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Seismic Risk Assessment Of Complex Transportation Networks
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Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Assessment of Complex Transportation Networks by : Mahalia K. Miller
Download or read book Seismic Risk Assessment of Complex Transportation Networks written by Mahalia K. Miller and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation focuses on understanding seismic risk and possible mitigation measures for complex transportation networks. It first introduces frameworks and computationally-feasible strategies for assessing probabilistic risk to these transportation networks, and applies them to a case study of the San Francisco Bay Area. Using these strategies for a set of earthquake events, values of a network-performance measure called "mode-destination accessibility" are then calculated to link physical infrastructure damage with the impact on people's ability to travel to desirable destinations, one measure of post-earthquake human welfare. As a result, at-risk communities are also identified. The results suggest that accessibility varies greatly between communities across the case study region, whereas the differences across income groups are more subtle. Furthermore, increased walkability of a region correlates with lower expected losses in accessibility. Finally, this dissertation contributes an automated framework incorporating seismic risk and network importance into bridge retrofit prioritization. A key finding is that bridges important for the network functionality after an earthquake are not necessarily the weakest bridges nor the bridges with the highest pre-earthquake traffic volume. Instead, bridges at moderately high seismic risk on non-redundant routes play a particularly critical role.
Book Synopsis SYNER-G: Systemic Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Complex Urban, Utility, Lifeline Systems and Critical Facilities by : K. Pitilakis
Download or read book SYNER-G: Systemic Seismic Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Complex Urban, Utility, Lifeline Systems and Critical Facilities written by K. Pitilakis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-06-19 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: SYNER-G, a multidisciplinary effort funded by the European Union, allowed the development of an innovative methodological framework for the assessment of physical as well as socio-economic seismic vulnerability and risk at urban and regional level. The results of SYNER-G are presented in two books both published by Springer, the present and a second one, entitled “SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk: Buildings, Lifelines, Transportation Networks and Critical Facilities”(*), which provides a comprehensive state-of-the-art of the fragility curves, an alternative way to express physical vulnerability of elements at risk. In this second volume of SYNER-G, the focus has been on presenting a unified holistic methodology for assessing vulnerability at systems level considering interactions between elements at risk (physical and non-physical) and between different systems. The proposed methodology and tool encompasses in an integrated fashion all aspects in the chain, from hazard to the vulnerability assessment of components and systems and to the socio-economic impacts of an earthquake, accounting for most relevant uncertainties within an efficient quantitative simulation scheme. It systematically integrates the most advanced fragility functions to assess the vulnerability of physical assets for buildings, utility systems, transportation networks and complex infrastructures such as harbours and hospitals. The increasing impact due to interactions between different components and systems is treated in a comprehensive way, providing specifications for each network and infrastructure. The proposed socio-economic model integrates social vulnerability into the physical systems modelling approaches providing to decision makers with a dynamic platform to capture post disaster emergency issues like shelter demand and health impact decisions. Application examples at city and regional scale have provided the necessary validation of the methodology and are also included in the book. The present volume, with its companion volume on fragility functions, represent a significant step forward in the seismic vulnerability and risk assessment of complex interacting urban and regional systems and infrastructures. These volumes are not only of interest to scientists and engineers but also to the insurance industry, decision makers and practitioners in the sector of civil protection and seismic risk management. (*) Pitilakis K, Crowley E, Kaynia A (eds) (2014) SYNER-G: Typology definition and fragility functions for physical elements at seismic risk, Series: Geotechnical, Geological and Earthquake Engineering 27, ISBN 978-94-007-7872-6, Springer Science+Business Media, Dordrecht.
Book Synopsis Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment of Highway Transportation Network by : Youwei Zhou
Download or read book Probabilistic Seismic Risk Assessment of Highway Transportation Network written by Youwei Zhou and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Assessment of the Transportation Network of Charleston, SC by : Emily Michelle Nilsson
Download or read book Seismic Risk Assessment of the Transportation Network of Charleston, SC written by Emily Michelle Nilsson and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The functionality of the transportation network following an earthquake event is critical for post-earthquake response and long-term recovery. The likely performance of a transportation network can be evaluated through a detailed seismic risk assessment. This paper presents an assessment of the seismic risk to the transportation network in the City of Charleston and the surrounding counties to support emergency response and the development of mitigation strategies and emergency planning efforts (such as lifeline selections). This study includes an inventory analysis of the 375 bridges in the Charleston area, and convolution of the seismic hazard with fragility curves analytically derived for classes of bridges common to this part of the country, damage-functionality relationships, and replacement cost estimates using relevant region-specific data. Using state-of-the-art tools, the distribution of potential bridge damage and functionality is evaluated for several scenario events, in order to aid in the identification of emergency routes and assess areas for investment in retrofit. Additionally, a sensitivity study is conducted to determine the criticality of a few of the different input models. Initial estimates of economic losses are assessed and preliminary recommendations for prioritizing retrofit are presented.
