Role Of Residential And Commercial Sectors In Meeting Californias 80 Percent Ghg Emissions Reduction Goal By 2050

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Role of Residential and Commercial Sectors in Meeting California's 80 Percent GHG Emissions Reduction Goal by 2050

Author : Mohammad Saleh Zakerinia
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781321807813
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Role of Residential and Commercial Sectors in Meeting California's 80 Percent GHG Emissions Reduction Goal by 2050 by : Mohammad Saleh Zakerinia

Download or read book Role of Residential and Commercial Sectors in Meeting California's 80 Percent GHG Emissions Reduction Goal by 2050 written by Mohammad Saleh Zakerinia and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change is one of the most important issues in today's world, and there is an increasing concern about it. State of California is the leading states in the United States in cutting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions; it sets an objective of achieving 1990 emission level by 2020 and also long-term objective of emission reduction to 80% of 1990 level by 2050. Short-term policies and necessary steps to take in the short term are well-defined, and California is on the right track of achieving 2020 goal. Yet, it is unclear what kind of policies and technological transformation will be needed in order to get to the long-term goal. We use the CA-TIMES model, an economy-wide bottom-up, and technology-rich optimization model, to study the role of commercial and residential sectors in mitigating GHG emissions by 2050. Commercial and residential sectors contribute to 30% of total energy consumption. Therefore, it is very crucial to study the implication of policies in these sectors to reach our long-term goal. There are many energy models developed for California. However, they either do not address cost implications of GHG mitigation in California or lack system modeling approach. These models cannot analyze abatement costs explicitly, consider interactive policies between different sectors of the economy or optimally allocate financial/physical resources. CA-TIMES is the first model that explicitly calculates the cost of mitigation, taken into account different sectors of energy system and their interactions and finds the optimal allocation of money/resources to reach policy target. We defined different scenarios each having a fixed service demand that is driven by economic drivers. We have an elastic demand scenario in which demands change with a change in price of service demands; this may be a more realistic case than the fixed demand. We have performed a decompositions analysis to see the role of efficiency improvement, carbon intensity reduction, and demand reduction in different scenarios. Our results show that the cost of mitigation is much higher with having a binding emission constraint. We have also calculated the realized abatement cost curves that show mitigation costs across different end-uses. The residential and commercial sectors are modeled based on projected energy service demands that are independent of technology and fuels. The residential sector consists of end-use demand technologies used to satisfy thirteen residential end-use service demand, including space heating, space cooling, water heating, lighting, cooking, refrigeration, clothes washing, clothes drying, dish washing, freezer, TV, pool pumps, and miscellaneous. Likewise, the commercial sector end-use demand technologies comprise cooking, lighting, water heating, refrigeration, space cooling and heating, ventilation, office equipment and miscellaneous which are used in our model to satisfy service demand. The model is described by fuel types (e.g. natural gas, electricity, LPG) and end-use technologies (e.g. compact fluorescent lamps, furnace, TV) that meet these service demands. The energy service demands are projected based on assumed drivers that are population, building size, building heating/cooling coefficient, appliance saturation rate, appliance utilization rate and commercial floorspace. Future technology adoption and abatement rely on economic factors (including fuel price changes), consumer choices, technology availability, and policy choices to determine the total state-wide residential and commercial energy use over the time horizon. The model selects technologies to meet energy service demand while minimizing net system cost and satisfying other user-defined constraints such as policy goals in GHG emission targets, appliance efficiency standards, etc. The BAU policy assumes the existing policies do not expire, and they will continue throughout the modeling period until 2050. In the GHG reduction scenario, it is assumed there is a linear carbon cap constraint in addition to the available policies in the BAU scenario. The linear carbon cap assumes the carbon cap would be a straight-line trajectory from 2020 to 2050. CA-TIMES also can be used as a partial equilibrium model. Meaning that service demands are not fixed, and they can be changed based on the elasticities of service demands to their price each year. Under this framework, the model minimizes the welfare loss associated with the change in the service demand. The GHG reduction scenario that runs under this framework is called the GHG-Elastic demand scenario. The residential and commercial sectors show substantial efficiency improvements and reductions in the final energy demand due to the adoption of more efficient technologies as well as technologies that rely on electricity more than natural gas. In 2010, electricity accounted for 57% of commercial energy use and 37% of residential energy consumption. By 2050, electricity's share of final energy is 67% in the commercial sector and 79% in the residential sector under the GHG reduction scenario. Overall, weighted efficiency for commercial and residential sectors is 2.3 and 3.89 times higher in 2050 relative to 2010 in the GHG reduction scenario, respectively. The model can reduce service demand instead of adopting efficient appliances to decrease GHG emissions in the GHG-Elastic demand scenario, which also lead to significant cost saving. So, weighted efficiency improvement for commercial and residential sectors in the GHG-Elastic demand scenario reduces to 2.21 and 3.55 in 2050, respectively. The model do not invest in ground source heat pumps, efficient electric water heaters and other efficient technologies, which are also expensive, to decrease GHG emissions. Instead, the model reduces service demand in various service demands to decrease emissions and abatement costs. Electrification of buildings is interconnected with the increased demand for more low-carbon electricity generation. Under GHG scenarios, carbon intensity of electricity is decreased by 96% in 2050 relative to 2010. The average mitigation costs are $74/tonne CO2e and -$2/tonne CO2e for the residential and commercial sectors, respectively, in the GHG reduction scenario compared with the BAU. The mitigation costs are reduced to $24/tonne CO2e and -$41/tonne CO2e for the residential and commercial sectors, respectively, in the GHG-Elastic demand scenario. Relatively small amount of service demand reduction (on average 4% in both residential and commercial sectors) lead to significant abatement cost reduction in the GHG-Elastic demand compared to the GHG scenario. Therefore, it is crucial to decarbonize the electricity through extensive use of renewables and design proper policies to promote efficiency improvement and reduce service demands to reach 2050 emissions reduction target with relatively low cost.

