

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604293
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Ezra by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Ezra written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 1901 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Both the Greek translations of 1ˢᵗ and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra, and the Hebrew translation of Ezra (2ⁿᵈ Ezra), contain relics of an Aramaic source-text, unfortunately, the Aramaic Book of Ezra-Nehemiah is lost. The difference in the surviving Aramaic words within the Greek 1ˢᵗ Ezra, and Hebrew Ezra (Greek 2ⁿᵈ Ezra), it appears that the two versions of Ezra already existed in the Aramaic versions. The differences between 2ⁿᵈ Ezra and Masoretic Ezra are minimal, and could be accounted for as scribal notes, and the redaction of Simon the Zealot, who added the name Yahweh extensively to the ancient texts when he translated them into Hebrew. 1ˢᵗ Ezra, the less spiritual of the two versions of the Septuagint's Ezra, clearly dates to the Persian era, as it treats the Judahite Lord of the Temple in Jerusalem as another version of Ahura Mazda, the Zoroastrian God. Several Zoroastrian titles of Ahura Mazda are applied to the Judahite Lord, including King of Truth, and King of the Sky. Letters from the Persian Kings Cyrus II, Artaxerxes I, and Darius II, as included in the book, all of which were closely associated with Zoroastrianism, yet, referred to the Judahite Lord using titles generally associated with Ahura Mazda. In the Greek 1ˢᵗ Ezra and 2ⁿᵈ Ezra, as well as the Hebrew Ezra, the temple is described as being a Zoroastrian fire-temple, containing an eternal fire, which Nehemiah even referred to as burning naphtha, like the other fire-temples across the Persian Empire. As the books of Ezra includes a Letter from Cyrus dated to the first year of his rule over Babylon, this letter would date to 539 BC, however, the rest of the kings aren't always easy to distinguish from each other, as the Persian Empire had three kings named Darius, and four named Artaxerxes. The books of Ezra also describe several different groups of Judahites returning from Babylon, and in 2ⁿᵈ Ezra and Masoretic Ezra the stories repeat with different details, as once there must have been separate Aramaic books of Ezra and Nehemiah that contained different details. The first group of Judahites to return from Babylon, were sent by Cyrus II after he conquered Babylon in 539 BC. They were led by Zerubabbel ben Shealtiel, and the priest Jesus ben Jehozadak, although Sheshbazzar was listed as the 'chief of Judah.' Sheshbazzar is a Persian name that translates as 'fire-worshiper,' and so he could not have been an Israelite, and was likely the Persian military governor dispatched to Jerusalem to secure it for the Persian Empire. After they defeated the Babylonians, most regions of the Babylonian Empire attempted to become independent states, and Cyrus II spend the nine years after Babylon fell consolidating his empire, before dying in battle, without ever sending an expedition into Egypt, which had been part of the Babylonian Empire, and which he had theoretically conquered. Cyrus II's heir, Cambyses II did conquer Egypt, Nubia, and Cyrenaica, however, was assassinated before he could launch his planned invasion of Carthage. The books of Ezra all include a letter sent by Tattannu, the governor of Syria and Phoenicia, which inquired about the temple that Zerubbabel and the returned Judahites were building in Jerusalem, along with a replying letter from King Darius confirming that Cyrus authorized the temple's construction, and Darius further ordering the governor of Syria and Phoenicia to assist. This letter is sent during the era of Zerubbabel, who had been sent by Cyrus II, and therefore the king in question had to be Darius I, who ruled between 522 and 486. The beginning of his rule was only 17 years after King Cyrus II had sent Zerubbabel to Jerusalem, while Darius II would not assume the throne for another century.

Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604242
Total Pages : 166 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 1901 with total page 166 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The term Paralipomena, which means 'things left out,' is a general translation of Divrei-hayyamim, which means 'things in the days.' The books are a collection of texts from various eras of Israelite history, spanning the era of the old Israelite Kingdoms, circa 1000 BC, through the Persian conquest, of circa 539 BC. Scholars have debated the origin of the books throughout their history, and there is no consensus within Rabbinical literature, Christian literature, or modern scholarship. The general Rabbinical view is that the two books of Paralipomena were written by one author, as Divrei-hayyamim, and then translated into Greek. The dominant early Christian view was that the books were written by Ezra the Scribe, circa 350 BC, however, this view was generally abandoned in Western Europe during the Protestant Reformation. Modern scholarly analysis has no consensus, however, the books do themselves indicate the eras they were compiled, nevertheless, the authors remain unknown. Based on the references within 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon to the Egyptian king Osorkon I as a Kushite, parts of the book must have been compiled sometime between 943 and 716 BC, when Egypt was part of the Kushite Empire, while later sections of 2ⁿᵈ Paralipomenon must have been compiled sometime after 539 BC, when Cyrus the Great conquered the Babylonian Empire. The surviving Hebrew text of Divrei-hayyamim does, however, contain a reference to the Temple in Jerusalem as the 'Temple of the Gods,' which means the original text of the book has to predate King Josiah's reforms of circa 625 BC, and likely predates King Hezekiah's similar reforms decades earlier. Both Hezekiah and Josiah are recorded as removing the idols of the gods from the temple, which had by all accounts been in the temple since it was built by King Solomon.

Septuagint: Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781989852934
Total Pages : 486 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (529 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by . This book was released on 2020-12-28 with total page 486 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint's 1st Kingdoms retells the story of the unification of Israel under the Benjamite King Solomon in the aftermath of the collapse of the Egyptian New Kingdom. The events of 1st Kingdoms continues the history of the Hebrews told in the book of Judges, as the era of the Judges ended with Samuel, who anointed Saul, the tallest man in the land, to rule over the Israelites. Saul fought a series of wars to establish his kingdom, based in Samaria and Gilead, but alienated his family military leaders, and the general population of the land, and was ultimately killed in battle.The Septuagint's 2nd and 3rd Kingdoms continues the history of Israel, with the lives of King David, and his son King Solomon. David was another warrior king, and expanded the kingdom in every direction, ultimately leaving a kingdom surrounded by allies and subject states to his son Solomon. King Solomon's reign was considered by many later generations to have been the golden age of Israelite history. Unfortunately, the reign of his son Rehoboam was less popular, and the kingdom split into the kingdoms of Judah in the south, and Samaria, including Gilead in the north. As the archaeological record was yet to prove the existence of the kingdom of Israel, archaeologists consider the original three books of the Kingdoms to possibly be fiction, however, nothing contrary has been found either, and so the history recorded in the first three books of the Kingdoms cannot be disproved either.The Septuagint's 4th Kingdoms tells the history of the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah from circa 850 BC until the Babylonians conquered Judah circa 600 BC. This era of history is well documented in the historical records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians, and unlike the earlier books of the Kingdoms, is generally accepted by historians. This era included the rise and fall of the Aramean Empire based in Damascus, the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire farther north, the Assyrian wars against Egypt, and the sack of Thebes, and ultimately the rise of the Babylonian Empire. During this tumultuous time, the kingdoms of Israel, Judah, and Aram, which appears to have been considered an Israelite kingdom by the prophet Ezekiel, struggled for survival and fell one by one to the expanding empires around them. Before the era of 4th Kingdoms, Samara had established an empire, occupying the Aramean kingdoms of Damascus and Hama in modern Syria, which had ended suddenly when an earthquake had leveled Samaria. The earthquake was mentioned in the Book of Amos, and archaeological evidence of it is found throughout modern northern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. It is estimated to have been between 7.8 and 8.2 on the Richter Scale, and aftershocks likely lasted around 6 months. In the aftermath, Damascus rose to form its own Aramean empire, occupying Hama, and northern Samaria, as well Gilead in southern modern Syria, which had been part of Samaria since the division of Israel into Samaria and Judah. However, as Assyria began to expand to the north, Samaria and Aram formed an anti-Assyria alliance, and the Samarian forces were stationed in Aram to help defend the northern border from the Assyrians. Judah was invited to join the alliance, but instead formed an alliance with the Assyrians and invaded and pillaged Samaria and southern Aram.