Book Synopsis SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk by : K. Pitilakis
Download or read book SYNER-G: Typology Definition and Fragility Functions for Physical Elements at Seismic Risk written by K. Pitilakis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-01-29 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fragility functions constitute an emerging tool for the probabilistic seismic risk assessment of buildings, infrastructures and lifeline systems. The work presented in this book is a partial product of a European Union funded research project SYNER-G (FP7 Theme 6: Environment) where existing knowledge has been reviewed in order to extract the most appropriate fragility functions for the vulnerability analysis and loss estimation of the majority of structures and civil works exposed to earthquake hazard. Results of other relevant European projects and international initiatives are also incorporated in the book. In several cases new fragility and vulnerability functions have been developed in order to better represent the specific characteristics of European elements at risk. Several European and non-European institutes and Universities collaborated efficiently to capitalize upon existing knowledge. State-of-the-art methods are described, existing fragility curves are reviewed and, where necessary, new ones are proposed for buildings, lifelines, transportation infrastructures as well as for utilities and critical facilities. Taxonomy and typology definitions are synthesized and the treatment of related uncertainties is discussed. A fragility function manager tool and fragility functions in electronic form are provided on extras.springer.com. Audience The book aims to be a standard reference on the fragility functions to be used for the seismic vulnerability and probabilistic risk assessment of the most important elements at risk. It is of particular interest to earthquake engineers, scientists and researchers working in the field of earthquake risk assessment, as well as the insurance industry, civil protection and emergency management agencies.
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Assessment of Complex Urban Critical Infrastructure Networks by : Indranil Kongar
Download or read book Seismic Risk Assessment of Complex Urban Critical Infrastructure Networks written by Indranil Kongar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Uncertainty and Correlation in Seismic Risk Assessment of Transportation Systems by : Renee G. Lee
Download or read book Uncertainty and Correlation in Seismic Risk Assessment of Transportation Systems written by Renee G. Lee and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The analytical framework for incorporating ground motion and damage correlation into the seismic risk assessment forms the foundation of this research effort. Two different ground motion correlation models are developed and contrasted with each other. A sensitivity of loss uncertainty to damage correlation is evaluated. The two different sources of correlation are observed to impact loss coefficient of variation differently, however, this difference is not significant.
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Mitigation Strategies for Complex Regional Transport Networks by : Gitanjali Bhattacharjee
Download or read book Seismic Risk Mitigation Strategies for Complex Regional Transport Networks written by Gitanjali Bhattacharjee and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like the systems that supply residents of an area with power, water, sanitation, and communication services, road networks, which provide transport, are lifelines (Chang, 2016). Earthquakes can result in extensive damage to road networks and, in California, have historically caused significant damage to bridges (Mitchell et al., 1995). The immediate goal of seismically retrofitting a bridge is to mitigate the risk of the bridge experiencing structural damage during an earthquake (e.g., Buckle et al., 2006). Seismically retrofitting a bridge reduces the probability that it will be damaged by ground shaking in an earthquake -- and, consequently, the probability that it will incur repair costs or contribute to the indirect costs associated with road network disruptions. Retrofitting bridges has been shown to be a cost-effective method of mitigating the risk of bridge damage (e.g., Giovinazzi et al., 2011). Given budget constraints, retrofitting every bridge in a regional road network subject to seismic hazard is infeasible. How to decide which bridges within such a network to retrofit has therefore proven to be a problem of enduring interest. Complicating factors include the scale of the real-world problem, which precludes exhaustive searches, uncertainty in the seismic hazard and associated bridge damage, the link between bridges' states and the performance of the road network, and the computational cost of simulating road network performance. This dissertation proposes