Reminiscences Of Ahmed H.zewail: Photons, Electrons And What Else? - A Portrait From Close Range. Remembrances Of His Group Members And Family

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813231556
Total Pages : 428 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Reminiscences Of Ahmed H.zewail: Photons, Electrons And What Else? - A Portrait From Close Range. Remembrances Of His Group Members And Family by : Dongping Zhong

Download or read book Reminiscences Of Ahmed H.zewail: Photons, Electrons And What Else? - A Portrait From Close Range. Remembrances Of His Group Members And Family written by Dongping Zhong and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2018-02-09 with total page 428 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this unique illustrated book, PhD students, postdoctoral researchers, senior visiting scholars, and staff describe their personal experiences in working with the late Prof. Ahmed H. Zewail at Caltech. Their reminiscences provide snapshots of their rich interactions, reflecting the great scientific achievements, as well as the human and humorous sides of Ahmed H. Zewail.The contributors tell us their stories covering a period of forty years, beginning from the time of Zewail's arrival at Caltech in 1976. Some of them cover the time when Zewail was starting his pioneering work on femtochemistry at the end of 80's, while others relate events long after he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1999) and had embarked on a new career in ultrafast electron imaging. The aims and scope of this book is to provide both scientists and non-scientists descriptions of the experiences of scientists in the early or mature stages of their careers when interacting with one of the greatest scientists of the 20th century, from developing the field of femtochemistry to pioneering ultrafast electron diffraction and imaging technology. The personal dimension of Zewail's leadership is reflected in all the contributions, and highlighted by special tributes from two of his children.The scientific and anecdotal stories recounted in the book give a rare view of experiences in shaping science. The reader will get firsthand accounts of how a Nobel Prize winner interacted daily with his co-workers to develop the laser-based science and technology for which he was internationally recognized. The recounted experiences may serve as a basis for scientists developing their own research, tutoring students, and supervising postdoctoral researchers.

Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789813231535
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (315 download)

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Book Synopsis Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail by : Ahmed H. Zewail

Download or read book Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail written by Ahmed H. Zewail and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789814533447
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (334 download)

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Book Synopsis Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail by : Ahmed H. Zewail

Download or read book Reminiscences of Ahmed H. Zewail written by Ahmed H. Zewail and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the latest results from high energy physics laboratories. The topics discussed include: Cosmology, Heavy Ions, Electroweak, Heavy Flavour Physics and CP Violation/Rare Decays, QCD and Beyond the Standard Model, Planck Scale Physics, Accelerator and Non-Accelerator Physics and Instrumentation.

Personal And Scientific Reminiscences: Tributes To Ahmed Zewail

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1786344378
Total Pages : 300 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (863 download)

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Book Synopsis Personal And Scientific Reminiscences: Tributes To Ahmed Zewail by : Thomas John Meurig

Download or read book Personal And Scientific Reminiscences: Tributes To Ahmed Zewail written by Thomas John Meurig and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2017-08-04 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

About Science, Myself and Others

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9781420034745
Total Pages : 566 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (347 download)

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Book Synopsis About Science, Myself and Others by : V.L. Ginzburg

Download or read book About Science, Myself and Others written by V.L. Ginzburg and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2004-10-31 with total page 566 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In About Science, Myself and Others, Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg, co-recipient of the 2003 Nobel Prize in Physics and Editor of the review journal Physics-Uspekhi, provides an insight into modern physics, the lives and works of other prominent physicists he has known, and insight into his own life and views on physics and beyond. Divided into three parts, the book starts with a review of the key problems in contemporary physics, astrophysics, and cosmology, examining their historical development and why they pose such a challenge to today's physicists and for society. Part One also includes details of some of Professor Ginzburg's work, including superconductivity and superfluidity. Part Two encompasses several articles on the lives and works of several prominent physicists, including the author. The third part is a collection of articles that provide a personal view of the author, describing his personal views and recollections on a range of wider topics. Taken together, this collection of articles creates an enjoyable review of physics, its philosophy, and key players in its modern development in the 20th Century. Undoubtedly, it will be an enjoyable read for professional physicists and non-scientists alike.