A New English Translation of the Septuagint

Author : Albert Pietersma
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 019972394X
Total Pages : 1050 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (997 download)

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Book Synopsis A New English Translation of the Septuagint by : Albert Pietersma

Download or read book A New English Translation of the Septuagint written by Albert Pietersma and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2007-11-02 with total page 1050 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint (the ancient Greek translation of Jewish sacred writings) is of great importance in the history of both Judaism and Christianity. The first translation of the books of the Hebrew Bible (plus additions) into the common language of the ancient Mediterranean world made the Jewish scriptures accessible to many outside Judaism. Not only did the Septuagint become Holy Writ to Greek speaking Jews but it was also the Bible of the early Christian communities: the scripture they cited and the textual foundation of the early Christian movement. Translated from Hebrew (and Aramaic) originals in the two centuries before Jesus, the Septuagint provides important information about the history of the text of the Bible. For centuries, scholars have looked to the Septuagint for information about the nature of the text and of how passages and specific words were understood. For students of the Bible, the New Testament in particular, the study of the Septuagint's influence is a vital part of the history of interpretation. But until now, the Septuagint has not been available to English readers in a modern and accurate translation. The New English Translation of the Septuagint fills this gap.

Septuagint: Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604552
Total Pages : 739 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on with total page 739 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint’s 1st Kingdoms retells the story of the unification of Israel under the Benjamite King Saul in the aftermath of the collapse of the Egyptian New Kingdom. The events of 1st Kingdoms continues the history of the Hebrews told in the book of Judges, as the era of the Judges ended with Samuel, who anointed Saul, the tallest man in the land, to rule over the Israelites. Saul fought a series of wars to establish his kingdom, based in Samaria and Gilead, but alienated his family military leaders, and the general population of the land, and was ultimately killed in battle. The Septuagint’s 2nd and 3rd Kingdoms continues the history of Israel, with the lives of King David, and his son King Solomon. David was another warrior king, and expanded the kingdom in every direction, ultimately leaving a kingdom surrounded by allies and subject states to his son Solomon. King Solomon’s reign was considered by many later generations to have been the golden age of Israelite history. Unfortunately, the reign of his son Rehoboam was less popular, and the kingdom split into the kingdoms of Judah in the south, and Samaria, including Gilead in the north. As the archaeological record was yet to prove the existence of the kingdom of Israel, archaeologists consider the original three books of the Kingdoms to possibly be fiction, however, nothing contrary has been found either, and so the history recorded in the first three books of the Kingdoms cannot be disproved either. The Septuagint’s 4th Kingdoms tells the history of the kingdoms of Samaria and Judah from circa 850 BC until the Babylonians conquered Judah circa 600 BC. This era of history is well documented in the historical records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians, and unlike the earlier books of the Kingdoms, is generally accepted by historians. This era included the rise and fall of the Aramean Empire based in Damascus, the rise and fall of the Assyrian Empire farther north, the Assyrian wars against Egypt, and the sack of Thebes, and ultimately the rise of the Babylonian Empire. During this tumultuous time, the kingdoms of Israel, Judah, and Aram, which appears to have been considered an Israelite kingdom by the prophet Ezekiel, struggled for survival and fell one by one to the expanding empires around them. Before the era of 4th Kingdoms, Samara had established an empire, occupying the Aramean kingdoms of Damascus and Hama in modern Syria, which had ended suddenly when an earthquake had leveled Samaria. The earthquake was mentioned in the Book of Amos, and archaeological evidence of it is found throughout modern northern Israel and the Palestinian West Bank. It is estimated to have been between 7.8 and 8.2 on the Richter Scale, and aftershocks likely lasted around 6 months. In the aftermath, Damascus rose to form its own Aramean empire, occupying Hama, and northern Samaria, as well Gilead in southern modern Syria, which had been part of Samaria since the division of Israel into Samaria and Judah. However, as Assyria began to expand to the north, Samaria and Aram formed an anti-Assyria alliance, and the Samarian forces were stationed in Aram to help defend the northern border from the Assyrians. Judah was invited to join the alliance, but instead formed an alliance with the Assyrians and invaded and pillaged Samaria and southern Aram.

Oxford Bibliographies

Author : Ilan Stavans
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780199913701
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis Oxford Bibliographies by : Ilan Stavans

Download or read book Oxford Bibliographies written by Ilan Stavans and published by . This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "An emerging field of study that explores the Hispanic minority in the United States, Latino Studies is enriched by an interdisciplinary perspective. Historians, sociologists, anthropologists, political scientists, demographers, linguists, as well as religion, ethnicity, and culture scholars, among others, bring a varied, multifaceted approach to the understanding of a people whose roots are all over the Americas and whose permanent home is north of the Rio Grande. Oxford Bibliographies in Latino Studies offers an authoritative, trustworthy, and up-to-date intellectual map to this ever-changing discipline."--Editorial page.

