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Seasonal Effects Warming And Nitrogen Addition On Extracellular Enzyme Activity Soil Microbial Biomass And Fungal
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Book Synopsis Seasonal Effects Warming and Nitrogen Addition on Extracellular Enzyme Activity, Soil Microbial Biomass, and Fungal by : Terrence H. Bell
Download or read book Seasonal Effects Warming and Nitrogen Addition on Extracellular Enzyme Activity, Soil Microbial Biomass, and Fungal written by Terrence H. Bell and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China by : National Research Council
Download or read book Grasslands and Grassland Sciences in Northern China written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1992-02-01 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume describes one of the most extensive grassland ecosystems and the efforts of Chinese scientists to understand it. Leading Chinese scientists attribute the decline in China's grasslands to overgrazing and excessive cultivation of marginal areas and discuss measures to limit the damage. The book gives its view on the Chinese approach to the study of grasslands and the relevance of this activity in China to global scientific concerns.
Book Synopsis Methods of Soil Enzymology by : Richard P. Dick
Download or read book Methods of Soil Enzymology written by Richard P. Dick and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2020-01-22 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Methods of Soil Enzymology provides the first comprehensive set of vetted methods for studying enzymes in soils. Readers will especially benefit from the step-by-step explanation of the lab procedures, as well as background information for using these methods effectively and analyzing data. Main topics include activity assays, enzyme extraction, and synthetic enzyme complexes. Each method covered includes background informaton, step-by-step descriptions of the procedure, and special comments regarding nuances, pitfalls, and interpretation of the method. Learn the latest research methods, including enzyme extraction methods and procedures for creating synthetic enzyme complexes, as well as the newest ways to use small-scale and high-throughput methods for enzyme activity assays. Written for the researcher, but welcoming to those new to soil enzymology, the introduction includes conceptual information to orient those who are not familiar with these methods but want to use them. In the tradition of SSSA methods books, Methods of Soil Enzymology features a comprehensive approach with a focus on ease of use.
Book Synopsis Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research by : G. Philip Robertson
Download or read book Standard Soil Methods for Long-Term Ecological Research written by G. Philip Robertson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 1999-10-28 with total page 481 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Standardized methods and measurements are crucial for ecological research, particularly in long-term ecological studies where the projects are by nature collaborative and where it can be difficult to distinguish signs of environmental change from the effects of differing methodologies. This second volume in the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network Series addresses these issues directly by providing a comprehensive standardized set of protocols for measuring soil properties. The goal of the volume is to facilitate cross-site synthesis and evaluation of ecosystem processes. Chapters cover methods for studying physical and chemical properties of soils, soil biological properties, and soil organisms, and they include work from many leaders in the field. The book is the first broadly based compendium of standardized soil measurement methods and will be an invaluable resource for ecologists, agronomists, and soil scientists.
Book Synopsis Heterotrophic Soil Respiration in Warming Experiments by :
Download or read book Heterotrophic Soil Respiration in Warming Experiments written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The central objective of the proposed work was to develop a genomic approach (nucleic acid-based) that elucidates the mechanistic basis for the observed impacts of experimental soil warming on forest soil respiration. The need to understand the mechanistic basis arises from the importance of such information for developing effective adaptation strategies for dealing with projected climate change. Specifically, robust predictions of future climate will permit the tailoring of the most effective adaptation efforts. And one of the greatest uncertainties in current global climate models is whether there will be a net loss of carbon from soils to the atmosphere as climate warms. Given that soils contain approximately 2.5 times as much carbon as the atmosphere, a net loss could lead to runaway climate warming. Indeed, most ecosystem models predict that climate warming will stimulate microbial decomposition of soil carbon, producing such a positive feedback to rising global temperatures. Yet the IPCC highlights the uncertainty regarding this projected feedback. The uncertainty arises because although warming-experiments document an initial increase in the loss of carbon from soils, the increase in respiration is short-lived, declining to control levels in a few years. This attenuation could result from changes in microbial physiology with temperature. We explored possible microbial responses to warming using experiments and modeling. Our work advances our understanding of how soil microbial communities and their activities are structured, generating insight into how soil carbon might respond to warming. We show the importance of resource partitioning in structuring microbial communities. Specifically, we quantified the relative abundance of fungal taxa that proliferated following the addition of organic substrates to soil. We added glycine, sucrose, cellulose, lignin, or tannin-protein to soils in conjunction with 3-bromo-deoxyuridine (BrdU), a nucleotide analog. Active microbes absorb BrdU from the soil solution; if they multiply in response to substrate additions, they incorporate the BrdU into their DNA. After allowing soils to incubate, we extracted BrdU-labeled DNA and sequenced the ITS regions of fungal rDNA. Fungal taxa that proliferated following substrate addition were likely using the substrate as a resource for growth. We found that the structure of active fungal communities varied significantly among substrates. The active fungal community under glycine was significantly different from those under other conditions, while the active communities under sucrose and cellulose were marginally different from each other and the control. These results indicate that the overall community structure of active fungi was altered by the addition of glycine, sucrose, and cellulose and implies that some fungal taxa respond to changes in resource availability. The community composition of active fungi is also altered by experimental warming. We found that glycine-users tended to increase under warming, while lignin-, tannin/protein-, and sucrose-users declined. The latter group of substrates requires extracellular enzymes for use, but glycine does not. It is possible that warming selects for fungal species that target, in particular, labile substrates. Linking these changes in microbial