Femtochemistry

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9789810217365
Total Pages : 622 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (173 download)

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Book Synopsis Femtochemistry by : Ahmed H. Zewail

Download or read book Femtochemistry written by Ahmed H. Zewail and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1994 with total page 622 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: These two volumes on Femtochemistry present a timely contribution to a field central to the understanding of the dynamics of the chemical bond. This century has witnessed great strides in time and space resolutions, down to the atomic scale, providing chemists, biologists and physicists with unprecedented opportunities for seeing microscopic structures and dynamics. Femtochemistry is concerned with the time resolution of the most elementary motions of atoms during chemical change -- bond breaking and bond making -- on the femtosecond (10-15 second) time scale. This atomic scale of time resolution has now reached the ultimate for the chemical bond and as Lord George Porter puts it, chemists are near the end of the race against time. These two volumes cover the general concepts, techniques and applications of femtochemistry.Professor Ahmed Zewail, who has made the pioneering contributions in this field, has from over 250 publications selected the articles for this anthology. These volumes begin with a commentary and a historical chronology of the milestones. He then presents a broad perspective of the current state of knowledge in femtochemistry by researchers around the world and discusses possible new directions. In the words of a colleague, "it is a must on the reading-list for all of my students ... all readers will find this to be an informative and valuable overview."The introductory articles in Volume I provide reviews for both the non-experts as well as for experts in the field. This is followed by papers on the basic concepts. For applications, elementary reactions are studied first and then complex reactions. Volume I is complete with studies of solvation dynamics, non-reactive systems, ultrafast electron diffraction and the control of chemical reactions.Volume II continues with reaction rates, the concept of elementary intramolecular vibrational-energy redistribution (IVR) and the phenomena of rotational coherence which has become a powerful tool for the determination of molecular structure via time resolution. The second volume ends with an extensive list of references, according to topics, based on work by Professor Zewail and his group at Caltech.These collected works by Professor Zewail will certainly be indispensable to both experts and beginners in the field. The author is known for his clarity and for his creative and systematic contributions. These volumes will be of interest and should prove useful to chemists, biologists and physicists. As noted by Professor J Manz (Berlin) and Professor A W Castleman, Jr. (Penn State): femtochemistry is yielding exciting new discoveries from analysis to control of chemical reactions, with applications in many domains of chemistry and related fields, e.g., physical, organic and inorganic chemistry, surface science, molecular biology, ... etc.

Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 364228180X
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (422 download)

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Book Synopsis Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics by : Salvatore Califano

Download or read book Pathways to Modern Chemical Physics written by Salvatore Califano and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-05-26 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this historical volume Salvatore Califano traces the developments of ideas and theories in physical and theoretical chemistry throughout the 20th century. This seldom-told narrative provides details of topics from thermodynamics to atomic structure, radioactivity and quantum chemistry. Califano’s expertise as a physical chemist allows him to judge the historical developments from the point of view of modern chemistry. This detailed and unique historical narrative is fascinating for chemists working in the fields of physical chemistry and is also a useful resource for science historians who will enjoy access to material not previously dealt with in a coherent way.

Scientific Babel

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Publisher : University of Chicago Press
ISBN 13 : 022600032X
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Scientific Babel by : Michael D. Gordin

Download or read book Scientific Babel written by Michael D. Gordin and published by University of Chicago Press. This book was released on 2015-04-13 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: English is the language of science today. No matter which languages you know, if you want your work seen, studied, and cited, you need to publish in English. But that hasn’t always been the case. Though there was a time when Latin dominated the field, for centuries science has been a polyglot enterprise, conducted in a number of languages whose importance waxed and waned over time—until the rise of English in the twentieth century. So how did we get from there to here? How did French, German, Latin, Russian, and even Esperanto give way to English? And what can we reconstruct of the experience of doing science in the polyglot past? With Scientific Babel, Michael D. Gordin resurrects that lost world, in part through an ingenious mechanism: the pages of his highly readable narrative account teem with footnotes—not offering background information, but presenting quoted material in its original language. The result is stunning: as we read about the rise and fall of languages, driven by politics, war, economics, and institutions, we actually see it happen in the ever-changing web of multilingual examples. The history of science, and of English as its dominant language, comes to life, and brings with it a new understanding not only of the frictions generated by a scientific community that spoke in many often mutually unintelligible voices, but also of the possibilities of the polyglot, and the losses that the dominance of English entails. Few historians of science write as well as Gordin, and Scientific Babel reveals his incredible command of the literature, language, and intellectual essence of science past and present. No reader who takes this linguistic journey with him will be disappointed.