probabilistic and computationally tractable methods for performance-based seismic risk mitigation of complex regional road networks. First, this dissertation proposes a method for prioritizing bridge retrofits within a regional road network subject to uncertain seismic hazard, using a technique that accounts for network performance while avoiding the combinatoric costs of exhaustive searches. Using global variance-based sensitivity analysis (SA), bridges are ranked according to how much their retrofit statuses influence the expected cost of road network disruption, as measured by their total-order sensitivity (Sobol') indices. In a case study of 71 bridges in San Francisco, the proposed method identifies more effective retrofits than other heuristic retrofit prioritization strategies. The proposed method also remains computationally tractable while accounting for uncertainty in the seismic hazard, the stochastic nature of bridge damage, the uniqueness of individual bridges, network effects, and decision-makers' priorities, including budget considerations (but not constraints). As this method leverages existing risk assessment tools and models without imposing further assumptions, it should be extensible to other types of networks, hazards, and decision variables. Second, this dissertation proposes a method with which to increase the computational tractability of the SA-based bridge retrofit prioritization method when the decision variable of interest requires traffic simulation. To more efficiently compute bridges' Sobol' indices, a neural network is trained to serve as a surrogate model for a traffic simulator. For the same set of 71 bridges in San Francisco previously studied, a retrofit strategy based on bridges' total-order Sobol' indices computed using the surrogate model agrees closely with a strategy based on indices computed using only the traffic simulator while reducing the computational time required by as much as 99%. A surrogate model-based approach is also effective at prioritizing bridge retrofits for a set of 141 highway bridges in two Bay Area counties. Leveraging the power of surrogate models to reduce the computational burden of estimating bridges' total-order Sobol' indices will allow application of the SA-based retrofit prioritization method to larger numbers of bridges and larger sets of earthquake scenarios. It will also enable the use of more sophisticated traffic models to characterize network performance. Third, this dissertation integrates two measures of how post-earthquake road network disruption impacts individuals with a probabilistic seismic risk assessment framework in a computationally tractable way. Impacts on individual commuters are characterized using welfare loss, which is a measure of individual well-being and was previously formulated by Mackie et al. (2001), and the number of jobs affected by road network disruption, a novel measure. A case study of the San Francisco Bay Area shows that while all commuters have a similar risk of increased travel time due to post-earthquake road network disruption, commuters with low incomes have substantially higher risk of welfare loss than commuters with high incomes. Traditional metrics of road network disruption like travel time delay, infeasible trips, or combinations thereof obscure these disparate impacts. Quantitative risk metrics that account for variations in individuals' experiences without becoming computationally impracticable should prove useful in reducing risk to regional infrastructure networks in more equitable ways. A novel method for modifying post-earthquake commute demand to account for business interruptions is also presented. This method allows us to better distinguish between the impacts of road network disruption and the impacts of building damage on workers in a region, which is necessary to design effective risk reduction policies. Lastly, this dissertation includes a study of earthquake responders' building damage information needs and use. Although many responders need to understand the scale and distribution of building damage to react effectively, their building damage information needs and information use remain poorly understood, limiting the efficacy of information production, sharing, and research. Based on interview data and questionnaire responses gathered from experienced responders, six post-disaster tasks that rely on building damage information are characterized by their timing and by the necessary qualities of the information they require. Through inductive analysis of the interview data, responders' use of building damage information is also found to depend on factors beyond the building damage information itself -- namely, trust, impediments to information sharing, their varying understandings of disaster, and their attitudes toward emerging technologies. These factors must be considered in the design of any effort to create and/or disseminate post-disaster building damage information.