communities and resource partitioning to soil carbon dynamics, we find that substrate mineralization rates are, in general, significantly lower in soils exposed to long-term warming. This suggests that microbial use of organic substrates is impaired by warming. Yet effects are dependent on substrate identity. There are fundamental differences in the metabolic capabilities of the communities in the control and warmed soils. These differences might relate to the changes in microbial community composition, which appeared to be associated with groups specialized on different resources. We also find that functional responses indicate temperature acclimation of the microbial community. There are distinct seasonal patterns and to long-term soil warming, with higher-temperature optima for soils exposed to warmer temperatures. To relate these changes within the microbial community to potential positive feedbacks between climate warming and soil respiration, we develop a microbial-enzyme model to simulate the responses of soil carbon to warming. We find that declines in microbial biomass and degradative enzymes can explain the observed attenuation of soil-carbon emissions in response to warming. Specifically, reduced carbon-use efficiency limits the biomass of microbial decomposers and mitigates loss of soil carbon. However, microbial adaptation or a change in microbial communities could lead to an upward adjustment of the efficiency of carbon use, counteracting the decline in microbial biomass and accelerating soil-carbon loss. We conclude that the soil-carbon response to climate warming depends on the efficiency of soil microbes in using carbon.
Book Synopsis Biological Diversity and Function in Soils by : Richard Bardgett
Download or read book Biological Diversity and Function in Soils written by Richard Bardgett and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2005-09-22 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The dynamic nature of current research into soil biodiversity is reflected in this excellent volume.
Book Synopsis Patterns, functions, and processes of alpine grassland ecosystems under global change by : Jian Sun
Download or read book Patterns, functions, and processes of alpine grassland ecosystems under global change written by Jian Sun and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-01 with total page 462 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Enzymes in the Environment by : Richard G. Burns
Download or read book Enzymes in the Environment written by Richard G. Burns and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2002-01-29 with total page 740 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need to understand the biological processes that are important for essential aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem function has prompted much research into the field of ecological enzymology. This book presents the two broad areas of application in a compilation of reviews by 21 international experts in their respective fields. The first explores enzymatic activities to assess the processes or mechanisms that operate in a given system, such as the rhizosphere, plant leaves and shoots, soil surfaces, and biofilms. The second considers enzymes or microbial cells as sensors to detect microbial activity and stresses due to pollution, management, or climatic change in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems.
Book Synopsis Ecosystem Consequences of Soil Warming by : Jacqueline E. Mohan
Download or read book Ecosystem Consequences of Soil Warming written by Jacqueline E. Mohan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-12 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecosystem Consequences of Soil Warming: Microbes, Vegetation, Fauna and Soil Biogeochemistry focuses on biotic and biogeochemical responses to warmer soils including plant and microbial evolution. It covers various field settings, such as arctic tundra; alpine meadows; temperate, tropical and subalpine forests; drylands; and grassland ecosystems. Information integrates multiple natural science disciplines, providing a holistic, integrative approach that will help readers understand and forecast future planetwide responses to soil warming. Students and educators will find this book informative for understanding biotic and biogeochemical responses to changing climatic conditions. Scientists from a wide range of disciplines, including soil scientists, ecologists, geneticists, as well as molecular, evolutionary and conservation biologists, will find this book a valuable resource in understanding and planning for warmer climate conditions. Emphasizes biological components of soils, plants and microbes that provide linkages to physics and chemistry Brings together chapters written by global scientific experts with interests in communication and education Includes coverage of polar, alpine, tropical, temperate and dryland ecosystems
Book Synopsis Effects of Carbon Sources and Chronic Nitrogen Inputs on Microbial Abundance and Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Semi-arid Shrubland Soils by : Jorge Pastrana
Download or read book Effects of Carbon Sources and Chronic Nitrogen Inputs on Microbial Abundance and Extracellular Enzyme Activity in Semi-arid Shrubland Soils written by Jorge Pastrana and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil microbes are key players in the nutrient cycling process and acquisition by plants in terrestrial ecosystems. Changes in N availability and C source as result of human inputs, and changes in vegetation type because of invasive species, have altered the microbial community composition and function in the soil. This study examined the affects that both chronic N inputs and different C sources had on microbial abundance and enzyme activity during the spring and fall seasons in semi-arid shrubland soils. Through the use of 16S sequencing and extracellular enzyme assays, we were able to find results that contradict previous studies on N amendments and various C sources alone. Rather than favoring nutrient rich environments, copiotrophic bacterial taxa favored soils without N additions and lignin as the C source, while oligotrophic taxa favored N amended soils. Although there were no significant effects on all phyla, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria, had the greatest changes in abundance and composition as a result of the N and C additions. Enzyme activity also has some conflicting results to previous studies. There were no changes in peroxidase or phosphatase activity across the groups and N-acetyl glucosaminidase activity tended to increase in soils with N and the addition of a C source. However, beta-glucosidase activity was highest in soils with lignin, despite being an enzyme that breaks down labile C sources such as glucose. Certain levels of N additions and C sources have had consistent effects on microbial abundance and activity across different soils, however when combining them together, some combinations differ from what has been previously observed. The results gained from this study are important because they provide some useful insight and decrease the knowledge gaps about N and C interactions, since there have been relatively few studies that examine these combined effects. By better understanding these effects, soil quality and function can be maintained as the environment changes due to human alterations.