Scenarios for Meeting California's 2050 Climate Goals California's Carbon Challenge Phase II Volume I

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (953 download)

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Book Synopsis Scenarios for Meeting California's 2050 Climate Goals California's Carbon Challenge Phase II Volume I by :

Download or read book Scenarios for Meeting California's 2050 Climate Goals California's Carbon Challenge Phase II Volume I written by and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study provides an updated analysis of long-term energy system scenarios for California consistent with the State meeting its 2050 climate goal, including detailed analysis and assessment of electricity system build-out, operation, and costs across the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC) region. Four key elements are found to be critical for the State to achieve its 2050 goal of 80 percent greenhouse (GHG) reductions from the 1990 level: aggressive energy efficiency; clean electricity; widespread electrification of passenger vehicles, building heating, and industry heating; and large-scale production of low-carbon footprint biofuels to largely replace petroleum-based liquid fuels. The approach taken here is that technically achievable energy efficiency measures are assumed to be achieved by 2050 and aggregated with the other key elements mentioned above to estimate resultant emissions in 2050. The energy and non-energy sectors are each assumed to have the objective of meeting an 80 percent reduction from their respective 1990 GHG levels for the purposes of analysis. A different partitioning of energy and non-energy sector GHG greenhouse reductions is allowed if emission reductions in one sector are more economic or technically achievable than in the other. Similarly, within the energy or non-energy sectors, greater or less than 80 percent reduction from 1990 is allowed for sub-sectors within the energy or non-energy sectors as long as the overall target is achieved. Overall emissions for the key economy-wide scenarios are considered in this report. All scenarios are compliant or nearly compliant with the 2050 goal. This finding suggests that multiple technical pathways exist to achieve the target with aggressive policy support and continued technology development of largely existing technologies.

Influence of Future Low-carbon Energy Scenarios on California Criteria Pollutant Emissions, Air Pollution, and Health

Author : Christina Bautista Zapata
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780355969733
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (697 download)

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Book Synopsis Influence of Future Low-carbon Energy Scenarios on California Criteria Pollutant Emissions, Air Pollution, and Health by : Christina Bautista Zapata

