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Seasonal And Experimental Effects On Microbial Composition And Dynamics In A Tropical Secondary Forest In The Eastern Amazon Brazil
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Book Synopsis Seasonal and Experimental Effects on Microbial Composition and Dynamics in a Tropical Secondary Forest in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil by : Roberta M. Veluci-Marlow
Download or read book Seasonal and Experimental Effects on Microbial Composition and Dynamics in a Tropical Secondary Forest in the Eastern Amazon, Brazil written by Roberta M. Veluci-Marlow and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: Tropical secondary forests are an increasingly important land cover in the Brazilian Amazon, with 30 to 50% of the deforested area of the Brazilian Amazon in some stage of abandonment. This study investigated water and nutrient constraints on microbial dynamics and nutrient availability in a tropical secondary forest in the Eastern Amazon with manipulative experiments - dry-season irrigation and bi-weekly litter removal - using frequent sampling to capture seasonal and intra-annual fluctuations in Castanhal, Pará, Brazil. Irrigation did not consistently alter microbial dynamics, except for lowered NH4 (superscript+) availability and fungal densities, and increased phosphatase activity. Litter removal decreased microbial biomass C and P, Nmineralization, phosphatase activity and NH4 (superscript+) availability but increased NO3 (superscript- ) availability. Intraannual variability was mainly driven by wet-up events in the dry season that were not minimized by continuous irrigation (except for NH4 (superscript+) availability), suggesting either that seasonal drought may not constrain the availability of nutrients or that irrigation was insufficient to cause a more significant effect. These results confirm the critical role of litterfall in tropical forest nutrient cycling and the importance of fluctuations in soil moisture status to nutrient availability. How these belowground results interact with aboveground processes including C uptake, is a fertile area for future research and modeling.
Book Synopsis The Dynamics of Deforestation and Economic Growth in the Brazilian Amazon by : Lykke E. Andersen
Download or read book The Dynamics of Deforestation and Economic Growth in the Brazilian Amazon written by Lykke E. Andersen and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-12-12 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A multi-disciplinary team of authors analyze the economics of Brazilian deforestation using a large data set of ecological and economic variables. They survey the most up to date work in this field and present their own dynamic and spatial econometric analysis based on municipality level panel data spanning the entire Brazilian Amazon from 1970 to 1996. By observing the dynamics of land use change over such a long period the team is able to provide quantitative estimates of the long-run economic costs and benefits of both land clearing and government policies such as road building. The authors find that some government policies, such as road paving in already highly settled areas, are beneficial both for economic development and for the preservation of forest, while other policies, such as the construction of unpaved roads through virgin areas, stimulate wasteful land uses to the detriment of both economic growth and forest cover.
Book Synopsis Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Anthropogenically Influenced Forests of the Brazilian Amazon by : Scott Bergen
Download or read book Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Anthropogenically Influenced Forests of the Brazilian Amazon written by Scott Bergen and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 618 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Amazon Tropical Rain Forest is the largest tropical rain forest system, comprising approximately 65% of such forests on earth. Since the 1960's, human populations in the Brazilian Amazon have increased from two to over 20 million. Concomitant urbanization, forest conversion, and economic dependence on resource extraction have exerted severe demands on these fragile ecosystems. Its status as a global carbon source and sink and its unique biodiversity compels study of the Amazon and the dramatic changes sustained to optimize conservation strategies and ameliorate loss. While the overall effects of deforestation are well documented, little is known about the spatio-temporal interactions between forest dynamics and anthropogenic disturbance. As part of a collaborative NASA-Smithsonian Institute project, the present research focuses on the analysis and modeling of spatio-temporal forest dynamics in the Amazon across scales. The first analysis indicates that secondary forest tree species richness is significantly influenced by proximity to large forest tracts containing frugivorous fauna. These results underscore the necessity of conserving large tracts and the consideration of spatial design for adequate preservation of biodiversity. Methods developed in the second analysis demonstrate that while deforestation devastates biodiversity, secondary forests may contribute to the attenuation of greenhouse gas concentrations. However, this carbon tracking process is revealed to be more complex than previously assumed. Land tenure dynamics and heterogeneity preclude the use of simple static models. These results imply that modeling the world's largest rain forests effects on global greenhouse gas concentrations is highly uncertain and must be evaluated cautiously. The final analysis evaluates the diverse effects of specific large-scale development projects on forest integrity currently being planned. Riverside deforestation and road upgrades have the highest potential for effecting irreversible environmental damage. Protected forests and indigenous lands comprise 30% of the Brazilian Legal Amazon and have the potential to prevent the degradation of 464,151 km2 of mature forest. However, political and economic pressures on indigenous peoples threaten to destabilize land tenure and land-use practices. Urgent efforts need to be directed to develop long-term and large-scale planning of Amazon land-use that takes such complexity into consideration.
