Review of the U.S. Department of Energy's Heavy Vehicle Technologies Program

Download Review of the U.S. Department of Energy's Heavy Vehicle Technologies Program PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309072514
Total Pages : 56 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the U.S. Department of Energy's Heavy Vehicle Technologies Program by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the U.S. Department of Energy's Heavy Vehicle Technologies Program written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-12-01 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As national priorities have been focused both on reducing fuel consumption and improving air quality, attention has increased on reducing emissions from many types of vehicles, including light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles. Meeting the recently promulgated (and proposed) emission standards and simultaneously increasing fuel economy will pose especially difficult challenges for diesel-powered vehicles and will require the development of new emission-reduction technologies. In response to a request from the director of OHVT, the National Research Council formed the Committee on Review of DOE's Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies to conduct a broad, independent review of its research and development (R&D) activities.

Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership

Download Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309456908
Total Pages : 255 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2017-07-28 with total page 255 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report follows on four previous reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership. The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible. The guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.

Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership

Download Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309268354
Total Pages : 201 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2013-05-13 with total page 201 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report follows on three previous NRC reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership (NRC, 2005, 2008a, 2010). The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible. The guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.

Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership

Download Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309097307
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (973 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-11-26 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership is a collaborative effort among the Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), and five major energy companies to manage research that will enable the vision of "a clean and sustainable transportation energy future." It envisions a transition from more efficient internal combustion engines (ICEs), to advanced ICE hybrid electric vehicles, to enabling a private-sector decision by 2015 on hydrogen-fueled vehicle development. This report, which builds on an earlier NRC report, The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs, presents an evaluation of the Partnership's research efforts on hydrogen-fueled transportation systems, and provides findings and recommendations about technical directions, strategies, funding, and management.

Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership

Download Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309181457
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (814 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2005-10-26 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership is a collaborative effort among the Department of Energy (DOE), the U.S. Council for Automotive Research (USCAR), and five major energy companies to manage research that will enable the vision of "a clean and sustainable transportation energy future." It envisions a transition from more efficient internal combustion engines (ICEs), to advanced ICE hybrid electric vehicles, to enabling a private-sector decision by 2015 on hydrogen-fueled vehicle development. This report, which builds on an earlier NRC report, The Hydrogen Economy: Opportunities, Costs, Barriers, and R&D Needs, presents an evaluation of the Partnership’s research efforts on hydrogen-fueled transportation systems, and provides findings and recommendations about technical directions, strategies, funding, and management.

Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership

Download Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309377137
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-11-25 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP) works to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, increase heavy-duty vehicle safety, and support research, development, and demonstration to initiate commercially viable products and systems. This report is the third in a series of three by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that have reviewed the research and development initiatives carried out by the 21CTP. Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Third Report builds on the Phase 1 and 2 reviews and reports, and also comments on changes and progress since the Phase 2 report was issued in 2012.

Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Second Report

Download Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Second Report PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309222478
Total Pages : 190 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Second Report by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Second Report written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-07-04 with total page 190 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In July 2010, the National Research Council (NRC) appointed the Committee to Review the 21st Century Truck Partnership, Phase 2, to conduct an independent review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP). The 21CTP is a cooperative research and development (R&D) partnership including four federal agencies-the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT), U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-and 15 industrial partners. The purpose of this Partnership is to reduce fuel consumption and emissions, increase heavy-duty vehicle safety, and support research, development, and demonstration to initiate commercially viable products and systems. This is the NRC's second report on the topic and it includes the committee's review of the Partnership as a whole, its major areas of focus, 21CTP's management and priority setting, efficient operations, and the new SuperTruck program.

Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership

Download Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309177146
Total Pages : 229 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-11-23 with total page 229 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The public-private partnership to develop vehicles that require less petroleum-based fuel and emit fewer greenhouse gases should continue to include fuel cells and other hydrogen technologies in its research and development portfolio. The third volume in the FreedomCAR series states that, although the partnership's recent shift of focus toward technologies that could be ready for use in the nearer term-such as advanced combustion engines and plug-in electric vehicles-is warranted, R&D on hydrogen and fuel cells is also needed given the high costs and challenges that many of the technologies must overcome before widespread use. The FreedomCAR (Cooperative Automotive Research) and Fuel Partnership is a research collaboration among the U.S. Department of Energy, the United States Council for Automotive Research - whose members are the Detroit automakers-five major energy companies, and two electric utility companies. The partnership seeks to advance the technologies essential for components and infrastructure for a full range of affordable, clean, energy efficient cars and light trucks. Until recently, the program primarily focused on developing technologies that would allow U.S. automakers to make production and marketing decisions by 2015 on hydrogen fuel cell-powered vehicles. These vehicles have the potential to be much more energy-efficient than conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, produce no harmful tailpipe emissions, and significantly reduce petroleum use. In 2009, the partnership changed direction and stepped up efforts to advance, in the shorter term, technologies for reducing petroleum use in combustion engines, including those using biofuels, as well as batteries that could be used in plug-in hybrid-electric or all electric vehicles.

Examining Federal Vehicle Technology Research and Development Programs

Download Examining Federal Vehicle Technology Research and Development Programs PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 88 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Examining Federal Vehicle Technology Research and Development Programs by : United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Energy and Environment

Download or read book Examining Federal Vehicle Technology Research and Development Programs written by United States. Congress. House. Committee on Science and Technology (2007). Subcommittee on Energy and Environment and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 88 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

Download Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309170524
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles by : Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles written by Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-09-17 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the most recent report of the National Research Council’s Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), which has conducted annual reviews of the PNGV program since it was established in late 1993. The PNGV is a cooperative R&D program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR, whose members are DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors) to develop technologies for a new generation of automobiles with up to three times the fuel economy of a 1993 midsize automobile. The reports review major technology development areas (four-stroke direct-injection engines, fuel cells, energy storage, electronic/electrical systems, and structural materials); the overall adequacy of R&D efforts; the systems analysis effort and how it guides decisions on R&D; the progress toward long-range component and system-level cost and performance goals; and efforts in vehicle emissions and advanced materials research and how results target goals. Unlike previous reports, the Seventh Report comments on the goals of the program, since the automotive market and U.S. emission standards have changed significantly since the program was initiated.

Hidden Costs of Energy

Download Hidden Costs of Energy PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309155800
Total Pages : 506 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Hidden Costs of Energy by : National Research Council

Download or read book Hidden Costs of Energy written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-05-26 with total page 506 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite the many benefits of energy, most of which are reflected in energy market prices, the production, distribution, and use of energy causes negative effects. Many of these negative effects are not reflected in energy market prices. When market failures like this occur, there may be a case for government interventions in the form of regulations, taxes, fees, tradable permits, or other instruments that will motivate recognition of these external or hidden costs. The Hidden Costs of Energy defines and evaluates key external costs and benefits that are associated with the production, distribution, and use of energy, but are not reflected in market prices. The damage estimates presented are substantial and reflect damages from air pollution associated with electricity generation, motor vehicle transportation, and heat generation. The book also considers other effects not quantified in dollar amounts, such as damages from climate change, effects of some air pollutants such as mercury, and risks to national security. While not a comprehensive guide to policy, this analysis indicates that major initiatives to further reduce other emissions, improve energy efficiency, or shift to a cleaner electricity generating mix could substantially reduce the damages of external effects. A first step in minimizing the adverse consequences of new energy technologies is to better understand these external effects and damages. The Hidden Costs of Energy will therefore be a vital informational tool for government policy makers, scientists, and economists in even the earliest stages of research and development on energy technologies.

Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

Download Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030918360X
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles by : Transportation Research Board

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles written by Transportation Research Board and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-06-27 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles reviews the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The PNGV program is a cooperative research and development (R&D) program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR). A major objective of the PNGV program is to develop technologies for a new generation of vehicles with fuel economies up to three times (80 miles per gallon [mpg]) those of comparable 1994 family sedans. At the same time, these vehicles must be comparable in terms of performance, size, utility, and cost of ownership and operation and must meet or exceed federal safety and emissions requirements. The intent of the PNGV program is to develop concept vehicles by 2000 and production prototype vehicles by 2004. This report examines the overall adequacy and balance of the PNGV research program to meet the program goals and requirements (i.e., technical objectives, schedules, and rates of progress). The report also discusses ongoing research on fuels, propulsion engines, and emission controls to meet emission requirements and reviews the USCAR partners' progress on PNGV concept vehicles for 2000.

Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

Download Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309149827
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles by : National Research Council

Download or read book Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2010-08-30 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles evaluates various technologies and methods that could improve the fuel economy of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, such as tractor-trailers, transit buses, and work trucks. The book also recommends approaches that federal agencies could use to regulate these vehicles' fuel consumption. Currently there are no fuel consumption standards for such vehicles, which account for about 26 percent of the transportation fuel used in the U.S. The miles-per-gallon measure used to regulate the fuel economy of passenger cars. is not appropriate for medium- and heavy-duty vehicles, which are designed above all to carry loads efficiently. Instead, any regulation of medium- and heavy-duty vehicles should use a metric that reflects the efficiency with which a vehicle moves goods or passengers, such as gallons per ton-mile, a unit that reflects the amount of fuel a vehicle would use to carry a ton of goods one mile. This is called load-specific fuel consumption (LSFC). The book estimates the improvements that various technologies could achieve over the next decade in seven vehicle types. For example, using advanced diesel engines in tractor-trailers could lower their fuel consumption by up to 20 percent by 2020, and improved aerodynamics could yield an 11 percent reduction. Hybrid powertrains could lower the fuel consumption of vehicles that stop frequently, such as garbage trucks and transit buses, by as much 35 percent in the same time frame.

Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

Download Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 030907603X
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2001-10-17 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the most recent report of the National Research Council's Standing Committee to Review the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV), which has conducted annual reviews of the PNGV program since it was established in late 1993. The PNGV is a cooperative R&D program between the federal government and the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR, whose members are DaimlerChrysler, Ford Motor Company, and General Motors) to develop technologies for a new generation of automobiles with up to three times the fuel economy of a 1993 midsize automobile. The reports review major technology development areas (four-stroke direct-injection engines, fuel cells, energy storage, electronic/electrical systems, and structural materials); the overall adequacy of R&D efforts; the systems analysis effort and how it guides decisions on R&D; the progress toward long-range component and system-level cost and performance goals; and efforts in vehicle emissions and advanced materials research and how results target goals. Unlike previous reports, the Seventh Report comments on the goals of the program, since the automotive market and U.S. emission standards have changed significantly since the program was initiated.

Use of Lightweight Materials in 21st Century Army Trucks

Download Use of Lightweight Materials in 21st Century Army Trucks PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309088690
Total Pages : 112 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Use of Lightweight Materials in 21st Century Army Trucks by : National Research Council

Download or read book Use of Lightweight Materials in 21st Century Army Trucks written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2003-05-02 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In order to achieve the Army's envisioned Objective Force related to deployability, transportability, and mobility, the Committee on Lightweight Materials for the 21st Century Army Trucks was asked to identify research and technology development opportunities related to the introduction of new lightweight structural materials for light medium and heavy Army trucks.

Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles

Download Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 9780309057769
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (577 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles by : National Research Council

Download or read book Review of the Research Program of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1997-05-22 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the state of development and research progress of technologies being considered for a new generation of vehicles that could achieve up to three times the fuel economy of comparable 1994 family sedans. It addresses compression ignition direct injection engines, fuel cells, gas turbines, batteries, flywheels, ultracapacitors, and power electronics being developed by the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehiclesâ€"a cooperative research and development program between the U.S. government and the U.S. Council for Automotive Research. The book assesses the relevance of the ongoing research to PNGV's goals and schedule and addresses several broad program issues such as government efforts to anticipate infrastructure issues, the leverage of foreign technology, and the program's adequacy and balance.

Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards

Download Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309170567
Total Pages : 180 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards by : National Research Council

Download or read book Effectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) Standards written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2002-01-29 with total page 180 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since CAFE standards were established 25 years ago, there have been significant changes in motor vehicle technology, globalization of the industry, the mix and characteristics of vehicle sales, production capacity, and other factors. This volume evaluates the implications of these changes as well as changes anticipated in the next few years, on the need for CAFE, as well as the stringency and/or structure of the CAFE program in future years.