Rhizotrophs Plant Growth Promotion To Bioremediation

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Rhizotrophs: Plant Growth Promotion to Bioremediation

Author : Samina Mehnaz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811048622
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Rhizotrophs: Plant Growth Promotion to Bioremediation by : Samina Mehnaz

Download or read book Rhizotrophs: Plant Growth Promotion to Bioremediation written by Samina Mehnaz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-31 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the contributions of rhizotrophs – microbes associated with the parts of plants below ground – in sustainable agriculture. It covers a broad range of aspects, from plant growth promotion to bioremediation. It highlights the role of bacteria, actinomycetes, mycorrhizal fungi, and most interestingly protists, in the sustainability of agriculture. Further, it addresses in detail the involvement of quorum sensing signals, and the role of hydrolytic enzymes and bacteriocin in combating the phytopathogen. The book sheds light on the interaction of rhizotrophs in rhizosphere and how these microbes support plants growing under adverse stress conditions such as saline, drought or heavy-metals contamination. Challenges faced in the field application of these microbes, strategies for modifying the rhizosphere to improve crop yield, and the latest advances in rhizobial bioformulations are also discussed. Overall, the book provides comprehensive information on how various microbes can be used to improve the sustainability of agriculture without disturbing the environment.

Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms of Arid Region

Author : Ritu Mawar
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811941246
Total Pages : 465 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms of Arid Region by : Ritu Mawar

Download or read book Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms of Arid Region written by Ritu Mawar and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-03-01 with total page 465 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited book aims to focus on microbial diversity in arid lands and deserts versus specific microbial assemblages associated with plants. The book explains ecological drivers that shape this diversity, how plant-associated microbiomes are selected, and their biotechnological potential are discussed. Diversity and functional redundancy of these associated PGPM make them very active in supporting plant improvement, health and resistance to drought, salt and other stresses, and these dimensions will be explored in this book. Implementing proper biotechnological applications of the arid and desert-adapted PGPM constitutes a sizeable challenge, and the book attempts to take up that challenge and help researchers in this field to gain a detailed understanding of PGPM from arid ecosystems. This book serves as a handbook for research workers, teachers, postgraduate students and extension personnel, other development workers, and policy planners engaged in arid zone development.

Secondary Metabolites and Volatiles of PGPR in Plant-Growth Promotion

Author : R. Z. Sayyed
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031075595
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Secondary Metabolites and Volatiles of PGPR in Plant-Growth Promotion by : R. Z. Sayyed

Download or read book Secondary Metabolites and Volatiles of PGPR in Plant-Growth Promotion written by R. Z. Sayyed and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-30 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This contributed volume explores how plant growth-promoting rhizobacterias (PGPR) provide a wide range of benefits to the plant. Further, it discusses the key roles PGPR play in nutrient acquisition and assimilation, improved soil texture, secreting, and modulating extracellular molecules. The book outlines how plant secondary metabolites are natural sources of biologically active compounds used in a wide range of applications, and surveys the significant role of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in plant communication by mediating above- and below-ground interactions between plants and the surrounding organisms. This volume compiles research from leading scientists from across the globe, linking the translation of basic knowledge to innovative applied research. The book focuses on the following three categories: 1) understanding the secondary metabolites produced by PGPR, the signaling mechanisms and how they affect plant growth, 2) the plausible role of volatile organic compounds produced by PGPR, their role and the signaling mechanism for plant growth promotion, and 3) Applications of VOCs and secondary metabolites of PGPR for seed germination, plant growth promotion; stress tolerance and in-plant health and immunity.

Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment

Author : Dhananjaya Pratap Singh
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 981138391X
Total Pages : 608 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment by : Dhananjaya Pratap Singh

Download or read book Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment written by Dhananjaya Pratap Singh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 608 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial communities and their functions play a crucial role in the management of ecological, environmental and agricultural health on the Earth. Microorganisms are the key identified players for plant growth promotion, plant immunization, disease suppression, induced resistance and tolerance against stresses as the indicative parameters of improved crop productivity and sustainable soil health. Beneficial belowground microbial interactions with the rhizosphere help plants mitigate drought and salinity stresses and alleviate water stresses under the unfavorable environmental conditions in the native soils. Microorganisms that are inhabitants of such environmental conditions have potential solutions for them. There are potential microbial communities that can degrade xenobiotic compounds, pesticides and toxic industrial chemicals and help remediate even heavy metals, and thus they find enormous applications in environmental remediation. Microbes have developed intrinsic metabolic capabilities with specific metabolic networks while inhabiting under specific conditions for many generations and, so play a crucial role. The book Microbial Interventions in Agriculture and Environment is an effort to compile and present a great volume of authentic, high-quality, socially-viable, practical and implementable research and technological work on microbial implications. The whole content of the volume covers protocols, methodologies, applications, interactions, role and impact of research and development aspects on microbial interventions and technological outcomes in prospects of agricultural and environmental domain including crop production, plan-soil health management, food & nutrition, nutrient recycling, land reclamation, clean water systems and agro-waste management, biodegradation & bioremediation, biomass to bioenergy, sanitation and rural livelihood security. The covered topics and sub-topics of the microbial domain have high implications for the targeted and wide readership of researchers, students, faculty and scientists working on these areas along with the agri-activists, policymakers, environmentalists, advisors etc. in the Government, industries and non-government level for reference and knowledge generation.

Advances in Plant Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture

Author : Ajar Nath Yadav
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811532044
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (115 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Plant Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture by : Ajar Nath Yadav

Download or read book Advances in Plant Microbiome and Sustainable Agriculture written by Ajar Nath Yadav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-08-03 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbes are ubiquitous in nature, and plant-microbe interactions are a key strategy for colonizing diverse habitats. The plant microbiome (epiphytic, endophytic and rhizospheric) plays an important role in plant growth and development and soil health. Further, rhizospheric soil is a valuable natural resource, hosting hotspots of microbes, and is vital in the maintenance of global nutrient balance and ecosystem function. The term endophytic microbes refers to those microorganisms that colonize the interior the plants. The phyllosphere is a common niche for synergism between microbes and plants and includes the leaf surface. The diverse group of microbes are key components of soil-plant systems, and where they are engaged in an extensive network of interactions in the rhizosphere/endophytic/phyllospheric they have emerged as an important and promising tool for sustainable agriculture. Plant microbiomes help to directly or indirectly promote plant growth using plant growth promoting attributes, and could potentially be used as biofertilizers/bioinoculants in place of chemical fertilizers. This book allows readers to gain an understanding of microbial diversity associated with plant systems and their role in plant growth, and soil health. Offering an overview of the state of the art in plant microbiomes and their potential biotechnological applications in agriculture and allied sectors, it is a valuable resource for scientists, researchers and students in the field of microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, environmental biology and related subjects.

Advances in Agricultural and Industrial Microbiology

Author : Suraja Kumar Nayak
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811696829
Total Pages : 265 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in Agricultural and Industrial Microbiology by : Suraja Kumar Nayak

Download or read book Advances in Agricultural and Industrial Microbiology written by Suraja Kumar Nayak and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-08-25 with total page 265 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is developed in a lucid manner for readers to grasp information about the role and potential of microbes in sustainable agriculture & computational strategies associated with it. Present volume focuses on advancements of microbial research in increasing agricultural productivity and sustainability viz. plant growth promotion by rhizobacterial biostimulants, endophytes, actinobacteria, arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi and biocontrol. Present day research is focused on role of soil microbe’s in agriculture, diazotropic & azotobacterial N2 fixation, PGPR etc. However, there is dearth of information on bioremediation of agrochemicals, biocontrol etc. This book is a compilation of research advances in both the aspect from eminent experts around the globe. In addition, in-silico mediated understandings of plant pathology, use of artificial neural networks in phytopathogen prediction, computational approaches in enhancing secondary metabolites production will be beneficial to professionals and academicians for sustainable agriculture. This volume will be very helpful for the students, teachers, professionals, and scientists concerned in agricultural production, food security, soil microbiology, agricultural biotechnology, and computational techniques.

