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Risk Assessment And Management Of Brucellosis In The Southern Greater Yellowstone Area I
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Book Synopsis Risk Assessment and Management of Brucellosis in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Area (I) by : Mandy Kauffman
Download or read book Risk Assessment and Management of Brucellosis in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Area (I) written by Mandy Kauffman and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Livestock producers and state wildlife agencies have used multiple management strategies to control bovine brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). However, spillover from elk to domestic bison and cattle herds continues to occur. Although knowledge is increasing about the location and behavior of elk in the SGYA, predicting spatiotemporal overlap between elk and cattle requires locations of livestock operations and observations of elk contact by producers. We queried all producers in a three-county area using a questionnaire designed to determine location of cattle and whether producers saw elk comingle with their animals. This information was used to parameterize a spatially-explicit risk model to estimate the number of elk expected to overlap with cattle during the brucellosis transmission risk period. Elk-cattle overlap was predicted in areas further from roads and forest boundaries in areas with wolf activity, with higher slopes, lower hunter densities, and where the cost-distance to feedgrounds was very low or very high. The model was used to estimate the expected number of years until a cattle reactor will be detected, under alternative management strategies. The model predicted cattle cases every 4.28 years in the highest risk herd unit, a higher prediction than the one case in 26 years we have observed. This difference likely indicates that ongoing management strategies are at least somewhat effective in preventing potential elk-cattle brucellosis transmission in these areas. Using this model, we can infer the expected effectiveness of various management strategies for reducing the risk of brucellosis spillover from elk to cattle.
Book Synopsis Risk Assessment and Management of Brucellosis in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Area (II) by : Kari Boroff
Download or read book Risk Assessment and Management of Brucellosis in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Area (II) written by Kari Boroff and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 10 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent cases of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in cattle (Bos taurus) and domestic bison (Bison bison) of the southern Greater Yellowstone Area (SGYA) have been traced back to free-ranging elk (Cervus elaphus). Several management activities have been implemented to reduce brucellosis seroprevalence in elk, including test-and-slaughter, low-density feeding at elk winter feedgrounds, and elk vaccination. It is unclear which of these activities are most cost-effective at reducing the risk of elk transmitting brucellosis to cattle. In a companion paper, a stochastic risk model was used to translate a reduction in elk seroprevalence to a reduction in the risk of transmission to cattle. Here, we use those results to estimate the expected economic benefits and costs of reducing seroprevalence in elk using three different management activities: vaccination of elk with Brucella strain 19 (S19), low-density feeding of elk, and elk test-and-slaughter. Results indicate that the three elk management activities yield negative expected net benefits, ranging from -$2983 per year for low-density feeding to -$595,471 per year for test-and-slaughter. Society's risk preferences will determine whether strategies that generate small negative net benefit, such as low-density feeding, are worth implementing. However, activities with large negative net benefits, such as test-and-slaughter and S19 vaccination, are unlikely to be economically worthwhile. Given uncertainty about various model parameters, we identify some circumstances in which individual management activities might generate positive expected net benefit.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309458315 Total Pages :211 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2021-01-30 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brucellosis is a nationally and internationally regulated disease of livestock with significant consequences for animal health, public health, and international trade. In cattle, the primary cause of brucellosis is Brucella abortus, a zoonotic bacterial pathogen that also affects wildlife, including bison and elk. As a result of the Brucellosis Eradication Program that began in 1934, most of the country is now free of bovine brucellosis. The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA), where brucellosis is endemic in bison and elk, is the last known B. abortus reservoir in the United States. The GYA is home to more than 5,500 bison that are the genetic descendants of the original free-ranging bison herds that survived in the early 1900s, and home to more than 125,000 elk whose habitats are managed through interagency efforts, including the National Elk Refuge and 22 supplemental winter feedgrounds maintained in Wyoming. In 1998 the National Research Council (NRC) issued a report, Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area, that reviewed the scientific knowledge regarding B. abortus transmission among wildlifeâ€"particularly bison and elkâ€"and cattle in the GYA. Since the release of the 1998 report, brucellosis has re-emerged in domestic cattle and bison herds in that area. Given the scientific and technological advances in two decades since that first report, Revisiting Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area explores the factors associated with the increased transmission of brucellosis from wildlife to livestock, the recent apparent expansion of brucellosis in non-feedground elk, and the desire to have science inform the course of any future actions in addressing brucellosis in the GYA.