Book Synopsis Forest Structure, Function and Dynamics in Western Amazonia by : Randall W. Myster
Download or read book Forest Structure, Function and Dynamics in Western Amazonia written by Randall W. Myster and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2017-03-20 with total page 222 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Amazon Basin contains the largest and most diverse tropical rainforest in the world. Besides the Andes and the Atlantic Ocean, the rainforest is bounded to the north by the Guiana crystalline shield and to the south by the Brazilian crystalline shield, marked at their edges by cataracts in the rivers and often dominated by grasslands. This book is motivated not just by the Amazon's scientific interest but also by its role in many ecosystem functions critical to life on Earth. These ecosystems are characterized both by their complexity and their interactive, higher-order linkages among both abiotic and biotic components. Within Amazonia, the Western Amazon (west of 65° latitude) is the most pristine and, perhaps, the most complex within the Amazon Basin. This Western Amazon may be broadly divided into non-flooded forests (e.g. terra firme, white sand, palm) and forests flooded with white water (generally referred to as várzea) and with black water (generally referred to as igapó). Here, for the first time, is a book devoted entirely to Western Amazonia, containing chapters by scientists at the forefront of their own areas of expertise. It should be a valuable resource for all future researchers and scholars who venture into Western Amazonia, as it continues to be one of the most beautiful, mysterious, remote and important ecosystems on Earth.
Book Synopsis Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change by : Yadvinder Malhi
Download or read book Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change written by Yadvinder Malhi and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2005-06-30 with total page 285 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecosystem processes, biogeochemical responses, drought contemporary change.
Book Synopsis The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin by : Michael E. McClain
Download or read book The Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin written by Michael E. McClain and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2001-11-08 with total page 378 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a complex assemblage of largely intact ecosystems that support the earth's greatest diversity of life, the Amazon basin is a focal point of international scientific interest. And, as development and colonization schemes transform the landscape in increasing measure, scientists from around the world are directing attention to questions of regional and global significance. Some of these qustions are: What are the fluxes of greenhouse gases across the atmospheric interface of ecosystems? How mush carbon is stored in the biomass and soils of the basin? How are elements from the land transferred to the basin's surface waters? What is the sum of elements transferred from land to ocean, and what is its marine "fate"? This book of original chapters by experts in chemical and biological oceanography, tropical agronomy and biology, and the atmospheric sciences will address these and other important questions, with the aim of synthesizing the current knowledge of biochemical processes operating within and between the various ecosystems in the Amazon basin.
Download or read book Verrucomicrobia written by Kshitij Ranjan and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Amazon rainforest is known for having a very high diversity of plants and animals. However, it is one of the least understood ecosystems regarding microbial diversity. Microorganisms are important for the ecological balance of any ecosystem and play important role in various biogeochemical cycles. As the Amazon rainforest undergoes to rapid deforestation, loss of its biodiversity is expected. This research aims to determine the effects of deforestation on the soil microbial diversity of the Amazon forest. Toward this, we selected the phylum Verrucomicrobia as a model for observing changes in the microbial structure of rainforest soils. Samples were collected from a research site in the Eastern Amazon basin, Fazenda Nova Vida, State of Rondonia, Brazil. Three different treatments were considered during sampling: a primary forest, a 20 year old pasture, and a secondary forest that was developed after the pasture has been abandoned. Total soil DNA was extracted and used for amplification of the gene 16S rRNA through PCR with specific primers targeting Verrucomicrobia. PCR amplicons were cloned and transformation was carried out into Escherichia coli. After screening, positive clones were sequenced and analysis of the 16S rRNA gene was performed. A total of 750 sequences have been analyzed both at taxonomic and phylogenetic levels. Contrary to our predictions, alpha diversity was higher for pasture and secondary forest, indicating that land use did not decrease local species richness. However, deforestation changed the diversity and distribution of verrucomicrobial population.