Biofertilizers

Author : Amitava Rakshit
Publisher : Woodhead Publishing
ISBN 13 : 0128230304
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)

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Book Synopsis Biofertilizers by : Amitava Rakshit

Download or read book Biofertilizers written by Amitava Rakshit and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2021-03-24 with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Biofertilizers, Volume One: Advances in Bio-inoculants provides state-of-the-art descriptions of various approaches, techniques and basic fundamentals of BI used in crop fertilization practices. The book presents research within a relevant theoretical framework to improve our understanding of core issues as applied to natural resource management. Authored by renowned scientists actively working on bio-inoculant, biofertilizer and bio-stimulant sciences, the book addresses the scope of inexpensive and energy neutral bio-inoculant technologies and the impact regulation has on biofertilizer utilization. This book is a valuable reference for agricultural/environmental scientists in academic and corporate environments, graduate and post-graduate students, regulators and policymakers. - Informs researchers on how to develop innovative products and technologies that increase crop yields and quality while decreasing agricultural carbon footprints - Focuses on production, protocols and developments in the processing of bio-inoculants, bio-stimulants and bio-fertilizers - Summarizes the biologically active compounds and examines current research areas

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria: Sustainable Growth of Non-legumes

Author : Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811949069
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (119 download)

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Book Synopsis Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria: Sustainable Growth of Non-legumes by : Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari

Download or read book Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria: Sustainable Growth of Non-legumes written by Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-10-07 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers aspects of biological nitrogen fixation along with the unique signaling and interaction between the diazotrophic bacteria and plants, especially the non-legumes. Nitrogen is the most important growth-limiting nutrient in the ecosystems and biological nitrogen fixation involving microbial symbionts, mainly rhizobia and legumes holds enormous interest across the globe. However, free-living rhizobacteria of non-legumes especially cereals, also establish themselves within the root system, fixing nitrogen and contributing to plant productivity, soil fertility, and agricultural sustainability. These non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers additionally exhibit various plant growth-promoting traits elevating productivity, fortifying nutrient content, and managing water stress in plants. The recent perspectives highlighting the mechanisms and background of non-symbiotic nitrogen fixation provide answers to unravel the potential of nitrogenase and various spectra of habitats of rhizobia and other diazotrophic bacteria. Further, the application of genetic engineering and the development of nitrogen-fixing cereals can provide a possible solution to the problem of food shortage. The book includes various scientific inputs providing comprehensive knowledge about the emergence of agricultural sustainability through nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The book illustrates the systematic mechanisms involved in biological nitrogen fixation through various illustrations, schematic drawings, and flow charts aiding in better understanding. The chapters elaborate on the physiology and metabolism of plant-bacteria interaction in different crops under diverse environmental conditions. Thus, the volume will provide a holistic scenario helping in advancing the novel plant-microbe interactions, cell-signaling, and plant-molecular interactions. The book will assist the agronomists, microbiologists, ecologists, plant pathologists, molecular biologists, environmentalists, policymakers, conservationists, and NGOs to develop biofertilizers and bioinoculants using various genera of microbes and contribute to the targets of sustainable goals in an eco-friendly manner.

Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2

Author : Naveen Kumar Arora
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819723558
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2 by : Naveen Kumar Arora

Download or read book Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Agriculture Volume 2 written by Naveen Kumar Arora and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microbial Biomolecules

Author : Ajay Kumar
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323958508
Total Pages : 540 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Biomolecules by : Ajay Kumar

Download or read book Microbial Biomolecules written by Ajay Kumar and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-12-02 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbial Biomolecules: Emerging Approach in Agriculture, Pharmaceuticals and Environment Management explores and compiles new aspects of microbial-based biomolecules such as microbial enzymes, microbial metabolites, microbial surfactants, exopolysaccharides, and bioactive compounds and their potential applications in the field of health-related issues, sustainable agriculture and environment contamination management. Written for researchers, scientists, and graduate and PhD students in the areas of Microbiology, Biotechnology, Environmental Science and Pharmacology, this book covers the urgent need to explore eco-friendly and sustainable approaches to healthcare, agriculture and environmental contamination management. - Explores eco-friendly and sustainable approaches to healthcare, agriculture and environmental contamination management - Compiles new aspects of microbial-based biomolecules - Proves that the use of microbes or microbial products are suitable alternatives to manage the current challenges of healthcare issues, chemical pesticides and environmental contamination