Cosmic Anger

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Publisher : OUP Oxford
ISBN 13 : 0191578665
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (915 download)

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Book Synopsis Cosmic Anger by : Gordon Fraser

Download or read book Cosmic Anger written by Gordon Fraser and published by OUP Oxford. This book was released on 2008-04-24 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents a biography of Abdus Salam, the first Muslim to win a Nobel Prize for Science (Physics 1979), who was nevertheless excommunicated and branded as a heretic in his own country. His achievements are often overlooked, even besmirched. Realizing that the whole world had to be his stage, he pioneered the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, a vital focus of Third World science which remains as his monument. A staunch Muslim, he was ashamed of the decline of science in the heritage of Islam, and struggled doggedly to restore it to its former glory. Undermined by his excommunication, these valiant efforts were doomed.

Voyage Through Time

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Publisher : American University in Cairo Press
ISBN 13 : 1617972460
Total Pages : 437 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (179 download)

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Book Synopsis Voyage Through Time by : Ahmed Zewail

Download or read book Voyage Through Time written by Ahmed Zewail and published by American University in Cairo Press. This book was released on 2004-01-01 with total page 437 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: From a beginning in an Egyptian Delta town and the port of Alexandria to the scenic vistas of sunny southern California, Ahmed Zewail takes us on a voyage through time his own life and the split-second world of the femtosecond. In this engaging exposé of his life and work until his receipt of the Nobel Prize in 1999, Zewail explores in non-technical language the landscape of molecules glimpsed on the scale of one quadrillionth of a second: the femtosecond, 0. 000 000 000 000 001 second. Zewail enriches the journey into the strange territory of femtochemistry with insightful analogies and illustrations to aid both the general reader and the scientifically inclined. He likewise draws lessons from his life story so far, and he meditates on the impact the revolution in science has had on our modern world in both developed and developing countries. He suggests a concrete course of action for the world of the have-nots, and ends the book with hope for Egypt in developing the nation's greatest natural resource its youth to build a more promising future, and for America to develop a new vision domestically and internationally.

Silicon

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3662098970
Total Pages : 552 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (62 download)

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Book Synopsis Silicon by : Paul Siffert

Download or read book Silicon written by Paul Siffert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-09 with total page 552 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With topics ranging from epitaxy through lattice defects and doping to quantum computation, this book provides a personalized survey of the development and use of silicon, the basis for the revolutionary changes in our lives sometimes called "The Silicon Age." Beginning with the very first developments more than 50 years ago, this reports on all aspects of silicon and silicon technology up to its use in exciting new technologies, including a glance at possible future developments.

The Brilliant Zewail

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813276495
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis The Brilliant Zewail by : El-nadi Lotfia M

Download or read book The Brilliant Zewail written by El-nadi Lotfia M and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-07-16 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A book that enlightens the life of Ahmed H Zewail from his early childhood to his days at CalTech.Born in Damanhur, Egypt, Ahmed H Zewail grew up with his family, studied at a local primary school and eventually graduated from Alexandria University. After completing his schooling, he went on to teach chemistry to undergraduates at the University of Alexandria.His contributions are not only to science but also to society. As a pioneer scientist, he returned to Egypt and had his fingerprints on all the initiatives to encourage scientific research and to upgrade the scientific and technological capabilities of his countrymen. He founded the Zewail City for Science and Technology — a non-profit educational institution for research and innovation in Cairo.A Nobel Prize winner, inventor of the ground-breaking four dimensional microscopy, and together with his other accolades, Ahmed H Zewail is one of the greatest scientists this century has produced. His foresight for the development of both the scientific and cultural fields in Egypt has made him a brilliant jewel for Egypt and the world.

The Chemical Bond

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008092669X
Total Pages : 333 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis The Chemical Bond by : Ahmed Zewail

Download or read book The Chemical Bond written by Ahmed Zewail and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 1992-05-14 with total page 333 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This inspired book by some of the most influential scientists of our time--including six Nobel laureates--chronicles our emerging understanding of the chemical bond through the last nine decades and into the future. From Pauling's early structural work using x-ray and electron diffraction to Zewail's femtosecond lasers that probe molecular dynamics in real time; from Crick's molecular biology to Rich's molecular recognition, this book explores a rich tradition of scientific heritage and accomplishment. The perspectives given by Pauling, Perutz, Rich, Crick, Porter, Polanyi, Herschbach, Zewail, and Bernstein celebrate major scientific achievements in chemistry and biology with the chemical bond playing a fundamental role. In a unique presentation that also provides some lively insights into the very nature of scientific thought and discovery, The Chemical Bond: Structure and Dynamics will be of general interest to scientists, science historians, and the scientifically inclined populous.