Book Synopsis Soil Biodiversity in Amazonian and Other Brazilian Ecosystems by : F. M. S. Moreira
Download or read book Soil Biodiversity in Amazonian and Other Brazilian Ecosystems written by F. M. S. Moreira and published by CABI. This book was released on 2006 with total page 296 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The loss of biological diversity has become an increased concern over recent years and is now enshrined in international conventions. Most biodiversity in fact occurs in the soil. Soil organisms (especially bacteria, fungi and soil invertebrates) play a major role in the formation of soil structure and are primary agents of decomposition and are drivers of nutrient cycling, and hence agricultural production.This book reviews soil biodiversity in one of the key biodiversity hotspots of the world, i.e. the Amazon and nearby regions of Brazil. It covers both the tropical savannah and rain forests . The work reported is based on a project "Conservation and Sustainable Management of Below-Ground Biodiversity", executed by TSBF-CIAT with co-financing from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and implementation support from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The book represents a major contribution to the literature and will interest those in biodiversity conservation, soil scienceand ecology and biodiversity conservation.
Book Synopsis Igapó (Black-water flooded forests) of the Amazon Basin by : Randall W. Myster
Download or read book Igapó (Black-water flooded forests) of the Amazon Basin written by Randall W. Myster and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-10-22 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Igapó forests are a common part of the Amazon whose ecosystems are critical to our shared human future. The introduction addresses the structure, function and dynamics of igapó forests in the Amazon basin, focusing on their uniqueness due to their high level of complexity defined as the many ways that different components of igapó forests in the Amazon basin ecosystem interact and also on how those interactions are on a higher-order compared to other tropical forests. The text then breaks down the igapó ecosystem using these sections: (1) Igapó forests over space and time, (2) Water, light and soils, (3) The carbon cycle, (4) Litter, fungi and invertebrates, (5) Vertebrates, (6) Plant population studies, (7) Plant community studies, and (8) Human impacts and management. Experts from around the world serve as chapter authors that review what is known about their specific part of the igapó ecosystem, what research they have done, and also what needs to be done in the future.
Book Synopsis Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin by : Laszlo Nagy
Download or read book Interactions Between Biosphere, Atmosphere and Human Land Use in the Amazon Basin written by Laszlo Nagy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-11-09 with total page 470 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a panorama of recent scientific achievements produced through the framework of the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere programme (LBA) and other research programmes in the Brazilian Amazon. The content is highly interdisciplinary, with an overarching aim to contribute to the understanding of the dynamic biophysical and societal/socio-economic structure and functioning of Amazonia as a regional entity and its regional and global climatic teleconnections. The target readership includes advanced undergraduate and post-graduate students and researchers seeking to untangle the gamut of interactions that the Amazon’s complex biophysical and social system represent.
Book Synopsis Amazonian Deforestation and Climate by : J. H. C. Gash
Download or read book Amazonian Deforestation and Climate written by J. H. C. Gash and published by . This book was released on 1996-06-19 with total page 648 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book describes the carefully made measurements in the pasture and rainforest at a series of sites across Amazonia. The data are analysed and interpreted to allow them to be used as the basis of accurate and realistic description of the land surface in the global circulation model which are used to predict the climate effect of large scale deforestation. Results are presented at all scales: for the centimetre scale of leaf and soil moisture measurementes, the field scale of micrometeorological flux measurements, through to the scale of meteorological models which predict the climate of the whole Amazonian basin.
Book Synopsis Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change by : Yadvinder Malhi
Download or read book Tropical Forests and Global Atmospheric Change written by Yadvinder Malhi and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2005-06-30 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical forests represent the world's most biodiverse ecosystems and play a key role in hydrology, carbon storage and exchange. Many of the human-induced pressures these regions are facing, e.g. fragmentation and deforestation, have been widely reported and well documented. However, there have been surprisingly few efforts to synthesize cutting-edge science in the area of tropical forest interaction with atmospheric change. At a time when our global atmosphere is undergoing a period of rapid change, both in terms of climate and in the cycling of essential elements such as carbon and nitrogen, a thorough and up-to-date analysis is now timely. This research level text, suitable for graduate level students as well as professional researchers in plant ecology, tropical forestry, climate change science, and conservation biology, explores the vigorous contemporary debate as to how rapidly tropical forests may be affected by atmospheric change, and what this may mean for their future.
