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Author :
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437980139
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan (2010) written by and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Barry Leonard
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 143791618X
Total Pages : 73 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan written by Barry Leonard and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2009-09 with total page 73 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: After the attacks of 9/11, the U.S. and our international partners toppled the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, ending years of brutal misrule and denying al Qaeda a safe haven from which to launch its attacks. The U.S. strategic goals remain that Afghanistan is: (1) a reliable, stable ally in the War on Terror; (2) moderate and democratic, with a thriving private sector economy; (3) capable of governing its territory and borders; and (4) respectful of the rights of all its citizens. Achieving these goals requires the application of a whole-of-government approach, along multiple lines of operation, including security, governance, and development. This report describes both the progress we are making in achieving our national objectives, and the challenges we continue to face.
Author : United States. Department of Defense
Publisher : DIANE Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1437985734
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (379 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan and United States Plan for Sustaining the Afghanistan National Security Forces written by United States. Department of Defense and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2012 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Chuck Hagel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781457853104
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (531 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan written by Chuck Hagel and published by . This book was released on 2014-03-01 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report shows that as of November 2013, Afghan security forces are now successfully providing security for their own people, fighting their own battles, and holding the gains made by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the last decade. The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) have seen their capabilities expand rapidly since 2009 and now conduct 95% of conventional operations and 98% of special operations in Afghanistan. However, the report shows that effective governance, rule of law, and sustainable economic development in the country are hindered by multiple factors, including widespread corruption, limited formal education and skills, illiteracy, minimal access by officials to rural areas, lack of coordination between the central government and the Afghan provinces and districts, and uneven distribution of power among the branches of the Afghan government. Tables and figures. This is a print on demand report.
Author : Department Defense
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781470149482
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (494 download)
Download or read book Report of Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan and United States Plan to Sustaining the Afghanistan National Security Forces written by Department Defense and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2011-04-30 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the latest is a series of periodic reports issued by the United States Department of Defense. Since the last Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan, International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) and its Afghan partners have made tangible progress, arresting the insurgents' momentum in much of the country and reversing it in a number of important areas. The coalition's efforts have wrested major safe havens from the insurgents' control, disrupted their leadership networks, and removed many of the weapons caches and tactical supplies they left behind at the end of the previous fighting season. The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) continued to increase in quantity, quality, and capability, and have taken an ever-increasing role in security operations. Progress in governance and development was slower than security gains in this reporting period, but there were notable improvements nonetheless, particularly in the south and southwest. Overall, the progress across Afghanistan remains fragile and reversible, but the momentum generated over the last six months has established the necessary conditions for the commencement of the transition of security responsibilities to Afghan forces in seven areas this summer. The Report goes on to further discuss key events, the results of the recent troop surge, the influence of the Taliban and efforts to improve governance. U.S. Department of Defense. April 2011.
Author : Department of Defense
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781502867704
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (677 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan written by Department of Defense and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-10-17 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Afghan security forces are now successfully providing security for their own people, fighting their own battles, and holding the gains made by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the last decade. This is a fundamental shift in the course of the conflict. The Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) have seen their capabilities expand rapidly since 2009, while insurgent territorial influence and kinetic capabilities have remained static. During the 2012 fighting season, ISAF led the fight against the insurgency, helping to put the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) firmly in control of all of Afghanistan's major cities and 34 provincial capitals. During the 2013 fighting season, the ANSF led the fight, and have consolidated GIRoA's control of Afghanistan's urban areas. The fact that the ANSF – a force in its infancy five years ago – can now maintain the gains made by a coalition of 50 nations with the best trained and equipped forces in the world is a significant accomplishment. The ANSF now conduct 95 percent of conventional operations and 98 percent of special operations in Afghanistan. The only unilateral operations that ISAF