4D Electron Microscopy

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 1908978430
Total Pages : 360 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis 4D Electron Microscopy by : Ahmed H Zewail

Download or read book 4D Electron Microscopy written by Ahmed H Zewail and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2009-12-24 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to structure, dynamics, and function barely matched by any other single scientific instrument. It is also poised to contribute much new spatially-resolved and time-resolved insights of central importance in the exploration of most aspects of condensed matter, ranging from the physical to the biological sciences. Whereas in all conventional EM methods, imaging, diffraction, and chemical analyses have been conducted in a static — time-integrated — manner, now it has become possible to unite the time domain with the spatial one, thereby creating four-dimensional (4D) electron microscopy. This advance is based on the fundamental concept of timed, coherent single-electron packets, or electron pulses, which are liberated with femtosecond durations. Structural phase transitions, mechanical deformations, and the embryonic stages of melting and crystallization are examples of phenomena that can now be imaged in unprecedented structural detail with high spatial resolution, and ten orders of magnitude as fast as hitherto. No monograph in existence attempts to cover the revolutionary dimensions that EM in its various modes of operation nowadays makes possible. The authors of this book chart these developments, and also compare the merits of coherent electron waves with those of synchrotron radiation. They judge it prudent to recall some important basic procedural and theoretical aspects of imaging and diffraction so that the reader may better comprehend the significance of the new vistas and applications now afoot. This book is not a vade mecum — numerous other texts are available for the practitioner for that purpose. It is instead an in-depth exposé of the paradigm concepts and the developed techniques that can now be executed to gain new knowledge in the entire domain of biological and physical science, and in the four dimensions of space and time. Contents: Historical Perspectives: From Camera Obscura to 4D ImagingConcepts of Coherence: Optics, Diffraction, and ImagingFrom 2D to 3D Structural Imaging: Salient ConceptsApplications of 2D and 3D Imaging and Related Techniques4D Electron Imaging in Space and Time: Principles4D Ultrafast Electron Imaging: Developments and ApplicationsThe Electron Microscope and the Synchrotron: A Comparison4D Visualization: Past, Present, and Future Readership: Academics and researchers in the fields of physical chemistry, chemical analysis, solid state physics, electron microscopy, scanning, tunnelling, nanoelectronics, molecular biology, molecular imaging and structural biology. Keywords:Reviews:“This is a unique and ground-breaking book. For the first time it includes the important time dimension in electron microscopy, revealing time-resolved electron micrographs and diffraction patterns on an almost unbelievably fast time scale. The book is written with great clarity and is lavishly illustrated with some stunning micrographs.”Professor Colin Humphreys Cambridge University, UK “This book, by leaders in femtosecond spectroscopy and solid-state chemistry, gives an exciting overview of the new field of time-resolved transmission electron microscopy … Despite the enormous challenges in this new field, this stimulating book from these authorities should be read by all graduate students about to choose a field of research. A book to make the experts think.”Professor John Spence Arizona State University, USA “This is one of the most enlightening science textbooks I have ever read. The basic concepts behind 3D and 4D electron microscopy are presented in a concise and clear language, accompanied by figures of remarkable didactic content. This excellent textbook blends the qualities of an introductory with an in-depth account, and is bound to become a reference in the field.”Professor Majed Chergui EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland “This is a fascinating book, very timely published when electron microscopy (EM) is at a turning point with dramatically improved capacities … The description of scattering of electrons and the function of the electron microscope is sufficiently complete to make this book well suited as a university textbook.”Crystallography Reviews “Combining the authors' expertise in femtochemistry, catalysis, and electron microscopy has resulted in a book that conveys the excitement and potential for this new paradigm in electron imaging … there is no doubt that the development of the 4D microscope has introduced a new paradigm for characterization by TEM. Taken together with introductory texts covering TEM, it provides the understanding necessary for the reader to appreciate the principles of this brand new field.”Journal of the American Chemistry Society “Researchers using electron microscopy will find this book fascinating and very helpful for learning about the latest advances in electron microscopy imaging technology.”IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine “The renowned authors of this new appearance on time-resolved 3D electron microscopy have created a fantastic book that will appeal to a broad range of scientists. Its topic and breadth will surely be of interest to those interested in physics, material science, and solid-state chemistry … The expertise of the authors and the clear, well-documented nature of the book combine to lend it great potential to set the standard in this field.”Angewandte Chemie “It is for the 'ultrafast' chapters that the book will be read for these contain new and very unfamiliar material. The book is handsomely produced with all the illustrations on a Cambridge blue background.”Ultramicroscopy “The expert reader, who believes to know every aspect regarding electron microscopy, will discover many new and inspiring elements. For the electron microscopy layman it will ignite a fire for this exciting, trans-disciplinary subject area.”Prof. Dr. Armin Feldhoff Leibniz University Hannover

