Relative Roles And Limits Of Extension Approaches In Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Management Practices

Download Relative Roles And Limits Of Extension Approaches In Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Management Practices full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Relative Roles And Limits Of Extension Approaches In Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Management Practices ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Relative roles and limits of extension approaches in promoting sustainable agricultural management practices: Analysis of nationally representative panel data from Malawi

Download Relative roles and limits of extension approaches in promoting sustainable agricultural management practices: Analysis of nationally representative panel data from Malawi PDF Online Free

Author : Ragasa, Catherine
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 64 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Relative roles and limits of extension approaches in promoting sustainable agricultural management practices: Analysis of nationally representative panel data from Malawi by : Ragasa, Catherine

Download or read book Relative roles and limits of extension approaches in promoting sustainable agricultural management practices: Analysis of nationally representative panel data from Malawi written by Ragasa, Catherine and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-12-08 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Low-cost and sustainable agricultural management practices are being promoted in many countries but continue to face low adoption among farmers. We tracked the awareness and adoption among farmers of a number of practices―soil cover, minimum tillage, crop rotation, intercropping, crop diversification, crop residue incorporation, pit planting, water harvesting, and organic fertilizer―in two rounds of a nationally representative rural household survey in Malawi. Survey data and focus group discussions are used to understand the factors explaining the variations in farmers’ awareness and adoption of these practices. Results show a strong positive effect of extension services receipt on farmers’ awareness of these practices but no effect on farmers’ adoption of most of the practices being promoted, except for crop residue incorporation and organic fertilizer use. Receipt of input subsidy does not influence the adoption of these practices. Both survey data and focus group discussions highlight the need for intensive and iterative engagement between service providers and farmers to fully communicate, learn, and adapt to these management practices.

Relative Roles and Limits of Extension Approaches in Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Management Practices

Author : Catherine Ragasa
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (135 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Relative Roles and Limits of Extension Approaches in Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Management Practices by : Catherine Ragasa

Download or read book Relative Roles and Limits of Extension Approaches in Promoting Sustainable Agricultural Management Practices written by Catherine Ragasa and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities

Author : Committee on the Future of the Colleges of Agriculture in the Land Grant University System
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309588936
Total Pages : 139 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (95 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities by : Committee on the Future of the Colleges of Agriculture in the Land Grant University System

Download or read book Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities written by Committee on the Future of the Colleges of Agriculture in the Land Grant University System and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1996-09-02 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their inception in 1862, the U.S. land grant colleges have evolved to become the training ground for the nation's and the world's agriculturists. In this book, the committee examines the future of the colleges of agriculture in light of changing national priorities for the agricultural, food, and natural resource system. The effects of federal funding constraints also are examined, as are opportunities for growth presented by developments in science. The committee's preceding volume, Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Universities: A Profile, is a compilation of the data that helped formulate the specific questions to be addressed. Colleges of Agriculture at the Land Grant Univerisities: Public Service and Public Policy is the deliberative report, rating conclusions and recommendations for institutional innovation and public policy. It addresses these and other questions: What education mission should colleges of agriculture adopt--and what strategies should they use--in light of significant changes in the agricultural complex? Research in agriculture is expected to respond to consumer demands, environmental concerns, world population growth, and increasing pressure on agricultural lands. Is the century-old structure of land grant university-based research up to the task? What is the role of extension in light of today's smaller farming communities and larger farming conglomerates? This volume is the culmination of a landmark evaluation of land grant colleges of agriculture, an American institution. This document will be of value to policymakers, administrators, and others involved in agricultural science and education.

