Sahnish Arikara Ethnobotany

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Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany

Author : Kelly Kindscher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780999075920
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (759 download)

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Book Synopsis Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany by : Kelly Kindscher

Download or read book Sahnish (Arikara) Ethnobotany written by Kelly Kindscher and published by . This book was released on 2020-06-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the traditional use of wild plants among the Arikara (Sahnish) for food, medicine, craft, and other uses. The Arikara grew corn, hunted and foraged, and traded with other tribes in the northern Great Plains. Their villages were located along the Missouri River in northern South Dakota and North Dakota. Today, many of them live at Fort Berthold Reservation, North Dakota, as part of the MHA (Mandan, Hidatsa, Arikara) Nation. We document the use of 106 species from 31 plant families, based primarily on the work of Melvin Gilmore, who recorded Arikara ethnobotany from 1916 to 1935. Gilmore interviewed elders for their stories and accounts of traditional plant use, collected material goods, and wrote a draft manuscript, but was not able to complete it due to debilitating illness. Fortunately, his field notes, manuscripts, and papers were archived and form the core of the present volume. Gilmore's detailed description is augmented here with historical accounts of the Arikara gleaned from the journals of Great Plains explorers-Lewis and Clark, John Bradbury, Pierre Tabeau, and others. Additional plant uses and nomenclature is based on the field notes of linguist Douglas R. Parks, who carried out detailed documentation of the tribe's language from 1970-2001. Although based on these historical sources, the present volume features updated modern botanical nomenclature, contemporary spelling and interpretation of Arikara plant names, and color photographs and range maps of each species. Kelly Kindscher collected and assembled the historical Gilmore materials; Logan Sutton contributed the Arikara spellings and linguistic analyses; and, Michael and Loren Yellow Bird-Arikara themselves-provided the cultural context. The work serves as an important regional ethnobotany of the Arikara Tribe, one of the most influential on the Northern Plains, and should be of great interest to ethnobotanists, ethnomedical practitioners, historians, and other Indigenous Peoples. More importantly, this book is for the Arikara people of all ages as documentation of, and reconnection to, their cultural heritage.

Plants Go to War

Author : Judith Sumner
Publisher : McFarland
ISBN 13 : 1476676127
Total Pages : 367 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (766 download)

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Book Synopsis Plants Go to War by : Judith Sumner

Download or read book Plants Go to War written by Judith Sumner and published by McFarland. This book was released on 2019-06-03 with total page 367 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the first botanical history of World War II, Plants Go to War examines military history from the perspective of plant science. From victory gardens to drugs, timber, rubber, and fibers, plants supplied materials with key roles in victory. Vegetables provided the wartime diet both in North America and Europe, where vitamin-rich carrots, cabbages, and potatoes nourished millions. Chicle and cacao provided the chewing gum and chocolate bars in military rations. In England and Germany, herbs replaced pharmaceutical drugs; feverbark was in demand to treat malaria, and penicillin culture used a growth medium made from corn. Rubber was needed for gas masks and barrage balloons, while cotton and hemp provided clothing, canvas, and rope. Timber was used to manufacture Mosquito bombers, and wood gasification and coal replaced petroleum in European vehicles. Lebensraum, the Nazi desire for agricultural land, drove Germans eastward; troops weaponized conifers with shell bursts that caused splintering. Ironically, the Nazis condemned non-native plants, but adopted useful Asian soybeans and Mediterranean herbs. Jungle warfare and camouflage required botanical knowledge, and survival manuals detailed edible plants on Pacific islands. Botanical gardens relocated valuable specimens to safe areas, and while remote locations provided opportunities for field botany, Trees surviving in Hiroshima and Nagasaki live as a symbol of rebirth after vast destruction.

Myths and Traditions of the Arikara Indians

Author : Douglas R. Parks
Publisher : U of Nebraska Press
ISBN 13 : 9780803287426
Total Pages : 432 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (874 download)

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Book Synopsis Myths and Traditions of the Arikara Indians by : Douglas R. Parks