Microbial BioTechnology for Sustainable Agriculture Volume 1

Author : Naveen Kumar Arora
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811648433
Total Pages : 575 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial BioTechnology for Sustainable Agriculture Volume 1 by : Naveen Kumar Arora

Download or read book Microbial BioTechnology for Sustainable Agriculture Volume 1 written by Naveen Kumar Arora and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-05-03 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume explains the recent findings on the mutualistic plant–microbe interactions and how they can be utilized for sustainable agriculture practices including land reclamation. The book covers mainly plant growth promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) including both the symbiotic bacteria and fungi and their role in mobilization of nutrients, providing protection to the crops from phytopathogens and abiotic stresses. PGPMs play important roles in survival and health of the plant. These useful microorganisms provide plants with nutrients, protect them from pathogens and help them combat abiotic stresses. It is important that these mutualistic interactions between plant and soil microbes are well understood so as to develop reliable products in the form of biostimulants and biopesticides, as well as managing biotic and abiotic stresses in crops. Apart from enhancing crop productivity plant–microbe interactions can also perform activities such as reclamation of degraded lands, degradation of pollutants and remediation of saline or marginal lands. This book is of interest to teachers, researchers, plant scientists and microbiologists. Also, the book serves as additional reading material for undergraduate and graduate students of agriculture, microbiology, biotechnology, ecology, soil science and environmental sciences.

Microbial Probiotics for Agricultural Systems

Author : Doris Zúñiga-Dávila
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3030175979
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Probiotics for Agricultural Systems by : Doris Zúñiga-Dávila

Download or read book Microbial Probiotics for Agricultural Systems written by Doris Zúñiga-Dávila and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book is a comprehensive compilation of the most recent advances in the practical approach of the use of microbial probiotics for agriculture. Unlike the rest of the publications about biofertilizers, this book bridges the gap between the lab studies (molecular, physiological, omics, etc.) and the agronomic application.

Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future

Author : Ranbir Chander Sobti
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811072841
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future by : Ranbir Chander Sobti

Download or read book Environmental Biotechnology: For Sustainable Future written by Ranbir Chander Sobti and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-12-06 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental sustainability is one of the biggest issues faced by the mankind. Rapid & rampant industrialization has put great pressure on the natural resources. To make our planet a sustainable ecosystem, habitable for future generations & provide equal opportunity for all the living creatures we not only need to make corrections but also remediate the polluted natural resources. The low-input biotechnological techniques involving microbes and plants can provide the solution for resurrecting the ecosystems. Bioremediation and biodegradation can be used to improve the conditions of polluted soil and water bodies. Green energy involving biofuels have to replace the fossil fuels to combat pollution & global warming. Biological alternatives (bioinoculants) have to replace harmful chemicals for maintaining sustainability of agro-ecosystems. The book will cover the latest developments in environmental biotech so as to use in clearing and maintaining the ecosystems for sustainable future.

Bioformulations: for Sustainable Agriculture

Author : Naveen Kumar Arora
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 8132227794
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (322 download)

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Book Synopsis Bioformulations: for Sustainable Agriculture by : Naveen Kumar Arora

Download or read book Bioformulations: for Sustainable Agriculture written by Naveen Kumar Arora and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-06-06 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: More than a century has passed since the first bioformulations were introduced to the market. But there is still much to be done, explored and developed. Though bioformulations offer green alternatives and are important for sustainable agriculture, they make up only a small fraction of the total additions used to enhance crop yields or protect them from pests. There is a great need to develop bioformulations that can promote confidence among end users; accordingly, it is imperative that bioformulations to replace chemicals be reliable and overcome the shortcomings of the past. Bioformulations: for Sustainable Agriculture discusses all the issues related to the current limitations and future development of bioformulations. It examines in detail those bioformulations that include biofertilizers and biopesticides (also commonly known as bioinoculants), presenting a global picture of their development. Further chapters address diverse microbes that are already being or could be used as bioformulations. The book also discusses the techniques, tools and other additions required to establish bioformulations as trustworthy and global solutions. It assesses the types of bioformulations currently available on the market, while also considering the future roles of bioformulations, including the reclamation of marginal and polluted soils. Further, it discusses the current legislation and much-needed amendments. Overall the book provides a comprehensive outlook on the status quo of bioformulations and the future approaches needed to improve them and achieve sustainable agriculture and food security without sacrificing the quality of soils. This will be extremely important in offering chemical-free foods and a better future for generations to come.