Download or read book Influence of Future Low-carbon Energy Scenarios on California Criteria Pollutant Emissions, Air Pollution, and Health written by Christina Bautista Zapata and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California’s goal to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions 80% below 1990 levels by the year 2050 will require adoption of low-carbon energy sources across all economic sectors. The CA-TIMES model is a bottom-up energy-economic cost minimization model that was designed to examine different energy scenarios paths given carbon constraints. Here I have dissected two CA-TIMES scenarios, a business-as-usual (BAU) and a GHG-constrained (GHG-Step) scenario, to enhance understanding of how transforming energy can lead to changes in (Part I) short-lived criteria pollutant emissions and impact (Part II) air pollution, public health, and costs associated with premature mortality. In Part (I) the California REgional Multisector AiR QUality Emissions (CA-REMARQUE) model was developed to estimate criteria pollutant emissions inventories for each CA-TIMES energy scenario. Separate algorithms were developed to estimate criteria pollutant and precursor emissions for all energy sectors. This required the incorporation of literature-based emission profiles of particulate chemical composition and size distribution and gas speciation, and emission rates. Spatially-resolved energy projections were reviewed and gathered for many future and advanced electrification, biofuels, and hydrogen technologies. CA-REMARQUE results indicate an overall decrease in emissions across all sectors given a GHG-Step scenario, but also unexpected increases across in some specific energy sectors. Avoidance of fossil fuel consumption and use of alternative fuels, primarily in the GHG-Step scenario, also modify the composition of reactive organic gas emissions and the size and composition of particulate matter emissions. In Part (II) the UCD/CIT Airshed Lagrangian model was run to simulate annual-average air pollution changes of PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. Simulations were conducted for three modelling domains over California: a 576 km2 cell resolution over California, 16 km2 cell resolution over Central Valley, and 16 km2 cell resolution over Southern California. Simulated annual-average PM2.5 and O3 exposure were used to estimate mortality (total deaths per year) and mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) using established exposure-response relationships from air pollution epidemiology. Predicted deaths associated with air pollution in 2050 dropped by 24%–26% in California (1,537–2,758 avoided deaths yr−1) in the 2050 GHG-Step scenario, equivalent to a 54%–56% reduction in the air pollution mortality rate (deaths per 100,000) relative to 2010 levels. These avoided deaths have an estimated value of $11.4B–$20.4B USD per year. Best estimates suggest that meeting an intermediate target (40% reduction in GHG emissions by the year 2030) using a non-optimized scenario would reduce personal income by $4.95B yr−1 (-0.15%) and lower overall state GDP by $16.1B yr−1 (-0.45%). The public health benefits described here are comparable to these cost estimates, making a compelling argument for the adoption of low-carbon energy in California beyond costs associated more directly with climate change.

Scenarios of California's Industrial Sector

Author : Pu Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781267967770
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (677 download)

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Book Synopsis Scenarios of California's Industrial Sector by : Pu Chen

Download or read book Scenarios of California's Industrial Sector written by Pu Chen and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This document reviews the energy use and technology of the industrial sector in California and methodology for making energy use projections to 2050. The industrial sector in California consumes 25% of the state's total energy use and roughly the same portion of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Most studies examining California's industrial sector and future energy use and GHG emissions are conducted in highly aggregated fashion based historical trends and assumptions about improvements at the sectorial level. None have conducted comprehensive bottom-up assessment examining technological change for each subsector and energy services. The first section describes the purpose of this study, gives an overview of California's industrial energy profile including energy use, major fuel types, and different industrial subsectors in energy modeling system. The section also discusses historical GHG emissions from the industrial sector. Section II examines California's manufacturing energy use, focusing on electric and natural gas energy intensity of manufacturing subsectors by Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) group, and then estimates electricity and natural gas consumption by subsector and end-use services using various methods. The third section describes the energy structure of California's non-manufacturing industries-- oil & gas extraction and combined heat and power (CHP). The study examines the distributions of CHPs in terms of capacity and number of sites in California and the potentials. Industrial end use technologies are examined in Section IV, including detailed description regarding their fuel use and efficiency across all industrial subsectors. This study uses a bottom-up approach to project the structure of the California's energy system efficiencies, costs, service demand growth, energy consumption, and GHG emissions to 2050. The projections are made based on a 2005 base year energy calibration and industrial output forecast taking into account technological change. Scenario analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of various technology adoption and industrial structure changes on future energy use and GHG emissions. This study demonstrates that all the measures discussed in this study including development of technology efficiency, adoption of best available technology and industrial output reduction could reduce California's industrial GHG emissions at some levels, but none of them alone would make a substantial reduction, beyond 32%. Therefore, the industry needs an integrated strategy framework incorporating all feasible solutions, entailing both technology and economic output, in order to achieve the state's GHG emissions reduction target. This study explores the possible options for California industrial GHG reduction without taking economic factors into consideration. Future work will try to discover the most cost-effective climate strategies to meet the state's carbon mitigation target.

