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Schemas In Problem Solving
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Book Synopsis Schemas in Problem Solving by : Sandra P. Marshall
Download or read book Schemas in Problem Solving written by Sandra P. Marshall and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 1995-06-30 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Schemas in Problem Solving introduces a new approach to the study of learning, instruction, and assessment. Focusing on the area of arithmetic story problems, Marshall shows how instruction can lead to more meaningful learning by emphasizing the ways students acquire and store knowledge in memory. She identifies major knowledge structures called schemas, describes instruction designed around theses structures, and assesses the strengths and weaknesses in the knowledge that the students demonstrate following instruction. To evaluate the success of her approach, Marshall describes traditional experiments and computer simulations of student performance.
Book Synopsis Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems by : Roy Turner
Download or read book Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems written by Roy Turner and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a method for building real-world problem solving systems such as medical diagnostic procedures and intelligent controllers for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and other robots. The approach taken is different from other work reported in the artificial intelligence literature in several respects: * It defines schema-based reasoning, in which schemas -- explicitly declared packets of related knowledge -- are used to control not only the reasoner's planning, but also all other facets of its behavior. * It is a kind of reactive reasoning that the author calls adaptive problem solving -- the reasoner maintains commitments to future goals but is able to change its focus of attention as the problem-solving situation requires. * It is a context-sensitive reasoning method. Every decision it makes relies on the use of contextual knowledge to be appropriate for the current problem-solving situation. Furthermore, context is represented explicitly; by always keeping a current representation of the context in mind, the reasoner's behavior is automatically sensitive to the context with very little work needed per decision. * Schema-based reasoning -- a generalization of case-based reasoning -- extends the usual idea of case-based reasoning to encompass all aspects of the reasoner's behavior, and it extends it to make use of generalized "cases" (i.e., schemas) rather than particular cases, thus saving effort needed to transfer knowledge from an old case to a new situation. Though the work originated in the domain of medical diagnostic problem solving, treating diagnosis as a planning task, it is even more appropriate for controlling autonomous systems. The author is currently extending the approach by creating a robust controller for long-range autonomous underwater vehicles that will be used to carry out ocean science missions.
Book Synopsis Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning by : Norbert M. Seel
Download or read book Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning written by Norbert M. Seel and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-10-05 with total page 3643 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over the past century, educational psychologists and researchers have posited many theories to explain how individuals learn, i.e. how they acquire, organize and deploy knowledge and skills. The 20th century can be considered the century of psychology on learning and related fields of interest (such as motivation, cognition, metacognition etc.) and it is fascinating to see the various mainstreams of learning, remembered and forgotten over the 20th century and note that basic assumptions of early theories survived several paradigm shifts of psychology and epistemology. Beyond folk psychology and its naïve theories of learning, psychological learning theories can be grouped into some basic categories, such as behaviorist learning theories, connectionist learning theories, cognitive learning theories, constructivist learning theories, and social learning theories. Learning theories are not limited to psychology and related fields of interest but rather we can find the topic of learning in various disciplines, such as philosophy and epistemology, education, information science, biology, and – as a result of the emergence of computer technologies – especially also in the field of computer sciences and artificial intelligence. As a consequence, machine learning struck a chord in the 1980s and became an important field of the learning sciences in general. As the learning sciences became more specialized and complex, the various fields of interest were widely spread and separated from each other; as a consequence, even presently, there is no comprehensive overview of the sciences of learning or the central theoretical concepts and vocabulary on which researchers rely. The Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning provides an up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the specific terms mostly used in the sciences of learning and its related fields, including relevant areas of instruction, pedagogy, cognitive sciences, and especially machine learning and knowledge engineering. This modern compendium will be an indispensable source of information for scientists, educators, engineers, and technical staff active in all fields of learning. More specifically, the Encyclopedia provides fast access to the most relevant theoretical terms provides up-to-date, broad and authoritative coverage of the most important theories within the various fields of the learning sciences and adjacent sciences and communication technologies; supplies clear and precise explanations of the theoretical terms, cross-references to related entries and up-to-date references to important research and publications. The Encyclopedia also contains biographical entries of individuals who have substantially contributed to the sciences of learning; the entries are written by a distinguished panel of researchers in the various fields of the learning sciences.
Book Synopsis Solving Math Word Problems by : Asha K. Jitendra
Download or read book Solving Math Word Problems written by Asha K. Jitendra and published by Pro-Ed. This book was released on 2007 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a detailed-scripted program using Schema-Based Instruction (SBI), designed as a framework for instructional implementation. It is primarily for school practitioners (e.g., special and general education teachers, school psychologists, etc.) teaching critical word problem solving skills to students with disabilities, grades 1-8.