Book Synopsis Quantitative Risk Assessment of Brucellosis Introduction Into California from Designated Survallence Areas from Greater Yellowstone Area States by : Wen-Chi Lee
Download or read book Quantitative Risk Assessment of Brucellosis Introduction Into California from Designated Survallence Areas from Greater Yellowstone Area States written by Wen-Chi Lee and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area by : National Research Council
Download or read book Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1998-08-13 with total page 207 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Brucellosis, a bacterial disease, was first noted in the Greater Yellowstone Area in 1917 and has been a chronic presence there since then. This book reviews existing scientific knowledge regarding brucellosis transmission among wildlife, particularly bison, elk, and cattle, in the Greater Yellowstone Area. It examines the mechanisms of transmission, risk of infection, and vaccination strategies. The book also assesses the actual infection rate among bison and elk and describes what is known about the prevalence of Brucella abortus among other wildlife.
Book Synopsis Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area by : Brant A. Schumaker
Download or read book Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Area written by Brant A. Schumaker and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Elk (Cervus elaphus) and bison (Bison bison) of the Greater Yellowstone area are the last known reservoir of bovine brucellosis (Brucella abortus) in the United States. domestic cattle occasionally contract the disease while grazing in areas where infected wild ungulates have aborted their fetuses or have given birth. Cases of brucellosis in cattle trigger costly quarantine, testing, and culling procedures. Government agencies and stakeholders, therefore, allocate valuable resources to prevent wildlife-to-cattle transmission. Scientific uncertainty about the biology, epidemiology, and economics of brucellosis makes it difficult to determine the length to which society should go to control it or the combination of management activities they should use to achieve the desired level of control. Research over the last decade has generated new information about brucellosis and alternative approaches for management. Stakeholders and decision makers must syhnthesize this growing body of information and re-assess current brucellosis goals and management strategies. Economic principles provide an objective framework in which to do this.
Book Synopsis Cost-benefit Analysis of Elk Brucellosis Prevalence Reduction in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem by : Kari L. Boroff
Download or read book Cost-benefit Analysis of Elk Brucellosis Prevalence Reduction in the Southern Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem written by Kari L. Boroff and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 123 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent cases of bovine brucellosis in cattle and domestic bison have been traced back to free-ranging elk. This raises questions about the most cost-effective means of reducing transmission risk from infected elk to livestock. Some management activities (e.g. elk test-and-slaughter, low-density feeding at elk winter feedgrounds, elk vaccination) are implemented in an attempt to reduce seroprevalence (a marker for prevalence) in elk. Others (e.g. hazing of elk from private property, fencing haystacks, cattle vaccination) are designed to reduce the risk of cattle encountering sources of infection, or the risk of transmission during an encounter. We lack a solid understanding of which activities are most cost-effective at preventing cases of brucellosis in cattle. It is especially difficult to determine the cost-effectiveness of reducing elk seroprevalence because we typically do not understand the extent to which it translates into fewer infected cattle herds. Recently, however, a stochastic risk model was developed that estimates the current level of risk to cattle and determines the extent to which reduced seroprevalence in elk would reduce the risk of cattle contracting brucellosis (Kauffman et al., 2013). Using this risk model, I estimate the expected economic benefits of reducing seroprevalence in elk. I then calculate the cost of reducing seroprevalence in elk using various management activities. Finally, I combine these expected benefit and cost estimates to determine circumstances in which individual management activities may be economically justifiable (i.e., generate positive expected net benefit). Results indicate that primary elk management activities (i.e., strain-19 vaccination of elk, low-density feeding of elk, and test-and-slaughter of elk) yield negative expected net benefits, which range from a maximum of -$2,913 per year for low-density feeding to a minimum of -$598,163 per year for test-and-slaughter. I also develop budgets for contraception, habitat improvement, and fencing winter cattle pastures. These secondary activities, like the primary activities, will likely result in a negative net benefit. Society's risk preference will determine whether strategies that generate small negative net benefit, such as low-density feeding, are worth considering. However, activities with large negative net benefits, such as test-and-slaughter and strain 19 vaccination, are unlikely to be economically worthwhile.