Concepts and Practices in Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries

Author :
Publisher : ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD)
ISBN 13 : 9291462179
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (914 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Concepts and Practices in Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries by :

Download or read book Concepts and Practices in Agricultural Extension in Developing Countries written by and published by ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). This book was released on 2008-01-01 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Modeling the effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi

Download Modeling the effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi PDF Online Free

Author : Ragasa, Catherine
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 45 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Modeling the effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi by : Ragasa, Catherine

Download or read book Modeling the effectiveness of the lead farmer approach in agricultural extension service provision: Nationally representative panel data analysis in Malawi written by Ragasa, Catherine and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-06-14 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lead farmer (LF) approach has been implemented and heavily promoted nationwide in Malawi since 2009 to support government extension workers and accelerate technology dissemination. Earlier reports have shown that donor-funded projects in Malawi widely adopted the LF approach, indicating positive roles and contributions of LFs. However, national data show persistently low rates of adoption of management practices being promoted by the LFs, prompting this study to look closely at the nationwide implementation and effectiveness of the LF approach. Specifically, we model the effects of farmers’ interaction with and exposure to LFs and farmers’ access to LFs’ advice on farmers’ awareness of and adoption of several promoted technologies and management practices. We use data from 531 randomly selected LFs linked to panel data from 2,800 farming households and, using correlated random effects, model the effectiveness of the LF approach on technology awareness and adoption. This is complemented by 55 focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with agricultural extension development officers (AEDOs) and service providers. Our results point to two major conclusions. First, LFs support and assist AEDOs in their work, especially in organizing community meetings and farm demonstrations, and are also an important bridge between farmers and AEDOs. But LFs complement AEDOs’ work rather than substitute for it. In communities without strong AEDOs and community leaders to work with and monitor them, LFs were not active or performed at a substandard level. Second, results show limited coverage and weak implementation and effectiveness of the LF approach at the national level. Only 13 percent of farmers reported receiving agricultural advice from an LF in the last two years, and only 20 percent reported having interacted with an LF. Our econometric models also consistently show neither the farmers’ exposure or interaction with LFs nor farmers’ access to LFs’ advice had an effect on awareness of and adoption of the major agricultural management practices being promoted. When heterogeneity and types of LFs are unpacked, results show that quality of LFs, adoption behavior of LFs, and regular training of LFs have strong and consistent effect on the awareness and adoption of most agricultural practices promoted.

Achieving sustainable agricultural practices: From incentives to adoption and outcomes

Author : Piñeiro, Valeria
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Achieving sustainable agricultural practices: From incentives to adoption and outcomes by : Piñeiro, Valeria

Download or read book Achieving sustainable agricultural practices: From incentives to adoption and outcomes written by Piñeiro, Valeria and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2021-02-06 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sustainable agricultural practices enable more efficient use of natural resources, mitigate the impact of agriculture on the environment, and strengthen capacity for adaptation to climate change and climate variability. Because these practices usually require substantial effort or resource allocation from farmers, incentives are necessary to support farmer adoption. Despite growing interest, there has been little systematic evaluation of the incentives–adoption–outcome chain—that is, which incentives best promote adoption and which lead to desired sustainability outcomes. This brief presents the results of a literature review that examined (1) uptake agricultural practices under three kinds of incentives, market and nonmarket, regulations, and cross-compliance, and (2) the impact on productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability. Based on this review, it offers a set of seven tested principles to follow in designing and implementing incentives for sustainable agriculture.

Improving Agricultural Extension

Author : Burton Swanson
Publisher : Daya Books
ISBN 13 : 9788170354086
Total Pages : 234 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (54 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Improving Agricultural Extension by : Burton Swanson