Book Synopsis Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems by : Roy Turner
Download or read book Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems written by Roy Turner and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 287 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a method for building real-world problem solving systems such as medical diagnostic procedures and intelligent controllers for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and other robots. The approach taken is different from other work reported in the artificial intelligence literature in several respects: * It defines schema-based reasoning, in which schemas -- explicitly declared packets of related knowledge -- are used to control not only the reasoner's planning, but also all other facets of its behavior. * It is a kind of reactive reasoning that the author calls adaptive problem solving -- the reasoner maintains commitments to future goals but is able to change its focus of attention as the problem-solving situation requires. * It is a context-sensitive reasoning method. Every decision it makes relies on the use of contextual knowledge to be appropriate for the current problem-solving situation. Furthermore, context is represented explicitly; by always keeping a current representation of the context in mind, the reasoner's behavior is automatically sensitive to the context with very little work needed per decision. * Schema-based reasoning -- a generalization of case-based reasoning -- extends the usual idea of case-based reasoning to encompass all aspects of the reasoner's behavior, and it extends it to make use of generalized "cases" (i.e., schemas) rather than particular cases, thus saving effort needed to transfer knowledge from an old case to a new situation. Though the work originated in the domain of medical diagnostic problem solving, treating diagnosis as a planning task, it is even more appropriate for controlling autonomous systems. The author is currently extending the approach by creating a robust controller for long-range autonomous underwater vehicles that will be used to carry out ocean science missions.
Book Synopsis Conceptual Model-Based Problem Solving by : Yan Ping Xin
Download or read book Conceptual Model-Based Problem Solving written by Yan Ping Xin and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-02-11 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Are you having trouble in finding Tier II intervention materials for elementary students who are struggling in math? Are you hungry for effective instructional strategies that will address students’ conceptual gap in additive and multiplicative math problem solving? Are you searching for a powerful and generalizable problem solving approach that will help those who are left behind in meeting the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM)? If so, this book is the answer for you. • The conceptual model-based problem solving (COMPS) program emphasizes mathematical modeling and algebraic representation of mathematical relations in equations, which are in line with the new Common Core. • “Through building most fundamental concepts pertinent to additive and multiplicative reasoning and making the connection between concrete and abstract modeling, students were prepared to go above and beyond concrete level of operation and be able to use mathematical models to solve more complex real-world problems. As the connection is made between the concrete model (or students’ existing knowledge scheme) and the symbolic mathematical algorithm, the abstract mathematical models are no longer “alien” to the students.” As Ms. Karen Combs, Director of Elementary Education of Lafayette School Corporation in Indiana, testified: “It really worked with our kids!” • “One hallmark of mathematical understanding is the ability to justify,... why a particular mathematical statement is true or where a mathematical rule comes from” (http://illustrativemathematics.org/standards). Through making connections between mathematical ideas, the COMPS program makes explicit the reasoning behind math, which has the potential to promote a powerful transfer of knowledge by applying the learned conception to solve other problems in new contexts. • Dr. Yan Ping Xin’s book contains essential tools for teachers to help students with learning disabilities or difficulties close the gap in mathematics word problem solving. I have witnessed many struggling students use these strategies to solve word problems and gain confidence as learners of mathematics. This book is a valuable resource for general and special education teachers of mathematics. - Casey Hord, PhD, University of Cincinnati
Book Synopsis Thinking Through Dilemmas by : Lawrence H. Williams
Download or read book Thinking Through Dilemmas written by Lawrence H. Williams and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-04 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Through a comparison of qualitative data on the ways in which people think about death and dying, paedophilia, and career decision-making, this book advances a blended view of cognition, exploring how people use automatic and deliberate thought processes to think through difficult topics.
Book Synopsis Learning to Solve Problems by : David H. Jonassen
Download or read book Learning to Solve Problems written by David H. Jonassen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 472 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date look at problem solving research and practice over the last fifteen years. The first chapter describes differences in types of problems, individual differences among problem-solvers, as well as the domain and context within which a problem is being solved. Part one describes six kinds of problems and the methods required to solve them. Part two goes beyond traditional discussions of case design and introduces six different purposes or functions of cases, the building blocks of problem-solving learning environments. It also describes methods for constructing cases to support problem solving. Part three introduces a number of cognitive skills required for studying cases and solving problems. Finally, Part four describes several methods for assessing problem solving. Key features includes: Teaching Focus – The book is not merely a review of research. It also provides specific research-based advice on how to design problem-solving learning environments. Illustrative Cases – A rich array of cases illustrates how to build problem-solving learning environments. Part two introduces six different functions of cases and also describes the parameters of a case. Chapter Integration – Key theories and concepts are addressed across chapters and links to other chapters are made explicit. The idea is to show how different kinds of problems, cases, skills, and assessments are integrated. Author expertise – A prolific researcher and writer, the author has been researching and publishing books and articles on learning to solve problems for the past fifteen years. This book is appropriate for advanced courses in instructional design and technology, science education, applied cognitive psychology, thinking and reasoning, and educational psychology. Instructional designers, especially those involved in designing problem-based learning, as well as curriculum designers who seek new ways of structuring curriculum will find it an invaluable reference tool.