Download or read book Myths and Traditions of the Arikara Indians written by Douglas R. Parks and published by U of Nebraska Press. This book was released on 1996-01-01 with total page 432 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When trappers and fur traders first encountered the Arikara Indians, they saw a settled and well-organized people who could be firm friends or fearsome enemies. Until the late eighteenth century the Arikaras, close relatives of the Pawnees, were one of the largest and most powerful tribes on the northern plains. For centuries Arikaras lived along the middle Missouri River. Today, they reside on the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Though much has been written about the Arikaras, their own accounts of themselves and the world as they see it have been available only in limited scholarly editions. This collection is the first to make Arikara myths, tales, and stories widely accessible. The book presents voices of the Arikara past closely translated into idiomatic English. The narratives include myths of ancient times, legends of supernatural power bestowed on selected individuals, historical accounts, and anecdotes of mysterious incidents. Also included in the collection are tales, stories the Arikaras consider fiction, that tell of the adventures and foibles of Coyote, Stuwi, and of a host of other characters. Myths and Traditions of the Arikara Indians offers a selection of narratives from Douglas R. Parks's four-volume work, Traditional Narratives of the Arikara Indians. The introduction situates the Arikaras in historical context, describes the recording and translation of the narratives, and discusses the distinctive features of the narratives. For each story, cross references are given to variant forms recorded among other Plains tribes. Douglas R. Parks is a professor of anthropology and associate director of the American Indian Studies Research Institute at IndianaUniversity. His publications include an edition of James R. Murie's Ceremonies of the Pawnee (Nebraska 1989).

Between the Floods

Author : Mark van de Logt
Publisher : University of Oklahoma Press
ISBN 13 : 0806192550
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (61 download)

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Book Synopsis Between the Floods by : Mark van de Logt

Download or read book Between the Floods written by Mark van de Logt and published by University of Oklahoma Press. This book was released on 2023-03-16 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The creation story of the Sahniš, or Arikara, people begins with a terrible flood, sent by the Great Chief Above to renew the world. Many generations later, another devastating flood nearly destroyed the Arikaras when the newly built Garrison Dam swamped the fertile land of the Fort Berthold Reservation in North Dakota. Between the Floods tells the story of this powerful Great Plains nation from its mythic origins to the modern era, tracing the path of the Arikaras through the oral traditions and oral histories that preserve and illuminate their past. The Arikaras, like their Hidatsa and Mandan neighbors on the northern plains, lived as both farmers and hunter-gatherers, growing corn and hunting buffalo. Pressure on their villages from other nations, including the Lakhotas, forced displacements and relocations, and once Euro-Americans entered their domain—French fur-traders, the Spanish, and especially Americans after Lewis and Clark—the Arikaras’ strategic location on the Missouri River became both an asset and a liability. Between the Floods follows this resilient semi-sedentary people in their migration and settlement as they confront the challenges of white incursions, tribal conflicts, foreign diseases, the slave trade, and the introduction of horses and metal tools. In the Arikaras’ oral traditions and histories, Mark van de Logt finds a key to their distant past as well as the cultural underpinnings of their resilience and persistence, as faith in their great prophet, Mother Corn, guides them and inspires hope for the future. Enhanced with the insights of archaeology, linguistics, and anthropology, and illustrated with Native maps and ledger art, as well as historic photographs and drawings, Between the Floods brings unprecedented depth, detail, and authenticity to its picture of the Arikaras in the fullness and living presence of their history.

Wild Plant Culture

Author : Jared Rosenbaum
Publisher : New Society Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1771423692
Total Pages : 509 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (714 download)

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Book Synopsis Wild Plant Culture by : Jared Rosenbaum

Download or read book Wild Plant Culture written by Jared Rosenbaum and published by New Society Publishers. This book was released on 2022-11-22 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Reconnect. Restore. Reciprocate. Repairing landscapes and reconnecting us to the wild plant communities around us. Integrating restoration practices, foraging, herbalism, rewilding, and permaculture, Wild Plant Culture is a comprehensive guide to the ecological restoration of native edible and medicinal plant communities in Eastern North America. Blending science, practice, and traditional knowledge, it makes bold connections that are actionable, innovative, and ecologically imperative for repairing both degraded landscapes and our broken cultural relationship with nature. Coverage includes: Understanding and engaging in mutually beneficial human-plant connections Techniques for observing the land's existing and potential plant communities Baseline monitoring, site preparation, seeding, planting, and maintaining restored areas Botanical fieldwork restoration stories and examples Detailed profiles of 209 native plants and their uses. Both a practical guide and an evocative read that will transport you deep into the natural landscape, Wild Plant Culture is an essential toolkit for gardeners, farmers, and ecological restoration practitioners, highlighting the important role humans play in tending and mending native plant communities. AWARDS SILVER | 2023 Nautilus Book Awards | Green, Restorative Practices / Sustainability HONORABLE MENTION | 2023 American Horticultural Society Book Awards

Decolonizing Pathways towards Integrative Healing in Social Work

Author : Kris Clarke
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1351846272
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (518 download)

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Book Synopsis Decolonizing Pathways towards Integrative Healing in Social Work by : Kris Clarke

