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Routledge Handbook Of Japanese Sociolinguistics
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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics by : Patrick Heinrich
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics written by Patrick Heinrich and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-06-05 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presenting new approaches and results previously inaccessible in English, the Routledge Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics provides an insight into the language and society of contemporary Japan from a fresh perspective. While it was once believed that Japan was a linguistically homogenous country, research over the past two decades has shown Japan to be a multilingual and sociolinguistically diversifying country. Building on this approach, the contributors to this handbook take this further, combining Japanese and western approaches alike and producing research which is relevant to twenty-first century societies. Organised into five parts, the sections covered include: The languages and language varieties of Japan. The multilingual ecology. Variation, style and interaction. Language problems and language planning. Research overviews. With contributions from across the field of Japanese sociolinguistics, this handbook will prove very useful for students and scholars of Japanese Studies, as well as sociolinguists more generally.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics by : Yoshiyuki Asahi
Download or read book Handbook of Japanese Sociolinguistics written by Yoshiyuki Asahi and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-04-04 with total page 709 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume is the first comprehensive survey of the sociolinguistic studies on Japanese. Japanese, like other languages, has developed a highly diverse linguistic system that is realized as variation shaped by interactions of linguistic and social factors. This volume primarily focuses on both classic and current topics of sociolinguistics that were first studied in Western languages, and then subsequently examined in the Japanese language. The topics in this volume cover major issues in sociolinguistics that also characterize sociolinguistic features of Japanese. Such topics as gender, honorifics, and politeness are particularly pertinent to Japanese, as is well-known in general sociolinguistics. At the same time, this volume includes studies on other topics such as social stratification, discourse, contact, and language policy, which have been widely conducted in the Japanese context. In addition, this volume introduces "domestic" approaches to sociolinguistics developed in Japan. They emerged a few decades before the development of the so-called Labovian and Hymesian sociolinguistics in the US, and they have shaped a unique development of sociolinguistic studies in Japan. Contents Part I: History Chapter 1: Research methodology Florian Coulmas Chapter 2: Japan and the international sociolinguistic community Yoshiyuki Asahi and J.K. Chambers Chapter 3: Language life Takehiro Shioda Part II: Sociolinguistic patterns Chapter 4: Style, prestige, and salience in language change in progress Fumio Inoue Chapter 5: Group language (shūdango) Taro Nakanishi Chapter 6: Male-female differences in Japanese Yoshimitsu Ozaki Part III: Language and gender Chapter 7: Historical overview of language and gender studies: From past to future Orie Endo and Hideko Abe Chapter 8: Genderization in Japanese: A typological view Katsue A. Reynolds Chapter 9: Feminist approaches to Japanese language, gender, and sexuality Momoko Nakamura Part IV: Honorifics and politeness Chapter 10: Japanese honorifics Takashi Nagata Chapter 11: Intersection of traditional Japanese honorific theories and Western politeness theories Masato Takiura Chapter 12: Intersection of discourse politeness theory and interpersonal Communication Mayumi Usami Part V: Culture and discourse phenomena Chapter 13: Subjective expression and its roles in Japanese discourse: Its development in Japanese and impact on general linguistics Yoko Ujiie Chapter 14: Style, character, and creativity in the discourse of Japanese popular culture: Focusing on light novels and keitai novels Senko K. Maynard Chapter 15: Sociopragmatics of political discourse Shoji Azuma Part VI: Language contact Chapter 16: Contact dialects of Japanese Yoshiyuki Asahi Chapter 17: Japanese loanwords and lendwords Frank E. Daulton Chapter 18: Japanese language varieties outside Japan Mie Hiramoto Chapter 19: Language contact and contact languages in Japan Daniel Long Part VII: Language policy Chapter 20: Chinese characters: Variation, policy, and landscape Hiroyuki Sasahara Chapter 21: Language, economy, and nation Katsumi Shibuya
Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society by : Victoria Bestor
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society written by Victoria Bestor and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2011-04-13 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society is an interdisciplinary resource that focuses on contemporary Japan and the social and cultural trends that are important at the beginning of the twenty-first century. This Handbook provides a cutting-edge and comprehensive survey of significant phenomena, institutions, and directions in Japan today, on issues ranging from gender and family, the environment, race and ethnicity, and urban life, to popular culture and electronic media. Written by an international team of Japan experts, the chapters included in the volume form an accessible and fascinating insight into Japanese culture and society. As such, the Handbook will be an invaluable reference tool for anyone interested in all things Japanese. Students, teachers and professionals alike will benefit from the broad ranging discussions, useful links to online resources and suggested reading lists. The Handbook will be of interest across a wide range of disciplines including Japanese Studies, Cultural Studies, Anthropology, Sociology and Asian Studies in general.
Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Japanese Media by : Fabienne Darling-Wolf
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Japanese Media written by Fabienne Darling-Wolf and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2018-02-01 with total page 436 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Media is a comprehensive study of the key contemporary issues and scholarly discussions around Japanese media. Covering a wide variety of forms and types from newspapers, television and fi lm, to music, manga and social media, this book examines the role of the media in shaping Japanese society from the Meiji era’s intense engagement with Western culture to our current period of rapid digital innovation. Featuring the work of an international team of scholars, the handbook is divided into five thematic sections: The historical background of the Japanese media from the Meiji Restoration to the immediate postwar era. Japan’s national and political identity imagined and negotiated through diff erent aspects of the media, including Japan’s ‘lost decade’ of the 1990s and today’s ‘post- Fukushima’ society. The representation of Japanese identities, including race, gender and sexuality, in contemporary media. The role of Japanese media in everyday life. The Japanese media in a broader global context. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, this book will be of use to students and scholars of Japanese culture and society, Asian media and Japanese popular culture.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World by : Martin J. Ball
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World written by Martin J. Ball and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-07-28 with total page 992 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on examples from a wide range of languages and social settings, The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World was originally the first single-volume collection surveying the current research trends in international sociolinguistics. This new edition has been comprehensively updated and significantly expanded, and now includes more than 50 chapters written by leading authorities and a brand-new substantial introduction by John Edwards. Coverage has been expanded regionally and there is a critical focus on Indigenous languages. This handbook remains a key tool to help widen the perspective on sociolinguistics to readers interested in the field. Divided into sections covering the Americas, Asia, Australasia, Africa, and Europe, the book provides readers with a solid, up-to-date appreciation of the interdisciplinary nature of the field of sociolinguistics in each area. It clearly explains the patterns and systematicity that underlie language variation in use, along with the ways in which alternations between different language varieties mark personal style, social power, and national identity. The Routledge Handbook of Sociolinguistics Around the World is the ideal resource for all students in undergraduate sociolinguistics courses and for researchers involved in the study of language, society, and power.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Japanese Applied Linguistics by : Masahiko Minami
Download or read book Handbook of Japanese Applied Linguistics written by Masahiko Minami and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2016-01-15 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Applied linguistics is the best single label to represent a wide range of contemporary research at the intersection of linguistics, anthropology, psychology, and sociology, to name a few. The Handbook of Japanese Applied Linguistics reflects crosscurrents in applied linguistics, an ever-developing branch/discipline of linguistics. The book is divided into seven sections, where each chapter discusses in depth the importance of particular topics, presenting not only new findings in Japanese, but also practical implications for other languages. Section 1 examines first language acquisition/development, whereas Section 2 covers issues related to second language acquisition/development and bilingualism/multilingualism. Section 3 presents problems associated with the teaching and learning of foreign languages. Section 4 undertakes questions in corpus/computational linguistics. Section 5 deals with clinical linguistics, and Section 6 takes up concerns in the area of translation/interpretation. Finally, Section 7 discusses Japanese sign language. Covering a wide range of current issues in an in an in-depth, comprehensive manner, the book will be useful for researchers as well as graduate students who are interested in Japanese linguistics in general, and applied linguistics in particular. Chapter titles Chapter 1. Cognitive Bases and Caregivers' Speech in Early Language Development (Tamiko Ogura, Tezukayama University)Chapter 2. Literacy Acquisition in Japanese Children (Etsuko Haryu, University of Tokyo)Chapter 3. Age Factors in Language Acquisition (Yuko Goto Butler, University of Pennsylvania)Chapter 4. Cross-lingual Transfer from L1 to L2 Among School-age Children (Kazuko Nakajima, University of Toronto)Chapter 5. Errors and Learning Strategies by Learners of Japanese as an L2 (Kumiko Sakoda, Hiroshima University/NINJAL)Chapter 6. Adult JFL Learners' Acquisition of Speech Style Shift (Haruko Minegishi Cook, University of Hawai'i at Manoa)Chapter 7. Japanese Language Proficiency