Deep Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the California Transportation Sector

Author : Wayne Waterman Leighty
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781124509006
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Deep Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the California Transportation Sector by : Wayne Waterman Leighty

Download or read book Deep Reductions in Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the California Transportation Sector written by Wayne Waterman Leighty and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: California's "80in50" target for reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 80 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2050 is based on climate science rather than technical feasibility of mitigation. As such, it raises four fundamental questions: is this magnitude of reduction in greenhouse gas emissions possible, what energy system transitions over the next 40 years are necessary, can intermediate policy goals be met on the pathway toward 2050, and does the path of transition matter for the objective of climate change mitigation? Scenarios for meeting the 80in50 goal in the transportation sector are modelled. Specifically, earlier work defining low carbon transport scenarios for the year 2050 is refined by incorporating new information about biofuel supply. Then transition paths for meeting 80in50 scenarios are modelled for the light-duty vehicle sub-sector, with important implications for the timing of action, rate of change, and cumulative greenhouse gas emissions. One aspect of these transitions - development in the California wind industry to supply low-carbon electricity for plug-in electric vehicles - is examined in detail. In general, the range of feasible scenarios for meeting the 80in50 target is narrow enough that several common themes are apparent: electrification of light-duty vehicles must occur; continued improvements in vehicle efficiency must be applied to improving fuel economy; and energy carriers must de-carbonize to less than half of the carbon intensity of gasoline and diesel. Reaching the 80in50 goal will require broad success in travel demand reduction, fuel economy improvements and low-carbon fuel supply, since there is little opportunity to increase emission reductions in one area if we experience failure in another. Although six scenarios for meeting the 80in50 target are defined, only one also meets the intermediate target of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2020. Furthermore, the transition path taken to reach any one of these scenarios can differ in cumulative emissions by more than 25 percent. Since cumulative emissions are the salient factor for climate change mitigation and the likelihood of success is an important consideration, initiating action immediately to begin the transitions indicated for achieving the 80in50 goal is found to be prudent.

Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780309682923
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (829 download)

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Book Synopsis Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Accelerating Decarbonization of the U.S. Energy System written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by . This book was released on 2021-12-02 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The world is transforming its energy system from one dominated by fossil fuel combustion to one with net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas. This energy transition is critical to mitigating climate change, protecting human health, and revitalizing the U.S. economy. To help policymakers, businesses, communities, and the public better understand what a net-zero transition would mean for the United States, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a committee of experts to investigate how the U.S. could best decarbonize its transportation, electricity, buildings, and industrial sectors. This report, Accelerating Decarbonization of the United States Energy System, identifies key technological and socio-economic goals that must be achieved to put the United States on the path to reach net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. The report presents a policy blueprint outlining critical near-term actions for the first decade (2021-2030) of this 30-year effort, including ways to support communities that will be most impacted by the transition.

Decarbonization of Residential Space and Water Heating in California

Author : Imran Anees Sheikh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 141 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (12 download)

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Book Synopsis Decarbonization of Residential Space and Water Heating in California by : Imran Anees Sheikh