Septuagint: History, Volume 1

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1998288358
Total Pages : 919 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (982 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: History, Volume 1 by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: History, Volume 1 written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2023-03-13 with total page 919 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid 3ʳᵈ century BC, King Ptolemy II Philadelphus of Egypt ordered a translation of the ancient Israelite scriptures for the Library of Alexandria. This translation later became known as the Septuagint, based on the description of the translation by seventy translators in the Letter of Aristeas. The History section of the Septuagint contained the books that told the history of the Israelite and Judahites from Joshua's conquest of Canaan circa 1500 BC, until the establishment of the Hasmonean dynasty in Judea, in 140 BC. Septuagint: History, Volume 1, is composed of modern, non-theological translations of the books of Joshua, Judges, Ruth, and the four books of the Kingdoms, which spanned 1504 BC to the destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BC. Most of the era is not well documented in the historic records of Canaan, however, some limited correlations are found in the Amarna Letters, which are cuneiform correspondences between the Egyptian government and various officials in Canaan and Mesopotamia. By the final book, 4th Kingdoms, the historic records of the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Babylonians confirm the general history recorded in the book, although the theological interpretation is unique to the Judahites of the era. The Septuagint's translation differs significantly from the later Masoretic version of the books, as it uses a different dating for the events, such as Joshua's invasion of Canaan just before 1500 BC, as opposed to the 1200s or 1300s BC, depending on interpretations of the Masoretic texts and the Talmud. The Septuagint's dating correlates significantly with the dating of major Egyptian events according to Egyptologists. It is unclear if the Septuagint's dating was altered by the translators in Alexandria to correlate with Egyptian history, however, that seems unlikely as the Greek historians 2200 years ago do not seem to have had any records of the era of Akhenaten, when Aten became the dominant god of Egypt, yet, the prophetess Deborah sang a song to Aten during the same era, in the book of Judges. As the Septuagint was based on the once common Aramaic version of the books, and not the priestly Judahite version, it is likely that the dating in the Septuagint is a more accurate reflection of the histories, as both Judahite version of the books appear to have been edited by astrologers at some point, which is generally acknowledged by historians to have ruined any historical value to the texts. The consensus is that the astrological edits must have happened fairly late, likely in the Hasmonean Dynasty, which also produced the first official 'Hebrew' translation of the older Judahite version of the texts. One of the complaints the Romans had regarding the Judeans of the Hasmonean dynasty is that they were astrology to confuse the weak minded, which supports the concept that they made the astrological edits when they created the 'Hebrew' language translations. This altered timeline continued into the Talmud, and is known as "Rabbinical History," however, it not taken seriously by historians.

Septuagint: The Kingdoms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781989604564
Total Pages : 318 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: The Kingdoms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: The Kingdoms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-14 with total page 318 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Septuagint was the original Old Testament used by Christians in the first few centuries but was later replaced in western Bibles by the Masoretic Texts. As a result, most early Christian writings are confusing, especially when discussing the chronology of the world. Septuagint - The Kingdoms is a 21st-century English translation that is easy to understand, using common English versions of Hebrew names instead of transliterated Greek names that are generally found in translations of the Septuagint. When ancient place names are known, such as Uruk, the modern term is used instead of the Greek (Orech) or Hebrew (Erech) translations. Unlike the later Masoretic Texts, the Septuagint was not a monotheistic work, but rather a Hedonistic text, which recognized the existence of many gods, but was dedicated to the worship of one above the others: Iaw, later transliterated as Jehovah or Yahweh.