Book Synopsis Teaching Mathematics to Middle School Students with Learning Difficulties by : Marjorie Montague
Download or read book Teaching Mathematics to Middle School Students with Learning Difficulties written by Marjorie Montague and published by Guilford Publications. This book was released on 2018-03-05 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A highly practical resource for special educators and classroom teachers, this book provides specific instructional guidance illustrated with vignettes, examples, and sample lesson plans. Every chapter is grounded in research and addresses the nuts and bolts of teaching math to students who are not adequately prepared for the challenging middle school curriculum. Presented are a range of methods for helping struggling learners build their understanding of foundational concepts, master basic skills, and develop self-directed problem-solving strategies. While focusing on classroom instruction, the book also includes guidelines for developing high-quality middle school mathematics programs and evaluating their effectiveness.
Book Synopsis Learning to Solve Problems by : David H. Jonassen
Download or read book Learning to Solve Problems written by David H. Jonassen and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2004-05-03 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning to Solve Problems is a much-needed book thatdescribes models for designing interactive learning environments tosupport how to learn and solve different kinds of problems. Using aresearch-based approach, author David H. Jonassen?a recognizedexpert in the field?shows how to design instruction to supportthree kinds of problems: story problems, troubleshooting, and caseand policy analysis problems. Filled with models and job aids, thisbook describes different approaches for representing problems tolearners and includes information about technology-based tools thatcan help learners mentally represent problems for themselves.Jonassen also explores methods for associating different solutionsto problems and discusses various processes for reflecting on theproblem solving process. Learning to Solve Problems alsoincludes three methods for assessing problem-solvingskills?performance assessment, component skills; and argumentation.
Book Synopsis How People Learn by : National Research Council
Download or read book How People Learn written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-11 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First released in the Spring of 1999, How People Learn has been expanded to show how the theories and insights from the original book can translate into actions and practice, now making a real connection between classroom activities and learning behavior. This edition includes far-reaching suggestions for research that could increase the impact that classroom teaching has on actual learning. Like the original edition, this book offers exciting new research about the mind and the brain that provides answers to a number of compelling questions. When do infants begin to learn? How do experts learn and how is this different from non-experts? What can teachers and schools do-with curricula, classroom settings, and teaching methods--to help children learn most effectively? New evidence from many branches of science has significantly added to our understanding of what it means to know, from the neural processes that occur during learning to the influence of culture on what people see and absorb. How People Learn examines these findings and their implications for what we teach, how we teach it, and how we assess what our children learn. The book uses exemplary teaching to illustrate how approaches based on what we now know result in in-depth learning. This new knowledge calls into question concepts and practices firmly entrenched in our current education system. Topics include: How learning actually changes the physical structure of the brain. How existing knowledge affects what people notice and how they learn. What the thought processes of experts tell us about how to teach. The amazing learning potential of infants. The relationship of classroom learning and everyday settings of community and workplace. Learning needs and opportunities for teachers. A realistic look at the role of technology in education.
Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of Cognition and Education by : John Dunlosky
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Cognition and Education written by John Dunlosky and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-02-07 with total page 1130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Handbook reviews a wealth of research in cognitive and educational psychology that investigates how to enhance learning and instruction to aid students struggling to learn and to advise teachers on how best to support student learning. The Handbook includes features that inform readers about how to improve instruction and student achievement based on scientific evidence across different domains, including science, mathematics, reading and writing. Each chapter supplies a description of the learning goal, a balanced presentation of the current evidence about the efficacy of various approaches to obtaining that learning goal, and a discussion of important future directions for research in this area. It is the ideal resource for researchers continuing their study of this field or for those only now beginning to explore how to improve student achievement.
Book Synopsis The Psychology of Problem Solving by : Janet E. Davidson
Download or read book The Psychology of Problem Solving written by Janet E. Davidson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2003-06-09 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Problems are a central part of human life. The Psychology of Problem Solving organizes in one volume much of what psychologists know about problem solving and the factors that contribute to its success or failure. There are chapters by leading experts in this field, including Miriam Bassok, Randall Engle, Anders Ericsson, Arthur Graesser, Keith Stanovich, Norbert Schwarz, and Barry Zimmerman, among others. The Psychology of Problem Solving is divided into four parts. Following an introduction that reviews the nature of problems and the history and methods of the field, Part II focuses on individual differences in, and the influence of, the abilities and skills that humans bring to problem situations. Part III examines motivational and emotional states and cognitive strategies that influence problem solving performance, while Part IV summarizes and integrates the various views of problem solving proposed in the preceding chapters.