Download or read book Improving Agricultural Extension written by Burton Swanson and published by Daya Books. This book was released on 2005 with total page 234 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on Improving Agricultural Extension: a Reference Manual offers a critical review and inventory-analysis of the State of the Art in agricultural extension theory and best practices written by internationally known agricultural extension practitioners, educators and scholars. A total of 38 authors from 15 countries contributed to the 23 chapters of this book and thus they provided broad international perspectives, covering both theory and practice, as well as micro and macro issues related to agricultural extension. It is the third edition of a classic reference manual on agricultural extension published by the Food an Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. Aimed at agricultural extension planners, managers, trainers, educators, and field practitioners, this book could be useful in improving the quality of agricultural extension and in generating new ideas and methods for increasing further the cost-effectiveness of agricultural extension programmes. It provides many sound and practical suggestions for developing and improving the conceptual, technical and operational methods and tools in order to strategically plan, efficently manage and scientifically evaluate a problem-solving, demand-driven and needs-based agricultural extension programmes. Contents Part I: Overview of Extension in Agricultural and Rural Development; Chapter 1: The history, development and future of agricultural extension by Gqyn E Jones and Chris Garforth; Chapter 2: Alternative approaches to organizing extension by Uwe Jens Nagel; Chapter 3: The context of extension in agricultural and rural development by Warren Peterson; Chapter 4: The economic contributions of agricultural extension to agricultural and rural development by Robert Evenson; Part II: Improving Extension Programmes and Process; Chapter 5: Assessing target gorup needs by N L McCaslin and Jovan P Tibezinda; Chapter 6: Using rapid or participatory rural appraisal by Jules N Pretty and Simplice D Volouhe; Chapter 7: Developing and delivering extension programmes by Artur Christovao, Timothy Koehnen and Jose Portela; Chapter 8: Selecting appropriate content and methods in programme delivery by Dunstan A Campbell and St Clair Barker; Chapter 9: Improving Women Farmer Access to Extension Services by Janice Jiggins, R K Samanta and Janice E Olawoye; Chapter 10: Implementing strategic extension campaigns by Ronny Adhikarya; Chapter 11: Evaluating extension programmes by David Deshler; Part III: Improving Extension Management; Chapter 12: Formulating extension policy by Tito E Contado; Chapter 13: Improving the Organization and Management of Extension by M W Waldron, J Vsanthakumar and S Arulraj; Chapter 14: Managing human resources within extension by K Vijayaragavan and Y P Singh; Chapter 15: Training and professional development by Abdul Halim and Md Mozahar Ali; Chapter 16: Acquiring and managing financial resources by Robert P Bentz; Chapter 17: Monitoring extension programmes and resources by D C Misra; Chapter 18: Establishing a Management Information System by A Ramesh Babu, Y P Singh and R K Sachdeva; Chapter 19: Strengthening research-extension-farmer linkages by Burton E Swanson; Part IV: Current Trends and Development; Chapter 20: Extension s role in sustainable agricultural development by Niels Roling and Jules N Pretty; Chapter 21: Establishing and strengthening farmer organizations by Shankariah Chamala and P M Shingi; Chapter 22: Privatizing agricultural extension by William M Rivera and John W Cary; Chapter 23: The role of nongovernmental organizations in extension by John Farrington.

Dynamics in agricultural extension services provision in Malawi: Insights from two rounds of household and community panel surveys

Author : Ragasa, Catherine
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Dynamics in agricultural extension services provision in Malawi: Insights from two rounds of household and community panel surveys by : Ragasa, Catherine

Download or read book Dynamics in agricultural extension services provision in Malawi: Insights from two rounds of household and community panel surveys written by Ragasa, Catherine and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2019-08-01 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Government of Malawi is in the process of developing its National Agricultural Extension Strategy. Two rounds of national household and community surveys (2016, 2018), coupled with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions, were implemented to provide research evidence supporting the Strategy’s development. This paper summarizes emerging trends from these surveys and monitors progress in extension services provision, players and actors in extension services provision, and evidence on the coverage and effectiveness of extension approaches. Positive trends include (1) improvements in the percentage of men and women farmers accessing extension services; (2) consistently high ratings in the perceived quality of extension services; (3) more diversity in extension messages, including more information regarding market access and nutrition; (4) greater use of cost-effective tools, such as radio programming and community or group meetings, as sources of agricultural information; and (5) greater crop diversification, although diversification outside of agriculture remains low. Four areas remain weak and need further improvements. First, information sharing among farmers, friends, and neighbors is frequent, and the coverage of those officially trained “lead farmers” (those trained specifically to promote technologies to other farmers) remains low, with only 7 percent of households reporting getting relevant advice from them. Second, while there are more “model villages” and “village agricultural committees” present, we see decreasing participation and ratings for these. Third, we observe greater awareness of promoted technologies, including conservation agriculture, pit planting, and sustainable land practices, but adoption remains very low. Fourth, we observe greater crop diversification, but farm productivity and commercialization remain low. Although we have investigated many dimensions and factors in this paper, there remain challenges and puzzles that could be further addressed in future research. These include constraints on the adoption of minimal expensive inputs and low-cost management practices, constraints on the role of intensive training and labor, and understanding the drivers and factors affecting commercialization and diversification.