Book Synopsis Detection and Transmission Dynamics of Brucella Abortus in the Greater Yellowstone Area by : Brant Andrew Schumaker
Download or read book Detection and Transmission Dynamics of Brucella Abortus in the Greater Yellowstone Area written by Brant Andrew Schumaker and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Wild, free-ranging, bison and elk in the greater Yellowstone area (GYA) are the last reported reservoir of Brucella abortus in the United States. Diagnosis of B. abortus infection, potentially leading to brucellosis, is challenging, as there is no perfect reference test. An evaluation of the fluorescence polarization assay (FPA) was performed using serum and tissues from the known B. abortus infected bison herd in Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and serum from privately-owned bison. While the FPA and five other tests had perfect sensitivity in screening of B. abortus antibodies in bison, all tests had substantially lower specificity in the YNP herd. However, a Bayesian analysis showed that 59-74% of the culture-negative animals were most likely truly infected. A decision-tree analysis illustrated that the expected cost of FPA testing was comparable to the cost of other serologic tests. The FPA was shown to be highly sensitive but may not be able to differentiate culture-positive and culture-negative animals. For evaluation of tests under field conditions, longitudinal studies should be performed, testing animals throughout the study period and harvesting a subset of subjects at various points to determine their culture status. These studies could further facilitate sound, adaptive management decisions for the GYA. The ability of bison and elk to concomitantly serve as hosts of B. abortus increases the complexity of the risk of transmission to cattle. This multi-reservoir system poses significant challenges for comprehensive disease management. To address these intricacies, the first spatially-explicit risk assessment of B. abortus transmission among elk, bison, and cattle in the northern portion of the GYA was performed. The model used for this assessment was based on spatio-temporal probabilities of bacterial shedding by bison and elk on the northern GYA landscape. Although the model estimated substantial shedding of B. abortus from bison in some winters, the most substantial risk of B. abortus transmission to cattle was from elk. The estimated percentage of cattle exposure risk from the Yellowstone bison herd was small (0.0-0.3% of total risk) compared with elk, which contributed 99.7-100% of the total risk. Increasing population size resulted in higher herd densities and increased bacterial shedding. Interactive effects between population size and winter severity were major determinants influencing bison movements to lower elevation winter grazing areas, overlapping with federally-regulated domestic cattle grazing allotments. Median total annual risk to cattle from elk and bison was 3.6 cattle-exposure event-days (95% P.I. 0.1-36.6). Natural herd migration and boundary management operations were important in minimizing the contribution of bison to cattle exposure risk, which supports continued boundary management operations for spatio-temporal separation between bison and cattle. Under current management practices, bison risk to cattle grazing in the northern portion of the GYA is expected to be minimal. The comingling of cattle and elk, especially during the late gestation period for elk, should be reduced when spontaneous elk abortions pose a risk for interspecies disease transmission. The inter- and intra-species contact rates required to maintain brucellosis in the GYA were previously uncharacterized. Without this knowledge, the likely effects of risk mitigation strategies could not be adequately evaluated. The wildlife risk model described above was used to estimate the spatio-temporal distribution of B. abortus shedding events from bison and elk populations in the northern GYA. The percentage of B. abortus infectious events in overlapping wildlife populations was calculated, and the risk of B. abortus transmission within and between populations was estimated. Bison risk from other bison and from elk showed almost 100% adequacy to transmit the organism once spatio-temporal overlap occurred; however, contact within elk populations was only sufficiently able to produce disease 34% of the time. Transmission risks to elk from elk in other populations or from bison were very small. Minimal opportunity exists for B. abortus transmission from bison to elk under current natural conditions in the northern GYA. Under current conditions, management alternatives that reduce bison seroprevalence are unlikely to substantially reduce transmission risk from elk to cattle. Strategies that decrease elk herd densities and group sizes and reduce elk-to-elk transmission could reduce the overall risk to cattle grazing in the northern portion of the GYA. This research has substantially filled gaps in the understanding of B. abortus diagnostics, transmission risk from wildlife to cattle, and transmission dynamics within and between wildlife populations in the GYA. It highlights the need for longitudinal studies of B. abortus infection and directs future management actions toward mitigating transmission risks within elk populations as well as from elk to cattle in the northern portion of the GYA. This work should help to justify the most efficient allocation of research and management funding and aid eventual eradication of B. abortus from the United States.