Download or read book Decolonizing Pathways towards Integrative Healing in Social Work written by Kris Clarke and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-10-01 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Taking a new and innovative angle on social work, this book seeks to remedy the lack of holistic perspectives currently used in Western social work practice by exploring Indigenous and other culturally diverse understandings and experiences of healing. This book examines six core areas of healing through a holistic lens that is grounded in a decolonizing perspective. Situating integrative healing within social work education and theory, the book takes an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from social memory and historical trauma, contemplative traditions, storytelling, healing literatures, integrative health, and the traditional environmental knowledge of Indigenous Peoples. In exploring issues of water, creative expression, movement, contemplation, animals, and the natural world in relation to social work practice, the book will appeal to all scholars, practitioners, and community members interested in decolonization and Indigenous studies.

Sprouting Valley

Author : James R. Welch
Publisher : Society of Ethnobiology
ISBN 13 : 0988733021
Total Pages : 225 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (887 download)

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Book Synopsis Sprouting Valley by : James R. Welch

Download or read book Sprouting Valley written by James R. Welch and published by Society of Ethnobiology. This book was released on 2013-05-10 with total page 225 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the mid-nineteenth century the indigenous Potter Valley Pomo resided in large sedentary villages in Potter Valley, California, and travelled seasonally throughout an extensive territory in what are now Mendocino and Lake Counties. Beginning in 1890 what would become nearly a half century of ethnographic research among members of this community, homeopathic doctor and amateur anthropologist John W. Hudson witnessed the aftermath of their dislocation and dispersal from the valley following the arrival of non-indigenous settlers. Although never published, his fieldnotes contained an unparalleled dataset on plant use by a single local indigenous community in California. In this richly illustrated monograph the author presents and interprets this historical ethnobotanical information in order to provide new insights into Potter Valley Pomo society and its relationship to the Northern California landscape.

Ethnobiology

Author : E. N. Anderson
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 111801586X
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (18 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethnobiology by : E. N. Anderson

Download or read book Ethnobiology written by E. N. Anderson and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2012-02-14 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The single comprehensive treatment of the field, from the leading members of the Society of Ethnobiology The field of ethnobiology—the study of relationships between particular ethnic groups and their native plants and animals—has grown very rapidly in recent years, spawning numerous subfields. Ethnobiological research has produced a wide range of medicines, natural products, and new crops, as well as striking insights into human cognition, language, and environmental management behavior from prehistory to the present. This is the single authoritative source on ethnobiology, covering all aspects of the field as it is currently defined. Featuring contributions from experienced scholars and sanctioned by the Society of Ethnobiology, this concise, readable volume provides extensive coverage of ethical issues and practices as well as archaeological, ethnological, and linguistic approaches. Emphasizing basic principles and methodology, this unique textbook offers a balanced treatment of all the major subfields within ethnobiology, allowing students to begin guided research in any related area—from archaeoethnozoology to ethnomycology to agroecology. Each chapter includes a basic introduction to each topic, is written by a leading specialist in the specific area addressed, and comes with a full bibliography citing major works in the area. All chapters cover recent research, and many are new in approach; most chapters present unpublished or very recently published new research. Featured are clear, distinctive treatments of areas such as ethnozoology, linguistic ethnobiology, traditional education, ethnoecology, and indigenous perspectives. Methodology and ethical action are also covered up to current practice. Ethnobiology is a specialized textbook for advanced undergraduates and graduate students; it is suitable for advanced-level ethnobotany, ethnobiology, cultural and political ecology, and archaeologically related courses. Research institutes will also find this work valuable, as will any reader with an interest in ethnobiological fields.

Decolonising Social Work in Finland

Author : Kris Clarke
Publisher : Policy Press
ISBN 13 : 1447371453
Total Pages : 297 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (473 download)

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Book Synopsis Decolonising Social Work in Finland by : Kris Clarke

Download or read book Decolonising Social Work in Finland written by Kris Clarke and published by Policy Press. This book was released on 2024-03-28 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Introduction and Chapter 10 available open access under CC-BY-NC-ND licence. This book examines the contemporary social care realities and practices of Finland, a small nation with a history enmeshed in social relations as both coloniser and colonised. Decolonising Social Work in Finland: · Interrogates coloniality, racialisation and diversity in the context of Finnish social work and social care. · Brings together racialised and mainstream White Finnish researchers, activists and community members to challenge relations of epistemic violence on racialised populations in Finland. · Critically unpacks colonial views of care and wellbeing. It will be essential reading for international scholars and students in the fields of Social Work, Sociology, Indigenous Studies, Health Sciences, Social Sciences and Education.