Book Synopsis Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses Based on Physiological and Functional Ecology by : Kaixiong Xing
Download or read book Plant Responses to Environmental Stresses Based on Physiological and Functional Ecology written by Kaixiong Xing and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Plants require a proper balance of matter and energy to maintain their survival and reproduction. Biotic and/or abiotic stresses in diverse environments could influence plant photosynthesis, water and nutrient acquisition and utilization. Through the lens of plant physiological and functional ecology, the study of responses of individual plant traits and/or integration of plant responses to environmental change has been well developed. The variation of plant physiological characteristics and functional traits has been recognized with hundreds of high-quality papers on topics of plant responses to environmental stresses. For now, despite the increasing number of studies trying to establish a linkage between plant physiological processes and functional traits, these covariations have received limited theoretical and experimental verification. This knowledge gap hampers our ability to understand and predict the comprehensive responses of plants to environmental stresses at different scales.
Book Synopsis Soil Enzymes by : Roger George Burns
Download or read book Soil Enzymes written by Roger George Burns and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: History of abiontic soil ensyme research; Origin and range of enzymes in soil; kinetics and consecutive reactions of soil enzymes; Soil polysaccharidases: activity and agricultural importance; Urease activity in soils; Soil phosphatase and sulphatase; Interactions between agrochemicals and soil enzymes; Enzyme activity in soil: some theoretical and practical considerations; Methodology of soil enzyme measurement and extraction.
Book Synopsis Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems by : Yu Yang
Download or read book Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems written by Yu Yang and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2022-03-23 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: MULTI-SCALE BIOGEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES IN SOIL ECOSYSTEMS Provides a state-of-the-art overview of research in soil biogeochemical processes and strategies for greenhouse gas mitigation under climate change Food security and soil health for the rapidly growing human population are threatened by increased temperature and drought, soil erosion and soil quality degradation, and other problems caused by human activities and a changing climate. Because greenhouse gas emission is the primary driver of climate change, a complete understanding of the cycles of carbon and major nutritional elements is critical for developing innovative strategies to sustain agricultural development and environmental conservation. Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems: Critical Reactions and Resilience to Climate Changes is an up-to-date overview of recent research in soil biogeochemical processes and applications in ecosystem management. Organized into three parts, the text examines molecular-scale processes and critical reactions, presents ecosystem-scale studies of ecological hotspots, and discusses large-scale modeling and prediction of global biogeochemical cycles. Part of the Wiley - IUPAC Series on Biophysico-Chemical Processes in Environmental Systems, this authoritative volume: Provides readers with a systematic and interdisciplinary approach to sustainable agricultural development and management of soil ecosystems in a changing climate Features contributions from an international team of leading scientists Examines topics such as soil organic matter stabilization, soil biogeochemistry modeling, and soil responses to environmental changes Discusses strategies for mitigating greenhouse gas emission and improving soil health and ecosystems resilience Includes an introduction to working across scales to project soil biogeochemical responses to climatic change Multi-Scale Biogeochemical Processes in Soil Ecosystems: Critical Reactions and Resilience to Climate Changes is essential reading for scientists, engineers, agronomists, chemists, biologists, academic researchers, consultants, and other professionals whose work involves the nutrient cycle, ecosystem management, and climate change.
Download or read book Soil Enzymology written by Girish Shukla and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-10-17 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soil enzymes are one of the vital key mediators involved in nutrient recycling and the decomposition of organic matter and thereby in maintaining soil quality and fertility. This Soil Biology volume covers the various facets of soil enzymes, such as their functions, biochemical and microbiological properties and the factors affecting their activities. Enzymes in the rhizosphere, in forest soils, and in volcanic ash-derived soils are described. Soil enzymes covered include phosphohydrolases, lignocellulose-degrading enzymes, phenol oxidases, fungal oxidoreductases, keratinases, pectinases, xylanases, lipases and pectinases. Several chapters treat the soil enzymatic activities in the bioremediation of soils contaminated with pesticides and pollutants such as oil, chlorinated compounds, synthetic dyes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The role of soil enzymes as bioindicators is a further important topic addressed.