Septuagint: Isaiah

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852831
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Isaiah by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Isaiah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: According to the Book of Isaiah, he lived during the reigns of several Judahite Kings including Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, spanning the late 700s and early 600s BC, working as a prophet for possibly more than 80 years. The Jerusalem and Babylonian Talmuds both report that he was killed by King Manasseh, who ruled between 687 and 643 BC, however, the stories differ somewhat. In the older Jerusalem Talmud Gemara, complied between 350 and 400 AD, reports that Isaiah was killed when a tree he was hiding in was cut down on the orders of King Manasseh, while the later Babylonian Talmud Gemara, complied between 400 and 500 AD, reports that King Manasseh had Isaiah sawed in half, not the tree he was hiding in. In both cases, King Manasseh ordered the execution of Isaiah as a heretic because he had claimed to have seen God, while in the Torah Moses claimed no one could see God and live. This seems inconsistent with the reports in 4th Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings), in which Manasseh was a polytheist, as polytheists could see at least some of their gods, such as the sun, moon, and earth. Therefore, it is more likely that if Manasseh did have Isaiah executed, it was because Isaiah denounced his rule of Judah, as Isaiah’s final chapters are clearly a denouncement of Judah, and could not have taken place before Manasseh’s time. The stories of how Isaiah died in the Torahs were likely copied from the earlier Lives of the Prophets, generally dated to the 1st-century AD, which also was later used by Muslim scholars who recognize Isaiah (أشعياء) as a prophet even though he was not mentioned in the Quran or Hadith. As Manasseh could not have executed Isaiah until after the death of Hezekiah, who Isaiah was closely allied with, Isiah could not have been killed until after 687 BC and must have been killed before 643 BC. It is reported in Rabbinical literature that Isaiah was the maternal grandfather of Manasseh, which, if true, would mean Isaiah was the father of Manasseh’s mother Hephzibah, and thereby father-in-law of King Hezekiah, which would support Isaiah’s claim to have been a major prophet in the time of Hezekiah’s father Ahaz’s reign, between 732 and 716 BC. Therefore his rise to prominence as a prophet must have taken place during the reign of King Jotham, circa 742 and 735 BC, and likely his predecessor king Uzziah between 783 and 742 BC. This indicates that Isaiah was in his 90s or older when Manasseh had him executed, which makes his climbing a tree unlikely and supports the alternate report, that Manasseh had him sawed in half, and not a tree he was hiding in. The book of 4th Kingdoms reports that Manasseh killed supporters of his father Hezekiah’s religious reforms, which would have undoubtedly included Isaiah, and therefore, while the execution of Isaiah is not itself found in the Septuagint or Masoretic Tanakh, it is implied. Archaeological evidence has shown that at the beginning of the era of Isaiah, the Kingdoms of Samaria and Judah went through considerable changes. When Uzziah reigned in Jerusalem, the larger Kingdom of Samaria to the north was the wealthiest and most populous nation in Canaan and had occupied the kingdoms of Aram and Hama to the north, giving the Samarians a dominant position in the region, occupying most of modern northern Israel, the northern Palestinian West Bank, eastern Lebanon, and western Syria. At the time, the coastal cities of Sidon and Tyre continued to be independent, as well as Judah to the south, and Moab, Ammon, and Edom to the southeast. This era of wealth and prosperity was suddenly and dramatically ended by a magnitude 8 earthquake circa 760 BC, which would have caused aftershocks for up to a year. Entire cities were leveled, and the Dead Sea fault Zone was radically altered, causing a drop in the water levels and a general drying of the Arabah region to the south of the Dead Sea.

Septuagint: Ezekiel

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289150
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Ezekiel by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Ezekiel written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Ezekiel is certainly one of the strangest books to survive from antiquity and has been the source of much speculation throughout centuries, by Jews, Christians, and atheists alike. Ezekiel's opening vision, of the flying machine, was the source of an entire branch of Jewish literature, Merkabah mysticism. Merkabah, which translates as 'chariot,' developed during the Second Temple era, and had a major impact on early Christian literature, although was ultimately abandoned by both Jews and Christians. The Christians abandoned the 'cloud literature' during the creation of orthodoxy, and the Talmud includes many interdictions concerning Merkabah speculation. Merkabah, and the Heikhalot literature that developed from it, ultimately fell out of favor in the 11th century AD. The Book of Ezekiel recounts a series of visions that Ezekiel had over the course of his life, in the late-600s and early-500s BC. Most of Ezekiel's prophecies were set during the rise of the Neo-Babylonian Empire, and his view of who the Israelites were, is fundamentally different than the view generally expressed. According to Ezekiel, the Israelites were Canaanites, the descendants of Amorites and Minoans (or Hittites in an alternate interpretation). This is clearly not the view that was popular in Judah, either when it was independent, or later under Babylonian or Persian rule. Several contradictions exist between the writings of Ezekiel and the Torah, which suggests that the Torah was not fully composed at the time, or if it was composed, not in circulation where Ezekiel lived. It is also a fact that Ezekiel did not mention Moses or Aaron, yet did refer to the Israelites leaving Egypt, which Moses and Aaron were central to. He mentioned Job and Noah, as well as the ancient Canaanite hero Danel, and Abraham, but under his older name Abram, suggesting that he had not read Genesis, in which Abram's name was changed to Abraham. The description of Ezekiel's thunder god, or his flying chariot, or his flying wheels, depending on the interpreter, is by far the strangest part of the book. It contains many references to electricity, which were generally omitted from early translations due to the belief that electricity was magical nonsense. The rediscovery of electricity in the early-modern era was largely based on the Classical Greek records of their experiments with amber, which is where William Gilbert derived the English term electricity from, êlectrou, meaning amber. The earliest surviving record of experimentation with electrostatic fields was by Thales of Miletus, who lived between approximately 624 and 548 BC, which is the same time as the life of Ezekiel, circa 630 to 545 BC. Ezekiel mentions the Greek city of Miletus in his books but does not mention visiting the place, nevertheless, there is no reason to assume Thales's experiments into static charges were the first, or unique at the time.