Food Shortage Crisis

Author : Dawn M. Drake
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Food Shortage Crisis by : Dawn M. Drake

Download or read book Food Shortage Crisis written by Dawn M. Drake and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2024-06-13 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Discover the history, causes, impacts, and potential future of global food shortages-a problem for all of humanity, not just the developing world. This important reference work takes an in-depth look at the geographic nature of the problem of global food shortages, helping readers to understand that while this is not a problem that exists everywhere, it is a problem that touches everyone. The book begins with an introduction to the basics of global food shortages, moves through the history of the issue, and then explains the current state of affairs. From there, it examines root causes, proposes solutions, and takes a speculative look into the future. This organization moves readers through the problem in a systematic and easy-to-follow manner, while also allowing them to explore each aspect of the issue individually. A curated selection of further readings at the end of each chapter points readers toward resources for additional research and discovery. The book concludes with a selection of perspective essays written by expert contributors. Each explores a different facet of the topic, from the potential of GMO crops to the impact of food waste. Food Shortage Crisis illustrates that the problems of food scarcity and insecurity are neither new nor confined to the developing world. They are the result of a complex interplay of issues at every stage of the process of feeding humanity, from food production to sale and distribution to consumption. Age-old factors such as poverty and inequality are compounded by new realities such as climate change. Global food shortages affect more than human health; they have the potential to cause economic devastation, trigger civil unrest and international conflicts, and change how we as humans interact with the planet and each other.

Secwepemc People and Plants

Author : Marianne B. Ignace
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780988733053
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Secwepemc People and Plants by : Marianne B. Ignace

Download or read book Secwepemc People and Plants written by Marianne B. Ignace and published by . This book was released on 2016-10-01 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Secwepemc (Shuswap) people of the Plateau of northwestern North America developed and practice(d) intricate relationships with plants that reflect the biodiversity of their environment and thousands of years of experience of living in Secwepemcúlecw, their homeland. This collection of essays derives from more than twenty years of collaborative research on ethnobotany end ethnoecology with Secwepemc plant specialists and elders. It begins with an in-depth introduction to botanical and indigenous perspectives on Secwepemc plants, environment and landscape, and then goes on to address such diverse topics as archaeobotany, plant resource management and stewardship, edible root vegetables and edible lichen harvesting and processing, the role of cultural knowledge in understanding Secwepemc medicines, and the nutritional qualities of edible plants. Additional chapters speak to the fascinating ways in which plant and environmental knowledge is articulated on oral narratives, and how Secwepemc Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Wisdom is constituted. In light of the escalating nature of environmental degradation in Secwepemcúlecw, the volume addresses the crucial relevance, now and in the future, of Secwepemc TEKW and environmental stewardship.

Decolonizing Social Work

Author : Mel Gray
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317153731
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Decolonizing Social Work by : Mel Gray

Download or read book Decolonizing Social Work written by Mel Gray and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-05-13 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Riding on the success of Indigenous Social Work Around the World, this book provides case studies to further scholarship on decolonization, a major analytical and activist paradigm among many of the world’s Indigenous Peoples, including educators, tribal leaders, activists, scholars, politicians, and citizens at the grassroots level. Decolonization seeks to weaken the effects of colonialism and create opportunities to promote traditional practices in contemporary settings. Establishing language and cultural programs; honouring land claims, teaching Indigenous history, science, and ways of knowing; self-esteem programs, celebrating ceremonies, restoring traditional parenting approaches, tribal rites of passage, traditional foods, and helping and healing using tribal approaches are central to decolonization. These insights are brought to the arena of international social work still dominated by western-based approaches. Decolonization draws attention to the effects of globalization and the universalization of education, methods of practice, and international ’development’ that fail to embrace and recognize local knowledges and methods. In this volume, Indigenous and non-Indigenous social work scholars examine local cultures, beliefs, values, and practices as central to decolonization. Supported by a growing interest in spirituality and ecological awareness in international social work, they interrogate trends, issues, and debates in Indigenous social work theory, practice methods, and education models including a section on Indigenous research approaches. The diversity of perspectives, decolonizing methodologies, and the shared struggle to provide effective professional social work interventions is reflected in the international nature of the subject matter and in the mix of contributors who write from their contexts in different countries and cultures, including Australia, Canada, Cuba, Japan, Jordan, Mexico, New Zealand, South Africa, and the USA.