Microbial Inoculants

Author : Parul Chaudhary
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819706335
Total Pages : 442 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbial Inoculants by : Parul Chaudhary

Download or read book Microbial Inoculants written by Parul Chaudhary and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 442 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology

Author : Gustavo Molina
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000642844
Total Pages : 404 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (6 download)

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Book Synopsis Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology by : Gustavo Molina

Download or read book Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology written by Gustavo Molina and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2022-09-22 with total page 404 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores recent advances on the use of microbes for agri-forestry biotechnological applications. It provides technical concepts and discussions on the use of microorganisms for processes such as bioprocessing, bioremediation, soil enhancement, aquaponics advances, and plant-host symbiosis. The book provides an overview of the microbial approach to the tools and processes used in agriculture and forestry that make or modify products, improve plants for specific uses, and make use of livestock in agricultural systems. The authors discuss the main process conditions that enhance agri-forestry applications with the use of microbes and introduce the use of genetically modified (GM) microbes in agrobiotechnology. Finally, the authors explore the main technological advances in the production of secondary metabolites with potential applications in agri-forestry. This book is intended for biotechnologists, biologists, bioengineers, biochemists, microbiologists, food technologists, enzymologists, and related researchers.

Soil Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture

Author : Ajar Nath Yadav
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030735079
Total Pages : 634 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (37 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture by : Ajar Nath Yadav

Download or read book Soil Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture written by Ajar Nath Yadav and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-06-28 with total page 634 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book encompasses current knowledge of soil microbiomes and their potential biotechnological application for plant growth, crop yield, and soil health under the natural as well as harsh environmental conditions for sustainable agriculture. The microbes are ubiquitous in nature. The soil is a natural hotspot of the soil microbiome. The soil microbiome plays a critical role in the maintenance of global nutrient balance and ecosystem functioning. The soil microbiomes are associated with plant ecosystems through the intense network of plant–microbe interactions. The microbes present in bulk soil move toward the rhizospheric region due to the release of different nutrients by plant systems. The rhizospheric microbes may survive or proliferate in rhizospheric zone depending on the extent of influences of the chemicals secreted into the soil by roots. The root exudates contain the principal nutrients factors (amino acids, glucose, fructose, and sucrose). The microbes present in rhizospheric region have capabilities to fix atmospheric nitrogen, produce different phytohormones, and solubilize phosphorus, potassium, and zinc. The plant systems take these nutrients for their growth and developments. These soil and plant associated microbes also play an important role in protection of plants from different plant pathogenic organisms by producing different secondary metabolites such as ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, siderophores, and hydrolytic enzymes. The soil microbiomes with plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes have emerged as an important and promising tool for sustainable agriculture. The soil microbiomes promote the plant growth and enhance the crop yield and soil fertility via directly or indirectly different plant growth-promoting mechanism. The soil microbes help the plant for adaptation in extreme habitats by mitigating the abiotic stress of high/low temperatures, hypersalinity, drought, and acidic/alkaline soil. These PGP microbes are used as biofertilizers/bioinoculants to replace the harmful chemical fertilizers for sustainable agriculture and environments. The aim of the book “Soil Microbiomes for Sustainable Agriculture” is to provide the recent advances in mechanisms of plant growth promotion and applications of soil microbiomes for mitigation of different abiotic stresses in plants. The book is useful to scientists, researchers, and students related to microbiology, biotechnology, agriculture, molecular biology, environmental biology, and related subjects.