Septuagint: Amos

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852432
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Amos by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Amos written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-07-21 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Amos is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was compiled, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Amos was written by a prophet called Amos between 760 and 755 BC, who was most likely from the town of Tuqu, in the Kingdom of Judea, in the southern region of the modern Palestinian West Bank. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite Elohim, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. While the Book of Amos and the rest of the Twelve Prophets, with the possible exception of Jonah, are accepted by many as dating to the 8th-century BC, the oldest fragments of it to survive to the present are Hebrew fragments of the Twelve found among the Dead Sea Scrolls written in the Assyrian script, dating to the Hasmonean era, and fragments of the Septuagint's Twelve, dating to the same era. The Book of Amos is believed to have been translated into Greek around 180 BC with other Twelve Prophets, however, there is a significant difference between the Septuagint's and Masoretic version of the Book of Amos. The Masoretic Version is the Book of Amos which copied by a group of Jewish scribes called the Masorites between 400 and 1000 AD. The major difference between the Books of Amos is the god that Amos was the prophet of. The Masoretic version refers to his god as Iaw (Yahweh), or Iaw Sabaoth, or Lord Iaw, however, the Septuagint's version of Amos appears to have only listed Lord Iaw a couple of times, along with Lord El, and most significantly Lord El Shaddai. An obvious example of the Hasmonean redaction of the Pre-Masoretic Amos is the fact that the Lord Sabaoth is missing from the Septuagint's Amos, yet Tzevo'ovs Yahweh is found in the Masoretic Amos. In most places where the Masoretic Texts have Tzevo'ovs Yahweh or some variant, the Greeks translated Lord Sabaoth. In the Septuagint, Amos' god was repeatedly named as 'Lord God Almighty' in the Septuagint, which translated back into Hebrew would be 'Ba'al El Shaddai.' The term theos ho pantocratôr was the translation used in other books of the Septuagint for El Shaddai. For example, the Book of Job, which was translated into Greek between 190 and 180 BC, the names El Shaddai or Shaddi shows up 33 times in the Masoretic Texts, and is translated as Lord God Almighty in the Septuagint. The differences between the Septuagint and Masoretic Books of Amos is not limited the question of whether Amos' god was Lord El Shaddai or Yahweh Sabaoth, as several other gods were also mentioned in the Greek translation that disappeared during the Hasmonean redaction, including Lord El, Qetesh, and Moloch. The Temple of El in Shiloh, the capital of ancient Samaria is mentioned repeatedly, including a story about Amos being kicked out of the temple and Samaria itself by the high priest Amaziah, for prophesying against the king.