Explorations in Ethnobiology

Author : Marsha Quinlan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780988733008
Total Pages : 310 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Explorations in Ethnobiology by : Marsha Quinlan

Download or read book Explorations in Ethnobiology written by Marsha Quinlan and published by . This book was released on 2012-12-01 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of 12 ethnobiological papers compiled in honor of ethnobiologist Amadeo Rea, plus an essay by Rea himself, reflect the depth and breadth of the field of ethnobiology. Each chapter explores some aspect of the rich and complex relationship of indigenous and other subsistence-based peoples with their biological worlds. The volume's chapters are authored by some of today's leaders in ethnobiology and cover a range of ethnobotanical and ethnozoological topics from the distant past to the immediate present. Using a variety of methods from interviews with knowledge holders to cutting edge quantitative linguistic analyses, the papers cover broadly relevant themes such as conservation and the linkages between biological diversity, cultural diversity, and their resilience. This book is the first volume in the Contributions in Ethnobiology series.

Effective Approaches to Human Ecology Education

Author : Daniela J. Shebitz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780999075968
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (759 download)

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Book Synopsis Effective Approaches to Human Ecology Education by : Daniela J. Shebitz

Download or read book Effective Approaches to Human Ecology Education written by Daniela J. Shebitz and published by . This book was released on 2021-11 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Field Guide to the Trees of the Gila Region of New Mexico

Author : Richard Stephen Felger
Publisher : University of New Mexico Press
ISBN 13 : 0826362370
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (263 download)

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Book Synopsis Field Guide to the Trees of the Gila Region of New Mexico by : Richard Stephen Felger

Download or read book Field Guide to the Trees of the Gila Region of New Mexico written by Richard Stephen Felger and published by University of New Mexico Press. This book was released on 2021 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Field Guide to the Trees of the Gila Region of New Mexico is the definitive guide for field botanists, researchers, students, and avid nature lovers who wish to explore the natural history of native and introduced tree species across the Gila. The book documents over seventy-five tree species in the first wilderness area in the United States--and the largest in New Mexico--known for its wildness, remoteness, and significant recreation opportunities. Drawing on extensive fieldwork, the authors feature detailed individual species accounts and special ecological and ethnobotanical information, providing full dichotomous keys to the families, genera, and species of all trees in the region. Color photographs of the species provide diagnostic clarity for easy identification, showing the whole tree, trunk, and foliage as well as macro photos of the flowers, fruits, or cones and other significant features. This comprehensive and user-friendly guide will be welcomed by residents and visitors studying and discovering the diverse trees of the Gila Region.

Becoming a Researcher

Author : Steve Wolverton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780999075906
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (759 download)

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Book Synopsis Becoming a Researcher by : Steve Wolverton

Download or read book Becoming a Researcher written by Steve Wolverton and published by . This book was released on 2017-09-05 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Entering a graduate program in the sciences or social sciences requires a transition from structured undergraduate learning using prompts for reading, writing, and exam-taking to an unstructured environment of knowing a field of study, identifying research problems, and answering questions to fill a gap in knowledge that is reported in a thesis or dissertation. Faculty members and students often assume that gifted undergraduates will ¿figure it out when they enter graduate school,¿ but students do not have independent research skills at the beginning of graduate programs. Becoming a Researcher in focuses on the transition from structured learning to independent research with exercises on routine setting, time management, peer review, and essay writing to focus on research topics. Exercises concern adopting new habits and mindsets that are essential for success in graduate school. Lessons from the exercises help students design a research proposal. At the end of the first year of graduate school, students should be well on their way to becoming a researcher.

Ainu Ethnobiology

Author : Dai Williams
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780988733060
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (33 download)

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Book Synopsis Ainu Ethnobiology by : Dai Williams

Download or read book Ainu Ethnobiology written by Dai Williams and published by . This book was released on 2017-08-30 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the ethnobotany and ethnozoology of pre-20th Century Ainu, the indigenous people of the North Pacific islands of Hokkaido (Japan) and Sakhalin, and the Kurils (Russia). Ainu of this time were fishing hunter-gatherers. When colonized by Japan and Russia at the turn of the 20th Century, Ainu had no written language, but strong oral traditions, which Japanese, Russian and western ethnographers recorded. Ainu Ethnobiology is a linguistic work as well as an ecological one. Williams analyses over 100 old texts, mostly translating from Japanese, with other original sources in Russian, French, German and English, thereby amassing a work with perhaps the most comprehensive bibliography of primary sources on the Ainu. Williams also spent many months in the field building a working knowledge of the environment in which the Ainu lived and worked. He presents the native flora and fauna of Ainu daily life, and explains their use in terms of activities, rituals, and material culture.