Download or read book Decarbonization of Residential Space and Water Heating in California written by Imran Anees Sheikh and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 141 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This dissertation investigates options that exist to reduce emissions from residential space and water heating over the next few decades. There are four main research questions that I aim to answer: 1. What is the most promising route to decarbonizing residential space and water heating? 2. If heating becomes electrified, what new electric loads should we expect? 3. How might the building stock transition to electrified heating, and how can this transition occur at minimum cost? 4. What policy changes are necessary in California to encourage electrification? These research questions are tackled one at a time, in each of the main chapters of the dissertation. In Chapter One I look specifically at California and build the case for why energy efficiency with electrification of heating is the most likely path to achieve the large carbon emission reduction needed from this sector. I examine alternative decarbonization strategies, such as solar thermal, biogas, synthetic natural gas, and electrification and show why electrification is likely to be the most promising path. I evaluated these options across the dimensions of scale, cost, and suitability. I find that electrification has the potential to serve all heating loads, while the other options may serve only 2-70% of loads. I also expect that electrification could reduce emissions from this sector at less than 1/2 the cost of other options. While electrification may be the most promising path in California, it is not necessarily the most promising path in all regions. The benefits of electrification and its limitations are discussed. In Chapter Two, I estimate what new electric loads might look like if existing natural gas space and water heating transition to electric heat pumps. In order for electrification to gain support from policymakers, system operators, and utilities we need to better understand what impacts electrification of space and water heating would have on the grid. The electricity grid needs to be prepared for the additional load, and in order to do that we need to better understand the characteristics of new heating loads. I present a new method for estimating hourly residential space heating and water heating demand using hourly electricity consumption data (smart meter data) and daily natural gas data. This estimate was done using a dataset of 30,000 customer accounts in Northern California. I applied linear regression at both the individual house level and to hourly, climate-band-averaged whole-home electricity consumption, climate-band-averaged whole-home gas consumption, and outdoor air temperature data to determine both the hours when heating is more active and the outdoor temperature dependence of that consumption. This varying temperature responsiveness allowed me to assign varying amounts of space heating load to different hours. I then scaled up the results to the entire utility service area to show when and where electric heating will impact peak demand. About 1/2 of the residential space and water heating gas use could be electrified without any impact on peak demand. I also find that electrification of space and water heating would increase the load factor by at least 5%--and even more if heating loads are controllable. While electrification of heating would have little impact on peak demand on a systemwide basis (until very high penetration), at the distribution level electrifying heating loads may have an impact on peak demand for feeders that are mostly residential. In Chapter Three I show how California could deploy hot water heaters to meet different emissions targets at lowest cost. I describe several scenarios and show what the lowest cost pathway would be as emissions are constrained. Different water heating technologies are considered, such as gas tank, gas tankless, electric resistance, and electric heat pump, and high efficiency electric heat pump with CO2 refrigerant. Emissions from natural gas leakage and refrigerant leakage are both considered. I have developed a linear program that minimizes total present operating and capital cost of statewide residential water heating. Relative to the lowest cost case, adding cumulative emissions targets can lower emissions from 71% to 77% without early retirement of water heating appliances. In order to meet a 90% reduction goal from the sector in 2050 (while minimizing cumulative emissions), heat pump water heaters need to have full market share in new construction immediately unless efficiency standards are increased, and most scenarios suggest that the lowest cost pathway include a transition to electric water heating that should have already occurred. Heat pumps need to begin replacing existing gas water heaters by the early 2030s at the latest, while most scenarios suggest that this transition should have already happened to minimize cost. Given projections for gas and electricity prices and costs of water heating equipment, an emissions target of a 90% reduction in 2050 relative to 2010 emissions could be met at a cost of $97-153/ton CO2 relative to the unconstrained, lowest cost case. Delaying action beyond 2017 makes the cumulative emissions target unreachable in two scenarios, while a third scenario allows delay until 2029, at a carbon cost of over $200/ton CO2. Finally, in Chapter Four I examine potential policy changes that could be made to encourage a transition to electric space and water heating. Current energy policies and economics give an advantage to natural gas appliances over electric appliances. Simultaneously, California's climate policy is aiming for very large reductions in emissions, which will either be impossible or costly without a phase out of many natural gas end uses. Aligning energy and climate policy is possible, but will require several changes. Some potential suggestions are offered in this chapter mostly related to changes to the building energy code. In addition to changes to building codes, other options are also possible such as redesigning electricity rates that properly reward flexible loads. Specific legislation may also be required to jump start a transition to electric heating. Such policies have been put in place in the past to support other technologies that may have even less climate benefit per dollar.

The CO2 Reduction Potential of Combined Heat and Power in California's Commercial Buildings

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (727 download)

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Book Synopsis The CO2 Reduction Potential of Combined Heat and Power in California's Commercial Buildings by :