Septuagint: Zephaniah

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852521
Total Pages : 40 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Zephaniah by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Zephaniah written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-08-11 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Zephaniah is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was written, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Zephaniah was written by a prophet called Zephaniah between 630 and 612 BC, however, very little is known about him. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite gods, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. Based on the contents of Zephaniah’s writing, the work must have been composed before the Fall of Nineveh, in 612 BC, and almost certainly before Josiah’s reforms, which began in 622 BC, shortly after the Chaldean revolt of 626 BC. The Chaldean revolt against the Assyrians captured Babylon in its first year and coronated Nabopolassar as King of Babylon. King Josiah switched allegiances quickly from Assyria to Babylon, and four years later began his religious reforms, banning the worship of all gods other than Yahweh, several of which Zephaniah mentioned as being worshiped in Jerusalem in his writing, confirming that he was writing before 622 BC. Zephaniah mentioned several gods in his book which were explicitly mentioned in 4th Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings), during King Josiah’s religious reforms. The open verses denounce the worship of Ba‘al, which is treated as a proper name, and therefore is a reference to Hadad, the Canaanite storm-god, commonly called Ba‘al. He then denounced those who those worshiped the army of Shamayim, which, based on the Book of Jonah, appears to have been the Canaanite (and Hebrew) name of the Assyrian god Asshur, who by the 7th-century BC had become known as Ansar, which translates as the ‘Whole Sky.’ Shamayim was the name of the Canaanite god of the ‘skies,’ and the god Jonah identified as the god of his Assyrian owner when he went to prophesy in Nineveh. As all of the geographic references in the Book of Jonah locate his life in Assyrian-occupied Samaria, and later the Assyrian capital of Nineveh, it is likely he was a Samaritan slave shortly after the Assyrians had occupied Samaria, as it is recorded that they reduced the entire population to slavery.

Septuagint: Psalms

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Digital Ink Productions
ISBN 13 : 1989604994
Total Pages : 236 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Psalms by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Psalms written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Digital Ink Productions. This book was released on 2020-02-07 with total page 236 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Psalms are a complex collection of hymns and prayers likely composed over many centuries, and by various authors. The earliest psalms are attributed to King David or are written for King David, including the first 40, which are likely the original group of psalms. Many other psalms are attributed to, or written for Asaph, Solomon, Ethan, Moses, Jeremiah, Haggai, Zachariah, the sons of Korah, or the sons of Jehonadab. Some of the psalms have internal historical references that indicate the likely time-frame they were written in. King David is generally believed to have lived around 1000 BC by those who accept him as a historical figure, and Asaph, Solomon, and Ethan all lived around the same time, so those who accept the psalms as having been written by authors that they are attributed to, would generally place the origin of most of the texts to around 1000 BC. The life of Moses has been dated to anywhere between the 16ᵗʰ and 13ᵗʰ centuries BC, and the original sons of Korah lived at the same time, however, the sons of Korah were also the priests in Solomon's Temple before they were replaced by the Levites. Jehonadab lived during the reign of the Israelite King Jehu, who lived circa 800 BC, while Jeremiah's life is dated to circa 600 BC, and the lives of Haggai and Zachariah are dated to circa 500 BC. The earliest references to the Septuagint's Lord in the Psalms, treat the Lord as the Sun or refer to the Lord as living in the Sun. In the later psalms, the sun was a completely separate object from the Lord, which is consistent with the changing religion of the region recorded in both the Israelite and Judahite books of the Kingdoms and the archaeological record. 4ᵗʰ Kingdoms (Masoretic Kings) describes King Josiah's reforms in circa 625 BC. Shemesh was the Canaanite god of the sun, who was essentially the same as the Greek Helios before Josiah's reforms. Like Helios, Shemesh rode on a chariot pulled by four flying horses. The four horses are a reference to what are commonly called sundogs today, the refracted light that appears 22° to the left and right of the Sun, and in rare cases again at 44° when there are ice crystals in the atmosphere. The Psalms include many references to the Lord shining down from the sky, and the name of the Lord enduring as long as the sun. Psalms 18 claims that the Lord lives in the sun, suggesting he was something other than the sun, even in the early Psalms.