Assessment (Noriko Kobayashi, Tsukuba University)Chapter 8. The Role of Instruction in Acquiring Japanese as a Second Language (Kaoru Koyanagi, Sophia University)Chapter 9. The Influence of Topic Choice on Narrative Proficiency by Learners of Japanese as a Foreign Language (Masahiko Minami, San Francisco State University)Chapter 10. CHILDES for Japanese: Corpora, Programs, and Perspectives (Susanne Miyata, Aichi Shukutoku University)Chapter 11. KY Corpus (Jae-Ho Lee, Tsukuba University)Chapter 12. Corpus-based Second Language Acquisition Research (Hiromi Ozeki, Reitaku University)Chapter 13. Assessment of Language Development in Children with Hearing Impairment and Language Disorders (Kiyoshi Otomo, Tokyo Gakugei University)Chapter 14. Speech and Language Acquisition in Japanese Children with Down Syndrome (Toru Watamaki, Nagasaki University)Chapter 15. Revisiting Autistic Language: Is "literalness" a Truth or Myth? Manabu Oi (Osaka University/Kanazawa University)Chapter 16. Towards a Robust, Genre-based Translation Model and its Application (Judy Noguchi, Mukogawa Women's University; Atsuko Misaki, Kwansei Gakuin University; Shoji Miyanaga, Ritsumeikan University; Masako Terui, Kinki University)Chapter 17. Japanese Sign Language: An Introduction (Daisuke Hara, Toyota Technological Institute)Chapter 18. Japanese Sign Language Phonology and Morphology (Daisuke Hara, Toyota Technological Institute)Chapter 19. Japanese Sign Language Syntax (Noriko Imazato, Kobe City College of Technology)Chapter 20. Sign Language Development and Language Input (Takashi Torigoe, Hyogo University of Teacher Education)
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City by : Tong King Lee
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City written by Tong King Lee and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2021-06-27 with total page 516 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Translation and the City is the first multifaceted and cross-disciplinary overview of how cities can be read through the lens of translation and how translation studies can be enriched by an understanding of the complex dynamics of the city. Divided into four sections, the chapters are authored by leading scholars in translation studies, sociolinguistics, and literary and cultural criticism. They cover contexts from Brussels to Singapore and Melbourne to Cairo and topics from translation as resistance to translanguaging and urban design. This volume explores the role of translation at critical junctures of a city’s historical transformation as well as in the mundane intercultural moments of urban life, and uncovers the trope of the translational city in writing. This Handbook is critical reading for researchers, scholars and advanced students in translation studies, linguistics and urban studies.
Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics by : Yoko Hasegawa
Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics written by Yoko Hasegawa and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-04-19 with total page 1146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The linguistic study of Japanese, with its rich syntactic and phonological structure, complex writing system, and diverse sociohistorical context, is a rapidly growing research area. This book, designed to serve as a concise reference for researchers interested in the Japanese language and in typological studies of language in general, explores diverse characteristics of Japanese that are particularly intriguing when compared with English and other European languages. It pays equal attention to the theoretical aspects and empirical phenomena from theory-neutral perspectives, and presents necessary theoretical terms in clear and easy language. It consists of five thematic parts including sound system and lexicon, grammatical foundation and constructions, and pragmatics/sociolinguistics topics, with chapters that survey critical discussions arising in Japanese linguistics. The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics will be welcomed by general linguists, and students and scholars working in linguistic typology, Japanese language, Japanese linguistics and Asian Studies.
Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics by : Alisa Gaunder
Download or read book Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics written by Alisa Gaunder and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2011-02-25 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Japanese Politics is an advanced level reference guide which surveys the current state of Japanese politics, featuring both traditional topics and cutting edge research. The volume is divided into five sections covering: domestic politics civil society social policy political economy and international relations/security The first four sections begin with an overview chapter that provides historical background information on the section’s overarching topic. The chapters that follow explore more specific topics in the sub-area. In the final section, historical background information is contained in the individual chapters which cover the diverse areas of international political economy, security and foreign policy. Offering a complete overview of the full spectrum of Japanese politics, the Handbook is an invaluable resource for academics, researchers, policy analysts, graduate and undergraduate students studying this ever-evolving field.