Optics in Our Time

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319319035
Total Pages : 509 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Optics in Our Time by : Mohammad D. Al-Amri

Download or read book Optics in Our Time written by Mohammad D. Al-Amri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-12-12 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Light and light based technologies have played an important role in transforming our lives via scientific contributions spanned over thousands of years. In this book we present a vast collection of articles on various aspects of light and its applications in the contemporary world at a popular or semi-popular level. These articles are written by the world authorities in their respective fields. This is therefore a rare volume where the world experts have come together to present the developments in this most important field of science in an almost pedagogical manner. This volume covers five aspects related to light. The first presents two articles, one on the history of the nature of light, and the other on the scientific achievements of Ibn-Haitham (Alhazen), who is broadly considered the father of modern optics. These are then followed by an article on ultrafast phenomena and the invisible world. The third part includes papers on specific sources of light, the discoveries of which have revolutionized optical technologies in our lifetime. They discuss the nature and the characteristics of lasers, Solid-state lighting based on the Light Emitting Diode (LED) technology, and finally modern electron optics and its relationship to the Muslim golden age in science. The book’s fourth part discusses various applications of optics and light in today's world, including biophotonics, art, optical communication, nanotechnology, the eye as an optical instrument, remote sensing, and optics in medicine. In turn, the last part focuses on quantum optics, a modern field that grew out of the interaction of light and matter. Topics addressed include atom optics, slow, stored and stationary light, optical tests of the foundation of physics, quantum mechanical properties of light fields carrying orbital angular momentum, quantum communication, and Wave-Particle dualism in action.

4D Visualization of Matter

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Publisher : World Scientific Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 1783265043
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (832 download)

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Book Synopsis 4D Visualization of Matter by : Ahmed H Zewail

Download or read book 4D Visualization of Matter written by Ahmed H Zewail and published by World Scientific Publishing Company. This book was released on 2014-09-12 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ever since the beginning of mankind's efforts to pursue scientific inquiry into the laws of nature, visualization of the very distant and the very small has been paramount. The examples are numerous. A century ago, the atom appeared mysterious, a “raisin or plum pie of no structure,” until it was visualized on the appropriate length and time scales. Similarly, with telescopic observations, a central dogma of the cosmos was changed and complexity yielded to simplicity of the heliocentric structure and motion in our solar system. For matter, in over a century of developments, major advances have been made to explore the inner microscopic structures and dynamics. These advances have benefited many fields of endeavor, but visualization was incomplete; it was limited either to the 3D spatial structure or to the 1D temporal evolution. However, in systems with myriads of atoms, 4D spatiotemporal visualization is essential for dissecting their complexity. The biological world is rich with examples, and many molecular diseases cannot be fully understood without such direct visualization, as, for example, in the case of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's. The same is true for phenomena in materials science, chemistry, and nanoscience. This anthology is an account of the collected works that have emerged over the past decade from Caltech. Through recent publications, the volume provides overviews of the principles, the electron-based techniques, and the applications made. Thanks to advances in imaging principles and technology, it is now possible with 4D electron microscopy to reach ten orders of magnitude improvement in time resolution while simultaneously conserving the atomic spatial resolution in visualization. This is certainly a long way from Robert Hooke's microscopy, which was recorded in his 1665 masterpiece Micrographia.

Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences

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Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 9781402001000
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences by : U. Klein

Download or read book Tools and Modes of Representation in the Laboratory Sciences written by U. Klein and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2001-10-31 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fourteen chapters provide insights into the efforts of 19th- and 20th-century scientists to construct working representations of invisible objects, such as the structural formula of a dye, a three- dimensional model of a protein, or a table conveying relationships between chemical elements. The essays focus on scientists' pragmatic use of representation, exploring the concrete ways that scientists implement sign systems as productive tools both to achieve and to shape their organizational goals. Editor Klein is associated with the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin. Annotation copyrighted by Book News Inc., Portland, OR.