Guide on Alternative Extension Approaches

Author : George Harold Axinn
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Guide on Alternative Extension Approaches by : George Harold Axinn

Download or read book Guide on Alternative Extension Approaches written by George Harold Axinn and published by . This book was released on 1988 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture

Author : N. G. Roling
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 9780521794817
Total Pages : 348 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (948 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture by : N. G. Roling

Download or read book Facilitating Sustainable Agriculture written by N. G. Roling and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2000-09-21 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A move towards more flexible, sustainable agricultural practices is increasingly being seen as the way to address or avoid environmental and economic problems associated with existing, predominantly intensive, farming systems. Through case studies taken from around the world, this book examines the implications of adopting more ecologically sound agricultural practices, both at the level of individual farmers and at the level of larger-scale agro-ecosystems such as water catchments. The emphasis of the book is on human and social aspects, rather than on agronomic or economic considerations, focusing on the learning processes necessary for change to be implemented and, in turn, on the facilitation of that learning through participatory approaches and appropriate institutional support and policy structure.

Sustainable Agricultural Systems

Author : Edwards
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 9780935734218
Total Pages : 718 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (342 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Agricultural Systems by : Edwards

Download or read book Sustainable Agricultural Systems written by Edwards and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 1990-06-01 with total page 718 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A unique look at how the adoption of sustainable farming methods is being pursued throughout the world. This comprehensive book provides clear insight into research and education needs and the many points of view that come to bear on the issue of sustainability. Essential for agricultural leaders in research, education, conservation, policy making, and anyone else interested in creating an economically and environmentally sustainable agriculture worldwide.

Blue Frontiers

Author :
Publisher : WorldFish
ISBN 13 : 9832346789
Total Pages : 103 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (323 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Blue Frontiers by :

Download or read book Blue Frontiers written by and published by WorldFish. This book was released on 2011 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Farm management extension services: a review of global experience

Author : Kahan, D.G.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251058947
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (589 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Farm management extension services: a review of global experience by : Kahan, D.G.

Download or read book Farm management extension services: a review of global experience written by Kahan, D.G. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2007 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Occasional Paper presents the findings of a global review of farm management extension services. The specific intentions were to: (i) assess the current status of farm management training and extension programmes; (ii) identify constraints and issues; (iii) review the performance and impact; and (iv) propose recommendations for the improved provision of farm management extension advice.

Agribusiness Management in Sustainable Agricultural Enterprises

Author : Richard Skiba
Publisher : After Midnight Publishing
ISBN 13 : 097565523X
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (756 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Agribusiness Management in Sustainable Agricultural Enterprises by : Richard Skiba

Download or read book Agribusiness Management in Sustainable Agricultural Enterprises written by Richard Skiba and published by After Midnight Publishing. This book was released on 2024-02-15 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of sustainable agriculture practices and strategies aimed at improving land use, implementing renewable energy and recycling systems, managing climate risks, developing workplace policies for sustainability, and applying effective agribusiness management practices. Part 1 introduces various approaches to sustainable agriculture, including organic farming, agroforestry, precision agriculture, vertical farming, integrated pest management, soil conservation, and community-supported agriculture. It discusses the challenges and future directions in sustainable agriculture and farm management. Part 2 focuses on developing and implementing sustainable land use strategies. It covers assessing requirements for improved land use, carrying out structural improvements to address threats to sustainability, and treating areas of land degradation. Part 3 delves into developing sustainable agricultural practices that utilize renewable energy and recycling systems. It includes identifying opportunities to use renewable energy, developing strategies to use renewable energy, and implementing these strategies. Part 4 addresses developing climate risk management strategies, reviewing climate and enterprise data, identifying and analysing climate risks and opportunities, and preparing climate risk management strategies. Part 5 deals with developing workplace policy and procedures for environment and sustainability, including the development, communication, implementation, and review of workplace environment and sustainability policies. Part 6 focuses on applying agribusiness management practices, such as developing and reviewing a business plan, developing a farm plan, planning and monitoring production processes, selecting and using agricultural technology, monitoring and managing soils for production, and monitoring and reviewing business performance. Overall, this book is beneficial for farmers, agricultural professionals, policymakers, researchers, and students interested in sustainable agriculture, land management, renewable energy integration, climate risk management, and agribusiness management. It provides practical insights, strategies, and guidelines for implementing sustainable practices in agricultural operations.