continues to conduct are ISAF force protection, route clearance, and redeployment. A number of violence indicators are lower in this reporting period than they were during the corresponding period last year, including a six percent drop in enemy initiated attacks (EIAs), a 12 percent drop in security incidents, and a 22 percent drop in improvised explosive device (IED) events.2 However, this success did not come without costs, and the ANSF still face many challenges. ANSF casualties have increased by 79 percent this reporting period compared to the same period last year, while ISAF casualties have dropped by 59 percent. The insurgency has also consolidated gains in some of the rural areas in which it has traditionally held power. ISAF continues to provide the ANSF with significant advising and enabling support, such as airlift and close air support (CAS). This enabling support will decline through 2014, and will be difficult for the ANSF to fully replace. ANSF capabilities are not yet fully self-sustainable, and considerable effort will be required to make progress permanent. After 2014, ANSF sustainability will be at high risk without continued aid from the international community and continued Coalition force assistance including institutional advising. With assistance, however, the ANSF will remain on a path towards an enduring ability to overmatch the Taliban. However, military progress alone will not lead to success in Afghanistan. In addition to uncertainties about ANSF sustainability and challenges to security outside of urban areas, challenges with the economy and governance continue to foster uncertainty about long-term prospects for stability. This causes hedging behavior by actors in many sectors, which exacerbates existing instability. Afghanistan has made significant economic progress over the past decade, but it remains one of the poorest countries in the world, and will continue to depend heavily on international aid. The Afghan government is increasingly able to execute parts of its budget and to deliver very basic goods and services. However, the government must continue to work towards reducing corruption and effectively extend governance to many rural areas. Although problems remain, many of which are detailed in this report, ANSF progress means that the biggest uncertainties facing Afghanistan are no longer primarily military. Assessing whether the gains to date will be sustainable is now more dependent upon the size and structure of the post-2014 U.S. and North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) presence, the Afghan election in 2014, the level of international support provided to Afghanistan after 2014, and whether Afghanistan can put in place the legal and other structures needed to attract investment and promote growth.
Author : U S Military
Publisher : Independently Published
ISBN 13 : 9781097656356
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (563 download)
Download or read book Enhancing Security and Stability in Afghanistan - December 2018 Pentagon Report on Afghan War U.S. Status, Strategy, and Objectives, Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) Financing written by U S Military and published by Independently Published. This book was released on 2019-05-10 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This unique report was issued in December 2018. The principle goal of the South Asia Strategy is to conclude the war in Afghanistan on terms favorable to Afghanistan and the United States. Over the past 16 months, the United States and its partners have used military force to drive the Taliban towards a durable and inclusive political settlement. There have been some notable developments - the Eid al-Fitr ceasefire and the support for peace from the broader Islamic community - which threatened the legitimacy of the Taliban and may represent leading indicators of success. The Special Representative for Afghanistan Reconciliation (SRAR) has reinforced U.S. diplomatic engagements with Afghans, neighboring states, and interested parties in the broader region. Increased military pressure on the Taliban, international calls for peace, and the new SRAR's engagements appear to be driving the Taliban to negotiations. While an array of challenges remain-Afghan political stability, Afghan security force capacity, and regional spoilers-the combination of military escalation and diplomatic initiative have made a favorable political settlement more likely than at any time in recent memory.This compilation includes a reproduction of the 2019 Worldwide Threat Assessment of the U.S. Intelligence Community.Executive Summary * Section 1 - Strategy and Objectives * 1.1 U.S. Strategy in Afghanistan * 1.2 U.S. Objectives in Afghanistan * 1.3 U.S. Counterterrorism Mission * 1.4 NATO-led Resolute Support Mission * 1.5 Indications of Progress * Section 2 - Threat Assessment * 2.1 Importance of Afghanistan-Pakistan Relations * 2.2 Current Security Conditions * Section 3 - Overview of the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces * 3.1 ANDSF Roadmap * 3.2 ANDSF Size, Posture, and assessment * 3.3 Capabilities * Section 4 - Ministry of Defense and Afghan National Army * 4.1 Ministry of Defense * 4.2 Afghan National Army * Section 5 - Ministry of Interior and Afghan National Police * 5.1 Ministry of Interior * 5.2 Afghan National Police * Section 6 - Financing the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces * 6.1 Holding the Afghan Ministries Accountable * 6.2 U.S. Contributions * 6.3 International Contributions * 6.4 Afghan Government ContributionsThe current military situation inside of Afghanistan remains at an impasse. The introduction of additional advisors and enablers in 2018 stabilized the situation, slowing the momentum of a Taliban march that had capitalized on U.S. drawdowns between 2011 and 2016. The Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) remain in control of most of Afghanistan's population centers and all of the provincial capitals, while the Taliban control large portions of Afghanistan's rural areas, and continue to attack poorly defended government checkpoints and rural district centers. The ANDSF have continued to excel in offensive operations; the bulk of their casualties have come in defense of isolated checkpoints, command posts, and bases. The ANDSF, with U.S. and coalition support, have limited new Taliban territorial gains and quickly regained control of population centers when attacked. The intensity of the fighting and level of bloodshed on both sides has risen as both sides vie for leverage at the negotiating table.