Download or read book The CO2 Reduction Potential of Combined Heat and Power in California's Commercial Buildings written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) is working with the California Energy Commission (CEC) to determine the potential role of commercial sector distributed generation (DG) with combined heat and power (CHP) capability deployment in greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) reductions. CHP applications at large industrial sites are well known, and a large share of their potential has already been harvested. In contrast, relatively little attention has been paid to the potential of medium-sized commercial buildings, i.e., ones with peak electric loads ranging from 100 kW to 5 MW. We examine how this sector might implement DG with CHP in cost minimizing microgrids that are able to adopt and operate various energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaics (PV), on-site thermal generation, heat exchangers, solar thermal collectors, absorption chillers, and storage systems. We apply a mixed-integer linear program (MILP) that minimizes a site's annual energy costs as its objective. Using 138 representative mid-sized commercial sites in California (CA), existing tariffs of three major electricity distribution ultilities plus a natural gas company, and performance data of available technology in 2020, we find the GHG reduction potential for this CA commercial sector segment, which represents about 35percent of total statewide commercial sector sales. Under the assumptions made, in a reference case, this segment is estimated to be capable of economically installing 1.4 GW of CHP, 35percent of the California Air Resources Board (CARB) statewide 4 GW goal for total incremental CHP deployment by 2020. However, because CARB's assumed utilization is far higherthan is found by the MILP, the adopted CHP only contributes 19percent of the CO2 target. Several sensitivity runs were completed. One applies a simple feed-in tariff similar to net metering, and another includes a generous self-generation incentive program (SGIP) subsidy for fuel cells. The feed-in tariff proves ineffective at stimulating CHP deployment, while the SGIP buy down is more powerful. The attractiveness of CHP varies widely by climate zone and service territory, but in general, hotter inland areas and San Diego are the more attractive regions because high cooling loads achieve higher equipment utilization. Additionally, large office buildings are surprisingly good hosts for CHP, so large office buildings in San Diego and hotter urban centers emerge as promising target hosts. Overall the effect on CO2 emissions is limited, never exceeding 27percent of the CARB target. Nonetheless, results suggest that the CO2 emissions abatement potential of CHP in mid-sized CA buildings is significant, and much more promising than is typically assumed.

An Assessment of California's Building Energy Regulatory Process and the Marginal Abatement Costs and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits of California Building Energy Standards

Download An Assessment of California's Building Energy Regulatory Process and the Marginal Abatement Costs and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits of California Building Energy Standards PDF Online Free

Author : Benjamin William White
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781658412704
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (127 download)

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Book Synopsis An Assessment of California's Building Energy Regulatory Process and the Marginal Abatement Costs and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits of California Building Energy Standards by : Benjamin William White

Download or read book An Assessment of California's Building Energy Regulatory Process and the Marginal Abatement Costs and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Benefits of California Building Energy Standards written by Benjamin William White and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research investigates the benefits and costs of California's building energy regulations and provides an analysis of the regulatory process that prompted the adoption and subsequent abandonment of a mandate for Zero Net Energy (ZNE) residential buildings in the state. Specifically examined are the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions characteristics associated with homes designed using California's definition for ZNE, and homes designed using the states more recently adopted goal of grid compatibility. The work quantifies the GHG emissions of various mixed-fuel and all-electric home designs and compares those results with the emissions characteristics of homes designed under a prior version of the state's building energy regulations (Title 24, Part 6). This research takes a novel approach to estimating residential sector GHG emissions by incorporating three different rates of pre-meter natural gas leaks into the calculations. The results isolate the contribution that these leaks make to building-sector emissions and emphasize the need for regulators and researchers to fully account for the full range of impacts associated with natural gas use. Also quantified are the marginal abatement costs for homes designed under California's adopted 2019 T24 standards versus homes designed under the prior code version. The results indicate that fuel type, and not the attainment of a specific energy measurement metric like ZNE is the primary determining factor for GHG emissions in the housing sector, and that all-electric homes deliver superior GHG reduction benefits at lower cost than mixed-fuel houses. We find that the marginal cost of abatement for housing types varies considerably, with all-electric homes offering the potential for carbon abatement at significantly lower cost than mixed-fuel houses and at a price that is currently lower than California's auction price for carbon emissions. These results indicate that all-electric housing can be a valid approach to GHG emission reduction from the perspective of regulators, homebuyers, and building industry stakeholders. In addition to quantifying the costs and benefits of California's building energy standards, the process that the state undertook in pursuit of the adoption of a ZNE mandate is explored using the Multiple Streams Framework (MSF). This analysis explores the role of ambiguity in policy goal setting and highlights the effects that can occur when policy feedback creates unintended consequences. The results reinforce the concept that the adoption of ambitious policy goals is benefitted by a high level of ambiguity, but that policy goals may need to change as ambiguity recedes. This case study of the California regulatory process for building energy standards provides demonstrable and useful examples for any government or private entity seeking to implement ambitious, long-term change.

Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309156866
Total Pages : 349 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States by : National Research Council

Download or read book Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-06-10 with total page 349 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: America's economy and lifestyles have been shaped by the low prices and availability of energy. In the last decade, however, the prices of oil, natural gas, and coal have increased dramatically, leaving consumers and the industrial and service sectors looking for ways to reduce energy use. To achieve greater energy efficiency, we need technology, more informed consumers and producers, and investments in more energy-efficient industrial processes, businesses, residences, and transportation. As part of the America's Energy Future project, Real Prospects for Energy Efficiency in the United States examines the potential for reducing energy demand through improving efficiency by using existing technologies, technologies developed but not yet utilized widely, and prospective technologies. The book evaluates technologies based on their estimated times to initial commercial deployment, and provides an analysis of costs, barriers, and research needs. This quantitative characterization of technologies will guide policy makers toward planning the future of energy use in America. This book will also have much to offer to industry leaders, investors, environmentalists, and others looking for a practical diagnosis of energy efficiency possibilities.

Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States

Author : US Global Change Research Program
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1510726217
Total Pages : 999 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States by : US Global Change Research Program

Download or read book Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health in the United States written by US Global Change Research Program and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2018-02-06 with total page 999 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As global climate change proliferates, so too do the health risks associated with the changing world around us. Called for in the President’s Climate Action Plan and put together by experts from eight different Federal agencies, The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health: A Scientific Assessment is a comprehensive report on these evolving health risks, including: Temperature-related death and illness Air quality deterioration Impacts of extreme events on human health Vector-borne diseases Climate impacts on water-related Illness Food safety, nutrition, and distribution Mental health and well-being This report summarizes scientific data in a concise and accessible fashion for the general public, providing executive summaries, key takeaways, and full-color diagrams and charts. Learn what health risks face you and your family as a result of global climate change and start preparing now with The Impacts of Climate Change on Human Health.

Building a Climate Change-resilient Electricity System for Meeting California's Energy and Environmental Goals

Author : Brian Tarroja
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Building a Climate Change-resilient Electricity System for Meeting California's Energy and Environmental Goals by : Brian Tarroja

Download or read book Building a Climate Change-resilient Electricity System for Meeting California's Energy and Environmental Goals written by Brian Tarroja and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock

Author : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 925107920X
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (51 download)

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Book Synopsis Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

Download or read book Tackling Climate Change Through Livestock written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2013 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Greenhouse gas emissions by the livestock sector could be cut by as much as 30 percent through the wider use of existing best practices and technologies. FAO conducted a detailed analysis of GHG emissions at multiple stages of various livestock supply chains, including the production and transport of animal feed, on-farm energy use, emissions from animal digestion and manure decay, as well as the post-slaughter transport, refrigeration and packaging of animal products. This report represents the most comprehensive estimate made to-date of livestocks contribution to global warming as well as the sectors potential to help tackle the problem. This publication is aimed at professionals in food and agriculture as well as policy makers.

Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States

Author : Michael Gerrard
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781585761975
Total Pages : 1056 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (619 download)

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Book Synopsis Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States by : Michael Gerrard

