Regulation Of Cell Fate Asymmetry In Caulobacter Crescentus By A Complex Of Two Component Signaling Proteins

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Regulation of Cell Fate Asymmetry in Caulobacter Crescentus by a Complex of Two Component Signaling Proteins

Author : Christos G. Tsokos
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 127 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Regulation of Cell Fate Asymmetry in Caulobacter Crescentus by a Complex of Two Component Signaling Proteins by : Christos G. Tsokos

Download or read book Regulation of Cell Fate Asymmetry in Caulobacter Crescentus by a Complex of Two Component Signaling Proteins written by Christos G. Tsokos and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 127 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cellular asymmetry is critical to the generation of complexity in both metazoans and many microbes. However, several molecular mechanisms responsible for translating asymmetry into differential cell fates remain unknown. Caulobacter crescentus provides an excellent model to study this process because every division is asymmetric. One daughter cell, the stalked cell, is sessile and commits immediately to S phase. The other daughter, the swarmer cell, is motile and locked in G1. Cellular differentiation requires asymmetric distribution or activation of regulatory factors. In Caulobacter, the master cell cycle regulator CtrA is selectively activated in swarmer cells, deactivated in stalked cells, and reactivated in predivisional cells. CtrA controls DNA replication, polar morphogenesis and cell division, and its cell-type and cell cycle-specific regulation is essential to the life cycle of Caulobacter. In swarmer cells, activated CtrA binds to the origin of replication and holds cells in G1. In stalked cells, CtrA deactivation allows for the initiation of DNA replication. Finally, in predivisional cells, CtrA is reactivated and acts as a transcription factor for>100 genes including those involved in polar morphogenesis and cell division. CtrA regulation is determined by the polarly localized histidine kinase CckA, but how CckA is differentially regulated in each cell type and why activity depends on localization are unknown. This thesis demonstrates that the unorthodox kinase DivL promotes CckA activity and that the phosphorylated regulator DivK inhibits CckA by binding to DivL. Differential cellular fates are achieved by regulating the phosphorylation state of DivK. In swarmer cells, DivK is dephosphorylated, thereby activating CckA and arresting the cells in G1. In stalked cells, phosphorylated DivK inactivates CckA, thus allowing for DNA replication initiation. Paradoxically, in predivisional cells, while phosphorylated DivK levels remain high, CckA is reactivated to initiate cellular division and morphogenesis. CckA activation in this cell type relies on polar localization with a DivK phosphatase. Localization thus creates a protected zone for CckA within the cell, without the use of membrane-enclosed compartments. These results reveal the mechanisms by which CckA is regulated in a cell-type-dependent manner. More generally, these findings reveal how cells exploit subcellular localization to orchestrate sophisticated regulation.

Assembly of a Sub-cellular Protein Complex Generates Asymmetry in the Bacterium Caulobacter Crescentus

Author : Adam Michael Perez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis Assembly of a Sub-cellular Protein Complex Generates Asymmetry in the Bacterium Caulobacter Crescentus by : Adam Michael Perez