Author : United States. Office of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction
Publisher : Government Printing Office
ISBN 13 : 9780160941382
Total Pages : 284 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (413 download)
Download or read book Reconstructing the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces written by United States. Office of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Barry Leonard
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781457833854
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (338 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan (October 2011) written by Barry Leonard and published by . This book was released on 2012-03-16 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report covers the period from 4/1/11, to 9/30/11. Shows that the International Security Assist. Force (ISAF) and its Afghan partners have made important security gains, reversing violence trends in much of the country (except along the border with Pakistan), and beginning transition to Afghan security lead in 7 areas. Continued military pressure through partnered operations has allowed joint ISAF-Afghan forces to maintain and expand the security gains made during the previous year, disrupting insurgent safe havens and command and control structures, and expanding security for the Afghan population. The Afghan National Security Forces have been integral to this success. Charts and tables. This is a print on demand report.
Author : Department of Department of Defense
Publisher : CreateSpace
ISBN 13 : 9781500824198
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (241 download)
Download or read book 2014 written by Department of Department of Defense and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-08-13 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Afghan security forces held their own against the insurgency, sustained the gains made in the 2013 fighting season and successfully secured the presidential and provincial council elections on April 5, 2014. Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) capabilities continued to expand during the reporting period, while insurgent territorial influence and kinetic capabilities remained static. The ANSF and Afghan election institutions laid the groundwork for a successful election, registering millions of voters and securing thousands of polling sites, with minimal international assistance. These preparations far surpassed Afghanistan's efforts in the 2009 and 2010 elections. Despite insurgent intent to disrupt the election process, ANSF layered security operations prevented high-profile attacks across the country and voter turnout was high. The large rise in attacks preceding previous Afghan elections did not occur. The Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) remains in control of its 34 provincial capitals and all major cities. Most insurgent-initiated violence still occurs away from populated areas and polling shows the majority of Afghans hold a favorable view of their soldiers and police. While the number of ANSF operations during the reporting period nearly doubled as compared to the same time period the prior year, the ANSF now conduct virtually all of these operations independently. U.S. and coalition casualties significantly dropped in 2013 - a quarter of what they were in 2010. Several violence indicators are lower in this reporting period than they were a year ago, including decreases of 2 percent in enemy-initiated attacks, 8 percent in complex attacks, and 24 percent in improvised explosive device (IED) events. Despite substantial progress, the ANSF continued to face several challenges during the reporting period. ANSF logistics and sustainment capabilities remained underdeveloped, Afghan National Army (ANA) attrition was higher than its target, and corruption continued. Although the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) continues to develop capabilities, ANSF requires more time and effort to close four key high-end capability gaps that will remain after the ISAF mission ends on December 31, 2014: air support; intelligence enterprise; special operations; and Afghan security ministry capacity. International funding and coalition force assistance will be critical to sustaining the force after 2014. If a second-round runoff election is required, securing the runoff during the summer fighting season will be a major test of the ANSF. Opinion polling during the reporting period showed that Afghans remain largely optimistic about their country's trajectory. However, the ANSF's need for post-2014 assistance, the President of Afghanistan's refusal to sign the U.S.-Afghanistan Bilateral Security Agreement (BSA), the consequent lack of U.S. and NATO post-2014 presence decisions, and simultaneous political, security, and economic transitions generated uncertainty throughout Afghan society. The Taliban tried to capitalize on Afghan uncertainty and fear of abandonment by the coalition through propaganda, without much success.