Book Synopsis Carbon Sequestration Potential of Land Cover Types in the Agricultural Landscape of Eastern Amazonia, Brazil by : Carlos Javier Puig
Download or read book Carbon Sequestration Potential of Land Cover Types in the Agricultural Landscape of Eastern Amazonia, Brazil written by Carlos Javier Puig and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2005 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Human Impacts on Soil Carbon Dynamics of Deep-Rooted Amazonian Forests by : National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa
Download or read book Human Impacts on Soil Carbon Dynamics of Deep-Rooted Amazonian Forests written by National Aeronautics and Space Adm Nasa and published by . This book was released on 2018-10-18 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Deforestation and logging degrade more forest in eastern and southern Amazonia than in any other region of the world. This forest alteration affects regional hydrology and the global carbon cycle, but our current understanding of these effects is limited by incomplete knowledge of tropical forest ecosystems. It is widely agreed that roots are concentrated near the soil surface in moist tropical forests, but this generalization incorrectly implies that deep roots are unimportant in water and C budgets. Our results indicate that half of the closed-canopy forests of Brazilian Amazonic occur where rainfall is highly seasonal, and these forests rely on deeply penetrating roots to extract soil water. Pasture vegetation extracts less water from deep soil than the forest it replaces, thus increasing rates of drainage and decreasing rates of evapotranspiration. Deep roots are also a source of modern carbon deep in the soil. The soils of the eastern Amazon contain more carbon below 1 m depth than is present in above-ground biomass. As much as 25 percent of this deep soil C could have annual to decadal turnover times and may be lost to the atmosphere following deforestation. We compared the importance of deep roots in a mature, evergreen forest with an adjacent man-made pasture, the most common type of vegetation on deforested land in Amazonia. The study site is near the town of Paragominas, in the Brazilian state of Para, with a seasonal rainfall pattern and deeply-weathered, kaolinitic soils that are typical for large portions of Amazonia. Root distribution, soil water extraction, and soil carbon dynamics were studied using deep auger holes and shafts in each ecosystem, and the phenology and water status of the leaf canopies were measured. We estimated the geographical distribution of deeply-rooting forests using satellite imagery, rainfall data, and field measurements. Nepstad, Daniel C. and Stone, Thomas A. and Davidson, Eric A. Unspecified Center NAGW-2750...
Book Synopsis Agricultural Intensification by Smallholders in the Western Brazilian Amazon by : Stephen A. Vosti
Download or read book Agricultural Intensification by Smallholders in the Western Brazilian Amazon written by Stephen A. Vosti and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2002-01-01 with total page 155 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research site and sample characteristics; Multivariate analysis; A fram-level bioeconomic model.
Book Synopsis What Drives Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon? by : Alexander S. P. Pfaff
Download or read book What Drives Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon? written by Alexander S. P. Pfaff and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1997 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Influence of Amazon Deforestation in Brazil on the Soil Microbial Community Composition and Active Methane-cycling by : Marie Kroeger
Download or read book The Influence of Amazon Deforestation in Brazil on the Soil Microbial Community Composition and Active Methane-cycling written by Marie Kroeger and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tropical rainforests are large terrestrial carbon sinks that play an essential role in mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. However, these ecosystems are under constant threat from expanding human settlements and agriculture. In particular, Brazil has one of the highest rates of forest loss mainly due to the expansion of cattle pastures. This thesis focused on how conversion of tropical rainforest to cattle pasture influenced the soil microbial communities that are pivotal in carbon cycling. The first study investigated how rainforest-to-pasture conversion altered the total soil microbial community and their functional potential using soil metagenomes and metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs). A total of 28 MAGs were assembled encompassing 10 phyla, including both dominant and rare biosphere lineages. This study provided unique biological insights into candidate phyla in tropical soil and how deforestation may impact the carbon cycle. The second study focused on how land-use change altered the active soil methane-cycling microorganisms in two geographically distinct locations of the Amazon rainforest. By employing DNA-stable isotope probing on intact soil cores, using heavy 13C-labeled substrates methane, -carbon dioxide, and -sodium acetate, we targeted both the active methanotrophs and methanogens across three different land use types: primary rainforest, cattle pasture, and secondary rainforest. We observed a significant difference in the community composition between land use types for all substrates in Tapajos while Rondonia was only significantly different in the methanogenic substrates. Ultimately, this difference is due to an increase of methanogens and methanogenesis genes in pasture soils, which significantly correlates with the in-field methane gas flux. Unlike previous investigations of the genomic potential, we observed active and abundant methanotrophs in all land-use types. Therefore, we show that active methanotrophy does not decrease in cattle pasture, but rather methanogenesis increases leading to an overall net positive atmospheric methane flux in pastures that contributes to global warming. Additionally, secondary rainforests in both geographic locations were able to recover as methane sinks indicating the potential for reforestation and afforestation to offset greenhouse gas emissions in the tropics due to land use change. This work is critical for informing land management practices and global tropical rainforest conservation.