Book Synopsis Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis by : M.R. Carter
Download or read book Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis written by M.R. Carter and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2007-08-03 with total page 1264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thoroughly updated and revised, this second edition of the bestselling Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis presents several new chapters in the areas of biological and physical analysis and soil sampling. Reflecting the burgeoning interest in soil ecology, new contributions describe the growing number and assortment of new microbiological
Book Synopsis Adaptation of Soil Fungi to Warming and Consequences for Decomposition and the Carbon Cycle by : Adriana L. Romero-Olivares
Download or read book Adaptation of Soil Fungi to Warming and Consequences for Decomposition and the Carbon Cycle written by Adriana L. Romero-Olivares and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 95 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studying soil carbon (C) losses and carbon dioxide (CO 2) feedbacks to the atmosphere under global climate change allows us to quantify and understand how our ecosystems are responding to warming. To accurately project the fate of the terrestrial C, we need to incorporate processes that are pivotal in shaping microbial communities that are responsible of processing the C in the soil. One of these processes is the evolutionary adaptation to warming which has been difficult to study because it may only be noticeable on the long term. The goal of my dissertation was to examine soil microbes, their response and adaptation to warming, and consequences to the C cycle. In Chapter 1, I synthesized data from 25 field warming experiments to assess the effect of microbial responses---relevant to the C cycle---to warming over time. I found that the effect of soil respiration decreases as warming progresses and explored the potential microbial-related causes of this decrease. In my second chapter, I experimentally adapted the model fungus Neurospora discreta to warming and analyzed physiological traits important for the C cycle before and after adaptation. I discovered that when N. discreta adapts to warming it allocates more resources to increase its fitness by producing more spores at the expense of biomass. I found that adaptation to warming is accompanied by increases in CO2 respiration potentially due to higher production of energetically expensive spores. In this chapter, I discussed the potential consequences for the terrestrial C if the soil microbial community adapts in a similar manner as N. discreta . Finally, in my third chapter, I quantified decomposition of specific C fractions in litter in a long-term field warming experiment. I found that the proportional losses of recalcitrant vs non-recalcitrant C was higher in warmed plots compared to control plots. Similarly, the ratio of microbial extracellular enzyme activities responsible for breaking down recalcitrant C was higher under warming compared to enzymes that break down non-recalcitrant C. Collectively, in my dissertation research I integrated the process of evolutionary adaptation of microbes to warming, thus providing an overview of the potential long-term effects of warming to decomposition and the C cycle.
Book Synopsis Microbial Responses to Environmental Changes by : Jürg B. Logue
Download or read book Microbial Responses to Environmental Changes written by Jürg B. Logue and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2016-01-20 with total page 263 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Advances in next generation sequencing technologies, omics, and bioinformatics are revealing a tremendous and unsuspected diversity of microbes, both at a compositional and functional level. Moreover, the expansion of ecological concepts into microbial ecology has greatly advanced our comprehension of the role microbes play in the functioning of ecosystems across a wide range of biomes. Super-imposed on this new information about microbes, their functions and how they are organized, environmental gradients are changing rapidly, largely driven by direct and indirect human activities. In the context of global change, understanding the mechanisms that shape microbial communities is pivotal to predict microbial responses to novel selective forces and their implications at the local as well as global scale. One of the main features of microbial communities is their ability to react to changes in the environment. Thus, many studies have reported changes in the performance and composition of communities along environmental gradients. However, the mechanisms underlying these responses remain unclear. It is assumed that the response of microbes to changes in the environment is mediated by a complex combination of shifts in the physiological properties, single-cell activities, or composition of communities: it may occur by means of physiological adjustments of the taxa present in a community or selecting towards more tolerant/better adapted phylotypes. Knowing whether certain factors trigger one, many, or all mechanisms would greatly increase confidence in predictions of future microbial composition and processes. This Research Topic brings together studies that applied the latest molecular techniques for studying microbial composition and functioning and integrated ecological, biogeochemical and/or modeling approaches to provide a comprehensive and mechanistic perspective of the responses of micro-organisms to environmental changes. This Research Topic presents new findings on environmental parameters influencing microbial communities, the type and magnitude of response and differences in the response among microbial groups, and which collectively deepen our current understanding and knowledge of the underlying mechanisms of microbial structural and functional responses to environmental changes and gradients in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The body of work has, furthermore, identified many challenges and questions that yet remain to be addressed and new perspectives to follow up on.