Author : Anthony H. Cordesman
Publisher : CSIS
ISBN 13 : 0892066083
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (92 download)
Download or read book Afghan National Security Forces written by Anthony H. Cordesman and published by CSIS. This book was released on 2010 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
Author : United States Army
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781482510119
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (11 download)
Download or read book Report on Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan December 2012 written by United States Army and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-02-10 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Department of Defense report to Congress on the progress towards security and stability in Afghanistan.
Author : Department of Defense
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781502764669
Total Pages : 188 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (646 download)
Download or read book Progress Toward Security and Stability in Afghanistan written by Department of Defense and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2014-10-09 with total page 188 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The conflict in Afghanistan has shifted into a fundamentally new phase. For the past 11 years, the United States and our coalition partners have led the fight against the Taliban, but now Afghan forces are conducting almost all combat operations. The progress made by the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF)-led surge over the past three years has put the Government of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (GIRoA) firmly in control of all of Afghanistan's major cities and 34 provincial capitals and driven the insurgency into the countryside. ISAF's primary focus has largely transitioned from directly fighting the insurgency to training, advising and assisting the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) in their efforts to hold and build upon these gains, enabling a U.S. force reduction of roughly 34,000 personnel— half the current force in Afghanistan—by February 2014.As agreed by President Obama and President Karzai at their January 2013 meeting in Washington, D.C., and in line with commitments made at the Lisbon and Chicago NATO summits, "Milestone 2013" was announced on June 18, 2013, marking ISAF's official transition to its new role. The ANSF has grown to approximately 96 percent of its authorized end-strength of 352,000 personnel and is conducting almost all operations independently. As a result, ISAF casualties are lower than they have been since 2008. The majority of ISAF bases has been transferred to the ANSF or closed (although most large ISAF bases remain), and construction of most ANSF bases is complete. Afghanistan's populated areas are increasingly secure; the ANSF has successfully maintained security gains in areas that have transitioned to Afghan lead responsibility. To contend with the continuing Taliban threat, particularly in rural areas, the ANSF will require training and key combat support from ISAF, including in extremis close air support, through the end of 2014.Challenges with the economy and governance will continue to foster uncertainty about the longterm prospects for stability. Afghanistan has made some progress over the past decade, as reflected in the recently released United Nations Development Programme Human Development Index, which cited Afghanistan as making the largest percentage gain in the world over the last 10 years. Moreover, the economy grew 12 percent in 2012, and the Afghan government is increasingly able to execute parts of its budget and deliver very basic goods and services. Nonetheless, Afghanistan remains one of the poorest countries in the world and will remain heavily dependent on outside aid. The government has yet to reduce corruption or extend governance to many rural areas effectively. Given the expected decline in international assistance, Afghanistan will need to embrace new sources of future economic growth and government revenue.
Author : Richard Lee Armitage
Publisher : Council on Foreign Relations
ISBN 13 : 0876094795
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (76 download)
Download or read book U.S. Strategy for Pakistan and Afghanistan written by Richard Lee Armitage and published by Council on Foreign Relations. This book was released on 2010 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Council on Foreign Relations sponsors Independent Task Forces to assess issues of current and critical importance to U.S. foreign policy and provide policymakers with concrete judgments and recommendations. Diverse in backgrounds and perspectives, Task Force members aim to reach a meaningful consensus on policy through private and non-partisan deliberations. Once launched, Task Forces are independent of CFR and solely responsible for the content of their reports. Task Force members are asked to join a consensus signifying that they endorse "the general policy thrust and judgments reached by the group, though not necessarily every finding and recommendation." Each Task Force member also has the option of putting forward an additional or a dissenting view. Members' affiliations are listed for identification purposes only and do not imply institutional endorsement. Task Force observers participate in discussions, but are not asked to join the consensus. --Book Jacket.
Author : Special Inspector for Afghanistan Reconstruction (U.S.)