Book Synopsis Elementary and Middle School Mathematics by : John A. Van de Walle
Download or read book Elementary and Middle School Mathematics written by John A. Van de Walle and published by Pearson Education. This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elementary and Middle School Mathematics: Teaching Developmentally provides an unparalleled depth of ideas and discussion to help teachers develop a real understanding of the mathematics they will teach and the most effective methods of teaching the various mathematics topics. This text reflects the NCTM and Common Core State Standards and the benefits of problem-based mathematics instruction. It is structured for maximum flexibility, offering 23 chapters that may be mixed and matched to fit any course or teaching approach. This comprehensive, practical text offers readers a strong theoretical perspective reflecting the most current research on how students learn mathematics, ways to best teach it, and many problem-based activities to engage students. An important reference to consult throughout a teaching career, Van de Walle, Karp and Bay-William's book helps teachers and their preK-8 students find the excitement that happens when mathematics makes sense.
Book Synopsis Learning to Solve Problems by : David H. Jonassen
Download or read book Learning to Solve Problems written by David H. Jonassen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive, up-to-date look at problem solving research and practice over the last fifteen years. The first chapter describes differences in types of problems, individual differences among problem-solvers, as well as the domain and context within which a problem is being solved. Part one describes six kinds of problems and the methods required to solve them. Part two goes beyond traditional discussions of case design and introduces six different purposes or functions of cases, the building blocks of problem-solving learning environments. It also describes methods for constructing cases to support problem solving. Part three introduces a number of cognitive skills required for studying cases and solving problems. Finally, Part four describes several methods for assessing problem solving. Key features includes: Teaching Focus – The book is not merely a review of research. It also provides specific research-based advice on how to design problem-solving learning environments. Illustrative Cases – A rich array of cases illustrates how to build problem-solving learning environments. Part two introduces six different functions of cases and also describes the parameters of a case. Chapter Integration – Key theories and concepts are addressed across chapters and links to other chapters are made explicit. The idea is to show how different kinds of problems, cases, skills, and assessments are integrated. Author expertise – A prolific researcher and writer, the author has been researching and publishing books and articles on learning to solve problems for the past fifteen years. This book is appropriate for advanced courses in instructional design and technology, science education, applied cognitive psychology, thinking and reasoning, and educational psychology. Instructional designers, especially those involved in designing problem-based learning, as well as curriculum designers who seek new ways of structuring curriculum will find it an invaluable reference tool.
Book Synopsis Problem Solving by : S. Ian Robertson
Download or read book Problem Solving written by S. Ian Robertson and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 2016-11-10 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The way that we assess and overcome problems is an essential part of everyday life. Problem Solving provides a clear introduction to the underlying mental processes involved in solving problems. Drawing on research from cognitive psychology and neuroscience, it examines the methods and techniques used by both novices and experts in familiar and unfamiliar situations. This edition has been comprehensively updated throughout, and now features cutting-edge content on creative problem solving, insight and neuroscience. Each chapter is written in an accessible way, and contains a range of student-friendly features such as activities, chapter summaries and further reading. The book also provides clear examples of studies and approaches that help the reader fully understand important and complex concepts in greater detail. Problem Solving fully engages the reader with the difficulties and methodologies associated with problem solving. This book will be of great use to undergraduate students of cognitive psychology, education and neuroscience, as well as readers and professionals with an interest in problem solving.
Book Synopsis Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems by : Roy M. Turner
Download or read book Adaptive Reasoning for Real-world Problems written by Roy M. Turner and published by Psychology Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes a method for building real-world problem solving systems such as medical diagnostic procedures and intelligent controllers for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) and other robots. The approach taken is different from other work reported in the artificial intelligence literature in several respects: * It defines schema-based reasoning, in which schemas -- explicitly declared packets of related knowledge -- are used to control not only the reasoner's planning, but also all other facets of its behavior. * It is a kind of reactive reasoning that the author calls adaptive problem solving -- the reasoner maintains commitments to future goals but is able to change its focus of attention as the problem-solving situation requires. * It is a context-sensitive reasoning method. Every decision it makes relies on the use of contextual knowledge to be appropriate for the current problem-solving situation. Furthermore, context is represented explicitly; by always keeping a current representation of the context in mind, the reasoner's behavior is automatically sensitive to the context with very little work needed per decision. * Schema-based reasoning -- a generalization of case-based reasoning -- extends the usual idea of case-based reasoning to encompass all aspects of the reasoner's behavior, and it extends it to make use of generalized "cases" (i.e., schemas) rather than particular cases, thus saving effort needed to transfer knowledge from an old case to a new situation. Though the work originated in the domain of medical diagnostic problem solving, treating diagnosis as a planning task, it is even more appropriate for controlling autonomous systems. The author is currently extending the approach by creating a robust controller for long-range autonomous underwater vehicles that will be used to carry out ocean science missions.