Septuagint: Baruch

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1990289010
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Baruch by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Baruch written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 1901 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Baruch was likely added to the Septuagint sometime before 165 BC, as it does not appear to have been influenced by the Hasmonean redaction found in the Masoretic Texts and the Dead Sea Scrolls. It was ignored entirely by Simon the Zealot, likely because there was no way to get around the fact that Baruch’s God was the Sun. While Baruch agrees with Jeremiah, that child sacrifice was wrong, they do not worship the same god. In his letter to the Moabites, Jeremiah refers to the god Baitylos (Βαιθηλ / בֵּ֥ית אֵ֖ל) as the god that the Israelites had put falsely their faith in, as the Moabites had placed their faith in Chomesh. This letter had to have been written after the destruction of Jerusalem, either in Judah, before the survivors took refuge in Egypt, or in Egypt. Based on the words of Jeremiah, in chapter 31 (Masoretic 48), it appears that Baitylos was the supreme god of the Samaritans before the Assyrians conquered them. However, Baruch, writing five years after the destruction of Jerusalem, praises Baitylos, and describes the Sun, which he then states is their God. This is the old religion that had been banned by Josiah. Baitylos is a variant of the name of the god Bethel, generally used to distinguish him from the town that Jacob named after him. Baitylos was widely worshiped in Canaan during the New Kingdom era, when Egypt ruled the land, and the centuries that followed. Shrines to Baitylos have been found at meteorite impact site across Canaan, Anatolia, and the Aegean, suggesting a widespread cult in the late-Bronze Age. The worship of Baitylos continued throughout the Phoenician territories even after the Romans had conquered them, and was denounced by the Christian theologian Augustine of Hippo in the early-5th century AD.

Septuagint: Joel

Author : Scriptural Research Institute
Publisher : Scriptural Research Institute
ISBN 13 : 1989852459
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (898 download)

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Book Synopsis Septuagint: Joel by : Scriptural Research Institute

Download or read book Septuagint: Joel written by Scriptural Research Institute and published by Scriptural Research Institute. This book was released on 2020-07-26 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Book of Joel is generally considered one of the older surviving books of the Hebrew Scriptures, with most scholars dating it to before the Torah was written, or at least heavily redacted in the time of King Josiah. Most scholars accept that Joel was written by a prophet called Joel sometime during the ancient kingdoms of Samaria and Judea, although estimates of when he lived vary greatly. The dominant view is that he lived in the 9th-century BC, however, some place his life as late as the 7th-century. His world was very different from the later Kingdom of Judea that emerged in the 2nd-century BC, as the Israelites of his time were still polytheistic, worshiping the Canaanite Elohim, as well as statues of Iaw (Masoretic Yahweh), the God the Jews and Samaritans would later worship. As it is unclear when exactly Joel lived, it is difficult to place his writing into a historical context, however, he does refer to his temple as being in the Valley of Shittim, which identifies his Lord as Ba'al Hammon (𐤁𐤏𐤋 𐤇𐤌𐤍‎), the Canaanite fertility god. The Temple of Hammon, at the ruins of Tell el-Hammam in Jordan, reportedly sent tribute to Solomon when he was the king, and the town around the city existed from roughly 980 to 332 BC. As Joel mentioned the Valley of Jehoshaphat, it is accepted he lived after the time of King Jehoshaphat, King of Judea between circa 870 and 849 BC. At the time, the region northeast of the Dead Sea, where the Valley of Shittim is located, was under the dominion of the Kingdom of Samaria. Joel also refers to Zion and Jerusalem, which implies a strong connection to the Kingdom of Judah While the Septuagint's Book of Joel makes a clear division between the 'Temple of your god,' and the 'Temple of the Lord,' the Masoretic Texts do not make this distinction, interchangeably referring to a Temple of God and a Temple of Yahweh. Only a few fragments have been found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, half of which confirm the Septuagint's translation of 'Temple of your god,' and half of which confirm the Masoretic 'Temple of God.' These fragments date back to the Hasmonean and Herodian dynasties, after the Jews had adopted the Assyrian script. As the adoption of the Assyrian script under the Hasmoneans was likely when the name Yahweh was inserted into the Books of the Twelve Prophets, the earlier translation of the Twelve into Greek circa 180 BC likely reflects an older version of the texts. The differences between the versions of Joel found in the Septuagint and Masoretic Texts indicate a significant redaction to names took place between the time the Septuagint was translated circa 180 BC, and the time the Masorites started copying the text in the 4th century AD. The Greek translation of the Twelve Prophets indicates that several Canaanite gods were still named in the books when it was translated at the library of Alexandria, however, most of these names were changed slightly by the time the Masorites started working with the texts, resulting in strange sentences in the Masoretic versions of the Twelve, which modern translators rectify by adding words to their translations that are not in the Masoretic Texts based on the assumption that the words were lost at some point.