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Assessment of Complex Urban Critical Infrastructure Networks by : I. Kongar
Download or read book Seismic Risk Assessment of Complex Urban Critical Infrastructure Networks written by I. Kongar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Seismic Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems by : S Tesfamariam
Download or read book Handbook of Seismic Risk Analysis and Management of Civil Infrastructure Systems written by S Tesfamariam and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2013-04-30 with total page 920 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquakes represent a major risk to buildings, bridges and other civil infrastructure systems, causing catastrophic loss to modern society. Handbook of seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems reviews the state of the art in the seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems. Part one reviews research in the quantification of uncertainties in ground motion and seismic hazard assessment. Part twi discusses methodologies in seismic risk analysis and management, whilst parts three and four cover the application of seismic risk assessment to buildings, bridges, pipelines and other civil infrastructure systems. Part five also discusses methods for quantifying dependency between different infrastructure systems. The final part of the book considers ways of assessing financial and other losses from earthquake damage as well as setting insurance rates. Handbook of seismic risk analysis and management of civil infrastructure systems is an invaluable guide for professionals requiring understanding of the impact of earthquakes on buildings and lifelines, and the seismic risk assessment and management of buildings, bridges and transportation. It also provides a comprehensive overview of seismic risk analysis for researchers and engineers within these fields. This important handbook reviews the wealth of recent research in the area of seismic hazard analysis in modern earthquake design code provisions and practices Examines research into the analysis of ground motion and seismic hazard assessment, seismic risk hazard methodologies Addresses the assessment of seismic risks to buildings, bridges, water supply systems and other aspects of civil infrastructure
Book Synopsis Treatment of Uncertainties in Seismic Risk Analysis of Transportation Systems by : Evangelos Stergiou
Download or read book Treatment of Uncertainties in Seismic Risk Analysis of Transportation Systems written by Evangelos Stergiou and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Abatement of Seismic Hazards to Lifelines: Papers on transportation lifelines and special workshop presentations by :
Download or read book Abatement of Seismic Hazards to Lifelines: Papers on transportation lifelines and special workshop presentations written by and published by . This book was released on 1987 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Civil Engineering Structures at Multiple Scales by : Tiago Miguel Ferreira
Download or read book Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Civil Engineering Structures at Multiple Scales written by Tiago Miguel Ferreira and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Civil Engineering Structures at Multiple Scales: From Single Buildings to Large-Scale Assessment provides an integrated, multiscale platform for fundamental and applied studies on the seismic vulnerability assessment of civil engineering structures, including buildings with different materials and building typologies. The book shows how various outputs obtained from different scales and layers of assessment (from building scale to the urban area) can be used to outline and implement effective risk mitigation, response and recovery strategies. In addition, it highlights how significant advances in earthquake engineering research have been achieved with the rise of new technologies and techniques. The wide variety of construction and structural systems associated with the complex behavior of their materials significantly limits the application of current codes and building standards to the existing building stock, hence this book is a welcomed guide on new construction standards and practices. Provides the theoretical backgrounds on the most advanced seismic vulnerability assessment approaches at different scales and for most common building typologies Covers the most common building typologies and the materials they are made from, such as concrete, masonry, steel, timber and raw earth Presents practical guidelines on how the outputs coming from such approaches can be used to outline effective risk mitigation and emergency planning strategies
Book Synopsis The 1940 Vrancea Earthquake. Issues, Insights and Lessons Learnt by : Radu Vacareanu
Download or read book The 1940 Vrancea Earthquake. Issues, Insights and Lessons Learnt written by Radu Vacareanu and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-03-02 with total page 511 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These proceedings include most of the available information on this major seismic event and its consequences. With an estimated moment magnitude of 7.7 and a heavy toll in terms of human and economic losses, it ranks as the largest intermediate-depth earthquake in Europe in the twentieth century. Nevertheless, because of the difficult conditions in the 1940s, the lessons learnt after the Vrancea earthquake were not extensively shared with the international scientific community and thus, this book fills a gap in the literature discussing the knowledge acquired after major disasters. Past experience together with current understanding of the 1940 Vrancea earthquake are presented along with the latest information on Romanian seismicity, seismic hazard and risk assessment, and seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of buildings and structures. Moreover, it includes excerpts from Romanian post-disaster reports and textbooks concerning the earthquake.