Book Synopsis Wildlife Disease and Health in Conservation by : David A. Jessup
Download or read book Wildlife Disease and Health in Conservation written by David A. Jessup and published by JHU Press. This book was released on 2023-08-15 with total page 656 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Provides wildlife professionals with cutting-edge scientific information on the most damaging and newly emerging wildlife diseases. Wildlife diseases and their implications are at the forefront of many sectors of scientific endeavor, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. Nearly 60 percent of all human diseases and 75 percent of all emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. Edited by pioneering wildlife veterinarians David A. Jessup and Robin W. Radcliffe, Wildlife Disease and Health in Conservation explores the origins and impacts of as well as the responses to the most damaging and persistent diseases currently threatening wildlife conservation. Focusing mainly on newer, invasive, and controversial wildlife health challenges, this book also reexamines classic diseases that provide warnings and important lessons for wildlife professionals and policy makers. Each chapter offers cutting-edge scientific information and extensive references to help readers plan for, respond to, and conduct research on these serious health challenges. This book: • Reports crucial findings on newly emerging diseases and how to recognize and manage them • Explores the health of critical but often neglected aquatic ecosystems, including both vertebrate and invertebrate examples • Covers a vast diversity of wildlife health threats, from epizootic bighorn sheep pneumonia and African swine fever to sea star wasting disease, avian influenza, and rabbit hemorrhagic disease • Explains zoonotic dangers to humans, including coronaviruses • Includes information on marine and aquatic species, wild ungulate species, carnivores and omnivores, birds, and more • Provides insight into the social, legal, financial, and political factors that may override or influence conservation priorities in response to biomedical challenges Featuring detailed and attractive field notes–style illustrations by Laura Donohue and essential essays from experts in the field, Wildlife Disease and Health in Conservation combines theory and practice to inform and inspire wildlife health and conservation.
Book Synopsis Case Studies in Ecohealth by : Susan C. Cork
Download or read book Case Studies in Ecohealth written by Susan C. Cork and published by 5m Books Ltd. This book was released on 2024-04-12 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Case Studies in Ecohealth is primarily intended to be a student textbook, using a series of case studies to illustrate key concepts applicable to EcoHealth, with a focus on taking an interdisciplinary approach to solving complex problems at the interface between animals and their environment. Using case studies, the book will illustrate key concepts in ‘EcoHealth’ allowing readers to better understand the strengths and challenges of taking an ‘Eco Health’ approach Within the key themes addressed in the book, the reader will gain insight into how to approach complex problems at the animal-environment interface using a transdisciplinary approach Access to the case studies presented in the book, along with supplementary material on line, will provide the reader with good examples of current and emerging issues for discussion in the class room or for field experience programs 5m Books
Book Synopsis Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner by : Terry Ryan Kane
Download or read book Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner written by Terry Ryan Kane and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2021-01-22 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An essential guide to the health care of honey bees Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner offers an authoritative guide to honey bee health and hive management. Designed for veterinarians and other professionals, the book presents information useful for answering commonly asked questions and for facilitating hive examinations. The book covers a wide range of topics including basic husbandry, equipment and safety, anatomy, genetics, the diagnosis and management of disease. It also includes up to date information on Varroa and other bee pests, introduces honey bee pharmacology and toxicology, and addresses native bee ecology. This new resource: Offers a guide to veterinary care of honey bees Provides information on basic husbandry, examination techniques, nutrition, and more Discusses how to successfully handle questions and 'hive calls' Includes helpful photographs, line drawings, tables, and graphs Written for veterinary practitioners, veterinary students, veterinary technicians, scientists, and apiarists, Honey Bee Medicine for the Veterinary Practitioner is a comprehensive and practical book on honey bee health.
Book Synopsis Political Ecologies of COVID-19 by : Andrea J. Nightingale
Download or read book Political Ecologies of COVID-19 written by Andrea J. Nightingale and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-08-02 with total page 161 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By March 2020, COVID-19 had affected nearly every community on earth, either with infections or with mobility restrictions. Significant peer reviewed research effort has gone into understanding the virus and its spread, mainly from an epidemiological and medical perspective. Political ecologists have been somewhat critical of such analyses because of their failure to understand the sociality of COVID-19 and its emergence. They emphasise the need to look for how the virus has acted upon inclusions and exclusions and current cleavages in society despite the fact that it can potentially attack anyone anywhere. Commentaries have therefore drawn attention to the more-than-human assemblages that allowed COVID-19 to infect humans; global food chains and capitalism; and social inequalities that underpin uneven exposure and access to health care. In this Research Topic we seek papers that engage with political ecologies of COVID-19. We welcome articles that are based on empirical research in specific contexts, attempting to understand the impacts of the viral outbreak, as well as articles which lay out research agendas for political ecologies of COVID-19. What questions need to be asked? What does it mean to take a socionatural and political ecological approach? What can we learn from the state(s) response in different places? How can such analyses add to the global conversation about the pandemic?