Download or read book Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States written by Michael Gerrard and published by . This book was released on 2019-03-18 with total page 1056 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States provides a "legal playbook" for deep decarbonization in the United States, identifying well over 1,000 legal options for enabling the United States to address one of the greatest problems facing this country and the rest of humanity. The book is based on two reports by the Deep Decarbonization Pathways Project (DDPP) that explain technical and policy pathways for reducing U.S. greenhouse gas emissions by at least 80% from 1990 levels by 2050. This 80x50 target and similarly aggressive carbon abatement goals are often referred to as deep decarbonization, distinguished because it requires systemic changes to the energy economy. Legal Pathways explains the DDPP reports and then addresses in detail 35 different topics in as many chapters. These 35 chapters cover energy efficiency, conservation, and fuel switching; electricity decarbonization; fuel decarbonization; carbon capture and negative emissions; non-carbon dioxide climate pollutants; and a variety of cross-cutting issues. The legal options involve federal, state, and local law, as well as private governance. Authors were asked to include all options, even if they do not now seem politically realistic or likely, giving Legal Pathways not just immediate value, but also value over time. While both the scale and complexity of deep decarbonization are enormous, this book has a simple message: deep decarbonization is achievable in the United States using laws that exist or could be enacted. These legal tools can be used with significant economic, social, environmental, and national security benefits. Book Reviews "A growing chorus of Americans understand that climate change is the biggest public health, economic, and national security challenge our families have ever faced and they rightly ask, ''What can anyone do?'' Well, this book makes that answer very clear: we can do a lot as individuals, businesses, communities, cities, states, and the federal government to fight climate change. The legal pathways are many and the barriers are not insurmountable. In short, the time is now to dig deep and decarbonize." --Gina McCarthy, Former U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Administrator "Legal Pathways to Deep Decarbonization in the United States sets forth over 1,000 solutions for federal, state, local, and private actors to tackle climate change. This book also makes the math for Congress clear: with hundreds of policy options and 12 years to stop the worst impacts of climate change, now is the time to find a path forward." --Sheldon Whitehouse, U.S. Senator, Rhode Island "This superb work comes at a critical time in the history of our planet. As we increasingly face the threat and reality of climate change and its inevitable impact on our most vulnerable populations, this book provides the best and most current thinking on viable options for the future to address and ameliorate a vexing, worldwide challenge of extraordinary magnitude. Michael Gerrard and John Dernbach are two of the most distinguished academicians in the country on these issues, and they have assembled leading scholars and practitioners to provide a possible path forward. With 35 chapters and over 1,000 legal options, the book is like a menu of offerings for public consumption, showing that real actions can be taken, now and in the future, to achieve deep decarbonization. I recommend the book highly." --John C. Cruden, Past Assistant Attorney General, Environment and Natural Resources Division, U.S. Department of Justice "This book proves that we already know what to do about climate change, if only we had the will to do it. The path to decarbonization depends as much on removing legal impediments and changing outdated incentive systems as it does on imposing new regulations. There are ideas here for every sector of the economy, for every level of government, and for business and nongovernmental organizations, too, all of which should be on the table for any serious country facing the most serious of challenges. By giving us a sense of the possible, Gerrard and Dernbach and their fine authors seem to be saying two things: (1) do something; and (2) it''s possible. What a timely message, and what a great collection." --Jody Freeman, Archibald Cox Professor of Law and Founding Director of the Harvard Law School Environmental and Energy Law Program

Building a Low-carbon Economy

Author : Great Britain. Committee on Climate Change
Publisher : The Stationery Office
ISBN 13 : 9780117039292
Total Pages : 514 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis Building a Low-carbon Economy by : Great Britain. Committee on Climate Change

Download or read book Building a Low-carbon Economy written by Great Britain. Committee on Climate Change and published by The Stationery Office. This book was released on 2008 with total page 514 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change resulting from CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions poses a huge threat to human welfare. To contain that threat, the world needs to cut emissions by about 50 per cent by 2050, and to start cutting emissions now. A global agreement to take action is vital. A fair global deal will require the UK to cut emissions by at least 80 per cent below 1990 levels by 2050. In this report, the Committee on Climate Change explains why the UK should aim for an 80 per cent reduction by 2050 and how that is attainable, and then recommends the first three budgets that will define the path to 2022. But the path is attainable at manageable cost, and following it is essential if the UK is to play its fair part in avoiding the far higher costs of harmful climate change. Part 1 of the report addresses the 2050 target. The 80 per cent target should apply to the sum of all sectors of the UK economy, including international aviation and shipping. The costs to the UK from this level of emissions reduction can be made affordable - estimated at between 1-2 per cent of GDP in 2050. In part 2, the Committee sets out the first three carbon budgets covering the period 2008-22, and examines the feasible reductions possible in various sectors: decarbonising the power sector; energy use in buildings and industry; reducing domestic transport emissions; reducing emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases; economy wide emissions reductions to meet budgets. The third part of the report examines wider economic and social impacts from budgets including competitiveness, fuel poverty, security of supply, and differences in circumstances between the regions of the UK.

Assessment of the Barriers and Value of Applying CO2 Sequestration in California

Author : Elizabeth A. Burton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 218 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (318 download)

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Book Synopsis Assessment of the Barriers and Value of Applying CO2 Sequestration in California by : Elizabeth A. Burton

Download or read book Assessment of the Barriers and Value of Applying CO2 Sequestration in California written by Elizabeth A. Burton and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309268524
Total Pages : 395 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels by : National Research Council

Download or read book Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-04-14 with total page 395 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005. This report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.