Publisher : U.S. Independent Agencies and Commissions
ISBN 13 : 9780160948312
Total Pages : 277 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (483 download)
Download or read book Reconstructing the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan written by Special Inspector for Afghanistan Reconstruction (U.S.) and published by U.S. Independent Agencies and Commissions. This book was released on 2017-08 with total page 277 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This publication is the second in a series of lessons learned reports which examine how the U.S. government and Departments of Defense, State, and Justice carried out reconstruction programs in Afghanistan. In particular, the report analyzes security sector assistance (SSA) programs to create, train and advise the Afghan National Defense and Security Forces (ANDSF) between 2002 and 2016. This publication concludes that the effort to train the ANDSF needs to continue, and provides recommendations for the SSA programs to be improved, based on lessons learned from careful analysis of real reconstruction situations in Afghanistan. The publication states that the United States was never prepared to help create Afghan police and military forces capable of protecting that country from internal and external threats. It is the hope of the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR), John F. Sopko, that this publication, and other SIGAR reports will create a body of work that can help provide reasonable solutions to help United States agencies and military forces improve reconstruction efforts in Afghanistan. Related items: Counterterrorism publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/counterterrorism Counterinsurgency publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/counterinsurgency Warfare & Military Strategy publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/warfare-military-strategy Afghanistan War publications can be found here: https://bookstore.gpo.gov/catalog/afghanistan-war
Author : John F. Sopko
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781457869136
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (691 download)
Download or read book Corruption in Conflict written by John F. Sopko and published by . This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report examines how the U.S. government -- primarily the Departments of Defense (DOD), State, Treasury, and Justice (DOJ), and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) -- understood the risks of corruption in Afghanistan, how the U.S. response to corruption evolved, and the effectiveness of that response. The report identifies lessons to inform U.S. policies and actions at the onset of and throughout a contingency operation and makes recommendations for both legislative and executive branch action. This analysis reveals that corruption substantially undermined the U.S. mission in Afghanistan from the very beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom. It concludes that failure to effectively address the problem means that U.S. reconstruction programs, at best, will continue to be subverted by systemic corruption and, at worst, will fail. Figures and tables.. This is a print on demand report.
Author : Catherine Dale
Publisher : Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN 13 : 9781482321814
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (218 download)
Download or read book War in Afghanistan written by Catherine Dale and published by Createspace Independent Pub. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the aftermath of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the United States launched and led military operations in Afghanistan in order to end the ability of the Taliban regime to provide safe haven to al Qaeda and to put a stop to al Qaeda's use of the territory of Afghanistan as a base of operations for terrorist activities. Many observers argue that in succeeding years, as U.S. and world attention shifted sharply to the war in Iraq, the Afghan war became the “other war” and suffered from neglect. The Obama Administration, however, has made the war in Afghanistan a higher priority, by giving it early attention, regularly conducting strategy reviews, and making significant additional commitments of civilian and military resources. By early 2011, senior leaders, including the Commander of NATO's International Security Assistance Force (ISAF), General David Petraeus, were pointing to discrete progress on the ground, though noting that such progress was still “fragile and reversible.” In late 2010, NATO and the Afghan government agreed to pursue a key medium-term goal: the transition of lead responsibility for security to Afghans throughout the country by the end of 2014. The U.S. government has stated its intention to begin drawing down some U.S. forces from Afghanistan in July 2011, and also to maintain a long-term strategic partnership with Afghanistan beyond 2014. Strategic vision for Afghanistan is still, many would argue, a work in progress. President Karzai has consistently stressed the theme of “Afghan leadership, Afghan ownership.” President Obama has consistently stressed the core goals of the United States: to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al-Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan, and to prevent their return. Yet for the U.S. government, fundamental issues remain unresolved. These include: determining the minimum essential conditions required for Afghanistan itself to be able to sustain stability with relatively limited international support; defining the appropriate combination of U.S. efforts, together with other international resources, over time, required to achieve those minimum conditions; and balancing U.S. national security interests in Afghanistan and the region against other imperatives, in a constrained fiscal environment. This report, which will be updated as events warrant, describes and analyzes the key players in the war in Afghanistan; the strategic outlooks of the Afghan government, the U.S. government, and NATO; the threats to the security and stability of the Afghan state and its people; the major facets of the current effort: security, governance and anti-corruption, development, reconciliation and reintegration, and transition; mechanisms in place to measure progress; and critical issues that Congress may wish to consider further.