Book Synopsis Costs and Expected Benefits to Cattle Producers of Brucellosis Management Strategies in the Greater Yellowstone Area of Wyoming by : Trenton W. Roberts
Download or read book Costs and Expected Benefits to Cattle Producers of Brucellosis Management Strategies in the Greater Yellowstone Area of Wyoming written by Trenton W. Roberts and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 175 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cattle producers in the Greater Yellowstone Area implement a variety of management strategies to reduce the risk of cattle contracting brucellosis from elk, including: fencing haystacks, having Wyoming Game and Fish haze elk away from cattle, administering adult booster vaccination, adopting an alternative feeding schedule, spaying heifers, delayed grazing on high-risk allotments, hiring a rider to haze elk, and running stocker steers. Uncertainty about the cost and effectiveness of these strategies makes it difficult for producers to decide which (if any) to implement. To reduce uncertainty, I first calculate the cost of each management strategy, and then use expected value theory to estimate: (1) expected net benefit, (2) minimum level of effectiveness required to justify implementation, and (3) baseline cost of brucellosis required to justify implementation. Results indicate that Wyoming Game and Fish hazing of elk, fencing a haystack, and adult booster vaccination generate the largest expected net benefit, require the lowest levels of effectiveness to justify implementation, and require the lowest baseline brucellosis cost to justify implementation. Although switching to a stocker steer operation eliminates the risk of brucellosis, it may be less economically-appealing than several other management strategies.
Book Synopsis Economics of Adult-booster Vaccination Against Bovine Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem by : Jessica L. Gordon
Download or read book Economics of Adult-booster Vaccination Against Bovine Brucellosis in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem written by Jessica L. Gordon and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 214 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bovine brucellosis is a bacterial disease (causative agent: Brucella abortus) endemic to the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), which often causes abortion in infected cattle. Loss of calves and regulatory measures imposed to control disease outbreaks (namely quarantine) can have serious economic impacts on livestock producers. Implementing an adult-booster vaccination strategy could reduce some of the risks associated with the disease (i.e., reduce the number of abortions in cattle caused by brucellosis), but no studies have assessed the economic effectiveness of such a strategy. We combine an epidemiology model of intra-herd disease dynamics with ranch-level economic budgets to determine under what circumstances an adult-booster vaccination strategy could potentially generate positive expected net benefit for producers. We determine that, contingent on several modeling assumptions, administering an adult-booster may generate positive expected net benefit under specific circumstances. If a cattle herd’s risk of being exposed to the bacteria is high enough, then the expected cost of a brucellosis quarantine is large enough that even a modest decrease in the risk of being quarantined (i.e., the benefit of adult-booster) might outweigh the cost of administering an adult-booster to the herd. Achieving positive net benefits may depend, however, on whether a producer is already conducting annual whole-herd testing. The expected benefit of adult-booster has the potential to outweigh the cost under some circumstances, so producers in the GYE may want to consider this management strategy for their production system.
Book Synopsis Yellowstone Bison by : Patrick James White
Download or read book Yellowstone Bison written by Patrick James White and published by . This book was released on 2015-05 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Brucellosis, Wildlife and Conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone Area by : E. Tom Thorne
Download or read book Brucellosis, Wildlife and Conflicts in the Greater Yellowstone Area written by E. Tom Thorne and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 13 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Conflicts between wildlife and cattle in western Wyoming probably began to occur when the first agricultural settlers arrived in Jackson Hole in 1884. At that time, many traditional winter ranges of elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) were converted to hay fields for cattle feed during winter or to town sites, such as Jackson. In somecases, elk migration routes to historic winter ranges were blocked by a multitude of fences, roadways, communities, ranches and hunters. In 1910, the situation became so acute in Jackson Hole that the Wyoming Legislature appropriated $5,000 to feed elk near Jackson. This was done in response to complaints about hungry elk consuming hay stored for cattle feed and in anticipation of excessive elk deaths due to winter starvation. In 1912, federal legislation created the National Elk Refuge, and winter feeding of elk on an artificial diet of hay was well on its way to becoming a poor substitute for native winter ranges and incomplete resolution of ek and cattle conflicts (Boyce 1989). Marked changes also were occurring within and on the fringes of the rest of the vast wilderness area occupying parts of Wyoming, Montana and Idaho that is now known as the Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA). In fact, Congress had already (1872) designated Yellowstone National Park as the nation's first National Park in order to protect the numerous and unique natural wonders of the area, including wildlife. Congress also designated much of the land adjacent to Yellowstone as the first National Forest Preserve. Simultaneously, cattle grazing was becoming one of the regions important economic mainstays (Keiter 1991).
Book Synopsis Bison Management Plan for the State of Montana and Yellowstone National Park: Comments on draft environmental impact statement by :
Download or read book Bison Management Plan for the State of Montana and Yellowstone National Park: Comments on draft environmental impact statement written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 906 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