Sustainable Management Practices

Author : Muddassar Sarfraz
Publisher : BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN 13 : 178985153X
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (898 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Management Practices by : Muddassar Sarfraz

Download or read book Sustainable Management Practices written by Muddassar Sarfraz and published by BoD – Books on Demand. This book was released on 2019-10-09 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book encapsulates the advanced concept of sustainable management and will enlighten readers to understand this concept for practical applications. The book's salient features are as follows: • Illustrates the basic concepts of human psychology causing risk factors such as burnout; • Differentiates adaptive sustainable measures and management practices; • Emphasizes sustainable agriculture management to confront the current dynamic environment and defines specific rules for enterprise development while coping with global climate change; • Assesses inertia with respect to economic development; • Constructs the linkage between technological strategies and innovation among construction companies; • Demonstrates non-financial reporting through theoretical and empirical evidence; • Elucidates the principles of equality, elaborating the managing of equality and diversity in a Steiner school

Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics

Author : National Research Council
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309047498
Total Pages : 721 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics by : National Research Council

Download or read book Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1993-02-01 with total page 721 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Rainforests are rapidly being cleared in the humid tropics to keep pace with food demands, economic needs, and population growth. Without proper management, these forests and other natural resources will be seriously depleted within the next 50 years. Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment in the Humid Tropics provides critically needed direction for developing strategies that both mitigate land degradation, deforestation, and biological resource losses and help the economic status of tropical countries through promotion of sustainable agricultural practices. The book includes: A practical discussion of 12 major land use options for boosting food production and enhancing local economies while protecting the natural resource base. Recommendations for developing technologies needed for sustainable agriculture. A strategy for changing policies that discourage conserving and managing natural resources and biodiversity. Detailed reports on agriculture and deforestation in seven tropical countries.

Challenges and opportunities in implementing video-based extension approaches targeting women farmers: An implementer’s perspective

Download Challenges and opportunities in implementing video-based extension approaches targeting women farmers: An implementer’s perspective PDF Online Free

Author : Rwamigisa, Patience B.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 5 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Challenges and opportunities in implementing video-based extension approaches targeting women farmers: An implementer’s perspective by : Rwamigisa, Patience B.

Download or read book Challenges and opportunities in implementing video-based extension approaches targeting women farmers: An implementer’s perspective written by Rwamigisa, Patience B. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2024-01-16 with total page 5 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Agricultural extension services play an important role in agricultural development. Timely and reliable information services are key to improving farmers’ knowledge of strategies to increase agricultural productivity, assisting them in accessing inputs and credit, providing early warning against pests and other shocks, and offering them critical advice on climate action. However, equitable access to knowledge, information, and technology remains challeng ing in most countries. This inequity is even more pronounced among farmers from marginalized groups, including women farmers, resulting in their limited access to climate resilience-enhancing technologies and practices. This note summarizes findings from implementers of participatory video-based extension interventions in India, Kenya, and Uganda. The findings suggest that videos targeting women farmers can reach them effectively. Still, participa tory video-based extension should be accompanied by group discussions, providing complementary inputs, and dismantling other barriers that impede women’s agency and achievements in agriculture.