Book Synopsis Language Standardization and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts by : Nicola McLelland
Download or read book Language Standardization and Language Variation in Multilingual Contexts written by Nicola McLelland and published by Multilingual Matters. This book was released on 2021-11-24 with total page 317 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This important contribution to the sociolinguistics of Asian languages breaks new ground in the study of language standards and standardization in two key ways: in its focus on Asia, with particular attention paid to China and its neighbours, and in the attention paid to multilingual contexts. The chapters address various kinds of (sometimes hidden) multilingualism and examine the interactions between multilingualism and language standardization, offering a corrective to earlier work on standardization, which has tended to assume a monolingual nation state and monolingual individuals. Taken together, the chapters in this book thus add to our understanding of the ways in which multilingualism is implicated in language standardization, as well as the impact of language standards on multilingualism. The introduction, Chapter 6 and Chapter 8 are free to download as open access publications. You can access them here: Introduction: https://zenodo.org/record/5749388#.YaiwuNDP3cs Chapter 6: https://zenodo.org/record/5749522#.Yaiw-9DP3cs Chapter 8: https://zenodo.org/record/5749586#.Yai0RNDP3cs
Book Synopsis Language Communities in Japan by : John C. Maher
Download or read book Language Communities in Japan written by John C. Maher and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2022-01-21 with total page 368 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive sociolinguistic overview of the linguistic situation in Japan. Contemporary Japan displays rich linguistic diversity, particularly in urban areas, but the true extent of this diversity has often been overlooked. The contributors to this volume provide a new perspective, with detailed accounts of the wide range of languages spoken in different contexts and by different communities across the Japanese archipelago. Each chapter focuses on a specific language community, and systematically explores the history of the variety in Japanese culture and the current sociolinguistic situation. The first part explores the indigenous languages of Japan, including the multiple dialects of Japanese itself and the lesser-known Ryukyan and Ainu languages. Chapters in Part II look at community languages, ranging from the historic minority languages such as Korean and Chinese to the languages spoken by more recent migrant communities, such as Nepali, Filipino, and Persian. The final part examines languages of culture, politics, and modernization, from the use of English in international business and education contexts to the ongoing use of Latin and Sanskrit for religious purposes. The volume sheds new light on Japan's position as an important multilingual and multicultural society, and will be of interest to scholars and students not only of Japanese and sociolinguistics, but of Asian studies and migration studies more widely.
Book Synopsis Cross-cultural Studies: Newest Developments In Japan And The Uk by : Yumiko Hada
Download or read book Cross-cultural Studies: Newest Developments In Japan And The Uk written by Yumiko Hada and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-03-21 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together contributions from leading authors in a range of fields related to Japan and the United Kingdom. Adopting a comparative perspective, it tackles topics ranging from the politics of opposition, democracy, immigration and citizenship, to education, sportsmanship and popular culture, as well as issues of immigration and identity. Each chapter presents and clarifies the differences, similarities and exchanges between the two countries to emphasise that, though little exists in isolation in this global age, in-depth knowledge of particular regions remains vital. This book argues for a deeper understanding of the UK and Japan in pursuit of hope, and casts a reflection on the self and one's own sense of place and identity. It will be an invaluable resource for anyone interested in cross-cultural theory and comparisons between Japan and the United Kingdom.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Sociophonetics by : Christopher Strelluf
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Sociophonetics written by Christopher Strelluf and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2023-10-31 with total page 933 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Sociophonetics is the definitive guide to sociophonetics. Offering a practical and accessible survey of an unparalleled range of theoretical and methodological perspectives, this is the first handbook devoted to sociophonetic research and applications of sociophonetics within and beyond linguistics. It defines what sociophonetics is as a field and offers views of what sociophonetics might become. Split into three sections, this book: • examines the suprasegmental, segmental, and subsegmental units that sociophoneticians study; • reveals the ways that sociophoneticians create knowledge and solve problems across a range of theoretical and practical applications; • explores sociophonetic traditions around the world in spoken and signed languages; • includes case studies that demonstrate sociophonetic research in action, which will support and inspire readers to conduct their own projects. This handbook is an indispensable resource for researchers, undergraduate and graduate students in sociophonetics, as well as researchers and students in sociolinguistics, phonetics, phonology, language variation and change, cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, speech pathology, and language teaching—and indeed any area of study where phonetics and phonology interact with social factors and forces.
Book Synopsis Language Life in Japan by : Patrick Heinrich
Download or read book Language Life in Japan written by Patrick Heinrich and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2010-09-13 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analyses how linguistic diversity in Japan, and indeed recognition of this phenomenon, presents a wide range of sociolinguistic challenges and opportunities in fundamental institutions such as schools, in cultural patterns and in social behaviours and attitudes.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics by : Shigeru Miyagawa
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics written by Shigeru Miyagawa and published by OUP USA. This book was released on 2008-11-03 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The core data is laid out, followed by critical discussion of the various approaches found in the literature. Each chapter ends with a section on how the study of the particular phenomenon in Japanese contributes to our knowledge of general linguistic theory.