Book Synopsis Seismic Risk Management of Complex Road Networks by : Rodrigo Ivan Silva Lopez
Download or read book Seismic Risk Management of Complex Road Networks written by Rodrigo Ivan Silva Lopez and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Road networks are critical infrastructure systems that allow individuals of a community to fulfill their essential needs by providing access to services and goods. While these systems are important to communities, they are also vulnerable to being disrupted by natural hazards as they are comprised by elements that may experience damage or collapse during these events. Of these natural hazards, earthquakes are among the ones that have most profoundly damaged road networks. The Northridge earthquake of 1994 generated the collapse of bridges along Interstate 5, and the 1989 Loma Prieta caused the partial collapse of the Bay Bridge and the total collapse of the Cypress Viaduct, damages that severely disrupted commuters in the respective regions. Given the importance of road networks, decision-makers have explored strategies to mitigate the effects of earthquakes on them. Retrofitting bridges has proven to be effective at decreasing the probability of these bridges not being available after an earthquake. However, proposing effective seismic retrofitting strategies imposes several challenges as the computational costs involved in this process can be significant, and road networks are complex and distributed along large regions. Motivated by these challenges, this dissertation presents effective and computationally efficient retrofitting policies that can assist decision-makers in mitigating the impacts of road network disruption. First, this work introduces the concept of Corridors to support optimal bridge retrofitting strategies for seismic risk management of road networks. A Corridor is defined as a set of bridges that works jointly to ensure connectivity and traffic flow between different areas of a region. After Corridors have been detected, a two-stage stochastic optimization is implemented to detect which bridges should be retrofitted to ensure an acceptable performance under uncertain conditions. Second, this dissertation proposes using deep neural networks to rapidly and accurately estimate the seismic risk performance of road networks. In addition, this work introduces a modified version of the Local Interpretable Model-Agnostic Explanation (LIME) to identify retrofits that minimize earthquakes' impact on the system. The proposed neural network accurately predicts the system's performance, taking five orders of magnitude less time to compute traffic metrics than using the original traffic model. Moreover, the proposed LIME-TI metric is superior to others in identifying bridges whose retrofit effectively improves network performance. Third, this work introduces genetic algorithms as an optimization method that directly minimizes the expected impacts of road network disruption triggered by seismic events. This minimization is achieved by selecting an optimal set of bridges that managing agencies need to retrofit to decrease their probability of being unavailable after an earthquake. The genetic algorithm outstrips other bridge retrofitting selection techniques by identifying structurally vulnerable bridges and acting as bridge corridors in the network. Fourth, this dissertation presents a comparative study of three retrofitting strategies for seismic risk management of road networks: (1) Corridors-supported optimization, (2) LIME-TI retrofitting ranking, and (3) Optimization using genetic algorithms. In the comparison, three aspects of the retrofitting strategies are analyzed, (i) the ability of the strategy to minimize expected annual traffic disruption, (ii) computational costs involved in implementing the strategies, and (iii) the interpretability of bridges selected to retrofit from the perspective of policymaking. Fifth, this study integrates Welfare, a measure of the impact of road network disruption on individual commuters' well-being, with a probabilistic seismic risk assessment framework. Welfare is a network performance measure that reflects the differential impacts of changes in commute time on various income groups. While commuters from all income groups have a similar risk of delay due to road network disruption, commuters with low incomes have a substantially higher risk of Welfare loss than those with high incomes. Lastly, this work introduces a multiobjective optimization where an aggregated travel time metric and a socioeconomic equity metric are minimized in parallel. Using surrogate models for these two metrics, the proposed methodology uses a Non-dominated Sorted Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) to explore the implications of retrofitting bridges, focusing on socioeconomic or an aggregated metric. Using the San Francisco Bay Area as a testbed, the proposed methodology obtains retrofitting strategies that minimize societal aggregated impacts of earthquakes while ensuring that the impacts of network disruption are smaller for low-income groups. The main contribution of this dissertation work is the proposal, comparison, and explanation of optimization methods to assist decision-makers in mitigating the effects of earthquakes on road networks. In addition, this work introduces metrics focused on quantifying the socioeconomic consequences of road network disruption, enabling equitable seismic risk management of these systems.
Book Synopsis Treatment of Uncertainties in Seismic Risk Analysis of Transportation Systems by : Evangelos Stergiou
Download or read book Treatment of Uncertainties in Seismic Risk Analysis of Transportation Systems written by Evangelos Stergiou and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Dynamics of Risk by : Louise K. Comfort
Download or read book The Dynamics of Risk written by Louise K. Comfort and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2019-06-25 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earthquakes are a huge global threat. In thirty-six countries, severe seismic risks threaten populations and their increasingly interdependent systems of transportation, communication, energy, and finance. In this important book, Louise Comfort provides an unprecedented examination of how twelve communities in nine countries responded to destructive earthquakes between 1999 and 2015. And many of the book’s lessons can also be applied to other large-scale risks. The Dynamics of Risk sets the global problem of seismic risk in the framework of complex adaptive systems to explore how the consequences of such events ripple across jurisdictions, communities, and organizations in complex societies, triggering unexpected alliances but also exposing social, economic, and legal gaps. The book assesses how the networks of organizations involved in response and recovery adapted and acted collectively after the twelve earthquakes it examines. It describes how advances in information technology enabled some communities to anticipate seismic risk better and to manage response and recovery operations more effectively, decreasing losses. Finally, the book shows why investing substantively in global information infrastructure would create shared awareness of seismic risk and make postdisaster relief more effective and less expensive. The result is a landmark study of how to improve the way we prepare for and respond to earthquakes and other disasters in our ever-more-complex world.