Book Synopsis The Routledge Handbook of Language and Emotion by : Sonya E Pritzker
Download or read book The Routledge Handbook of Language and Emotion written by Sonya E Pritzker and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2019-12-06 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Routledge Handbook of Language and Emotion offers a variety of critical theoretical and methodological perspectives that interrogate the ways in which ideas about and experiences of emotion are shaped by linguistic encounters, and vice versa. Taking an interdisciplinary approach which incorporates disciplines such as linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, applied linguistics, psychology, communication studies, education, sociology, folklore, religious studies, and literature, this book: explores and illustrates the relationship between language and emotion in the five key areas of language socialisation; culture, translation and transformation; poetry, pragmatics and power; the affective body-self; and emotion communities; situates our present-day thinking about language and emotion by providing a historical and cultural overview of distinctions and moral values that have traditionally dominated Western thought relating to emotions and their management; provides a unique insight into the multiple ways in which language incites emotion, and vice versa, especially in the context of culture. With contributions from an international range of leading and emerging scholars in their fields, The Routledge Handbook of Language and Emotion is an indispensable resource for students and researchers who are interested in incorporating interdisciplinary perspectives on language and emotion into their work.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Japanese Syntax by : Masayoshi Shibatani
Download or read book Handbook of Japanese Syntax written by Masayoshi Shibatani and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2017-10-23 with total page 894 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Studies of Japanese syntax have played a central role in the long history of Japanese linguistics spanning more than 250 years in Japan and abroad. More recently, Japanese has been among the languages most intensely studied within modern linguistic theories such as Generative Grammar and Cognitive/Functional Linguistics over the past fifty years. This volume presents a comprehensive survey of Japanese syntax from these three research strands, namely studies based on the traditional research methods developed in Japan, those from broader functional perspectives, and those couched in the generative linguistics framework. The twenty-four studies contained in this volume are characterized by a detailed analysis of a grammatical phenomenon with broader implications to general linguistics, making the volume attractive to both specialists of Japanese and those interested in learning about the impact of Japanese syntax to the general study of language. Each chapter is authored by a leading authority on the topic. Broad issues covered include sentence types (declarative, imperative, etc.) and their interactions with grammatical verbal categories (modality, polarity, politeness, etc.), grammatical relations (topic, subject, etc.), transitivity, nominalizations, grammaticalization, word order (subject, scrambling, numeral quantifier, configurationality), case marking (ga/no conversion, morphology and syntax), modification (adjectives, relative clause), and structure and interpretation (modality, negation, prosody, ellipsis). Chapter titles Introduction Chapter 1. Basic structures of sentences and grammatical categories, Yoshio Nitta, Kansai University of Foreign Studies Chapter 2: Transitivity, Wesley Jacobsen, Harvard University Chapter 3: Topic and subject, Takashi Masuoka, Kobe City University of Foreign Studies Chapter 4: Toritate: Focusing and defocusing of words, phrases, and clauses, Hisashi Noda, National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics Chapter 5: The layered structure of the sentence, Isao Iori, Hitotsubashi University Chapter 6. Functional syntax, Ken-Ichi Takami, Gakushuin University; and Susumu Kuno, Harvard University Chapter 7: Locative alternation, Seizi Iwata, Osaka City University Chapter 8: Nominalizations, Masayoshi Shibatani, Rice University Chapter 9: The morphosyntax of grammaticalization, Heiko Narrog, Tohoku University Chapter 10: Modality, Nobuko Hasegawa, Kanda University of International Studies Chapter 11: The passive voice, Tomoko Ishizuka, Tama University Chapter 12: Case marking, Hideki Kishimoto, Kobe University Chapter 13: Interfacing syntax with sounds and meanings, Yoshihisa Kitagawa, Indiana University Chapter 14: Subject, Masatoshi Koizumi, Tohoku University Chapter 15: Numeral quantifiers, Shigeru Miyagawa, MIT Chapter 16: Relative clauses, Yoichi Miyamoto, Osaka University Chapter 17: Expressions that contain negation, Nobuaki Nishioka, Kyushu University Chapter 18: Ga/No conversion, Masao Ochi, Osaka University Chapter 19: Ellipsis, Mamoru Saito, Nanzan University Chapter 20: Syntax and argument structure, Natsuko Tsujimura, Indiana University Chapter 21: Attributive modification, Akira Watanabe, University of Tokyo Chapter 22: Scrambling, Noriko Yoshimura, Shizuoka Prefectural University