Download or read book Assembly of a Sub-cellular Protein Complex Generates Asymmetry in the Bacterium Caulobacter Crescentus written by Adam Michael Perez and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The subcellular localization of different cell fate determinants at the cell poles serves to enable asymmetric cell division in many diverse cell types. The bacterium Caulobacter crescentus carries out an asymmetric cell division in each cell cycle. Key to the generation and maintenance of asymmetry in Caulobacter is the localization of two distinct sets of two-component signaling proteins to opposing cell poles. The asymmetric localization of these proteins ensures differential transcriptional readouts of the genome to produce two daughter cells with different cell fates upon the completion of cell division. The molecular mechanisms that are utilized to recruit these proteins to the pole remain ill defined. In this thesis work, I present evidence detailing the assembly of a polar protein complex that drives the asymmetric cell cycle of Caulobacter. Key to the recruitment of multiple polar proteins is the PopZ protein that forms a polymeric matrix at the cell pole. As it is one of the first proteins known to localize to the Caulobacter cell pole and is required for localization of at least 10 known polar proteins, it is critical to know how PopZ functions as a polar organizer. To understand how polar organizing centers are established by PopZ, I generated a set of mutated PopZ proteins and investigated the mutant strains for defects in sub-cellular localization and recruitment activity. I identified a domain within the C-terminal 76 amino acids of PopZ that is necessary and sufficient for accumulation as a single subcellular focus, and a 23 amino acid domain at the N-terminus that is necessary for bipolar targeting. Mutations in either domain caused defects in the recruitment of other factors to the cell poles, indicating a role for dynamic PopZ localization in polar organization. Mutations in the C-terminal domain also blocked discrete steps in the PopZ matrix assembly pathway. Biophysical analysis of purified wildtype and assembly-defective mutant proteins revealed that the PopZ self-associates into an elongated trimer, which readily forms a dimer of trimers through lateral contact. The final six amino acids of PopZ are necessary for connecting the hexamers into long filaments, which are important for subcellular localization. Thus, PopZ undergoes multiple orders of self-assembly, and the formation of an interconnected superstructure is a key feature of polar organization in Caulobacter. Downstream of PopZ, localization of the histidine kinase DivJ specifically to the stalked cell pole is critical for defining the stalked cell fate. As the Caulobacter cell cycle progresses, both the flagellum-bearing pole and the new stalked pole have a PopZ polymeric matrix, but the new stalked pole acquires the SpmX protein and the DivJ histidine kinase. Using both a heterologous in vivo expression system and binding assays with purified proteins, I determined the pathway of stalked pole complex formation. I demonstrate that SpmX, which is synthesized only at the swarmer to stalked cell transition, binds directly to PopZ via its lysozyme-like domain. Subsequently, newly synthesized DivJ binds directly to SpmX. The positioning of DivJ at one cell pole spatially restricts this histidine kinase so that upon division it is sequestered to the progeny stalked cell where it mediates stalked cell fate determination. Analysis of SpmX truncations and amino acid substitutions revealed that the additional regions of the SpmX protein, including a proline rich domain and the transmembrane domains, contribute to the asymmetric localization of SpmX, and consequently DivJ. Mistimed overproduction of SpmX resulted in the initiation of lateral growth zones providing insight into the function of the SpmX protein as a mediator of the three dimensional organization of the cell and, via DivJ, the maintenance of asymmetry. This thesis work utilizes a combination of biochemistry, cell biology, and molecular biology to detail the assembly of a protein complex that serves to maintain and generate cellular asymmetry in Caulobacter. The insights gained into the mechanisms that drive formation of this complex have broad implications in the understanding of subcellular protein localization in other bacteria, as well as in the understanding of cellular asymmetry in all kingdoms of life.

Investigating Signaling Mechanisms in Caulobacter Crescentus

Author : Elaine Benner Shapland
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (769 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigating Signaling Mechanisms in Caulobacter Crescentus by : Elaine Benner Shapland

Download or read book Investigating Signaling Mechanisms in Caulobacter Crescentus written by Elaine Benner Shapland and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How bacteria control their shape and division was one of the first topics investigated with molecular biology, and many unanswered questions remain today. This dissertation research used the model organism Cualobacter crescentus to investigate how phospho-signaling controls asymmetric cell division, and how those signals are initiated and regulated. Most signaling in bacteria is achieved through two component systems (TCS), which are comprised of a histidine kinase and a response regulator. The downstream effects of response regulator activation have been well documented and can affect gene transcription, protein interactions or enzyme activity. However, very little is known about how histidine kinases are activated. Caulobacter uses TCS to control its asymmetric cell division and differentiation, but the events that initiate the cell cycle and the ability of an outside signal to impinge upon cell cycle progression remain unknown. Using three different methods, I have been able to shed light on signaling and cell cycle progression in Caulobacter crescentus. I have developed a tool to determine which proteins and conditions activate histidine kinases. I have shown that an outside environmental signal can feed into the TCS controlling cell cycle progression. I have also shown that a protein similar to a eukaryotic tyrosine phosphatase controls membrane integrity and morphology and is essential for viability in Caulobacter.

A Novel Adapter Mechanism Regulates the Caulobacter Cell Cycle by Promoting the Degradation of the Transcriptional Regulator CtrA.

Author : Stephen Carl Smith
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis A Novel Adapter Mechanism Regulates the Caulobacter Cell Cycle by Promoting the Degradation of the Transcriptional Regulator CtrA. by : Stephen Carl Smith

Download or read book A Novel Adapter Mechanism Regulates the Caulobacter Cell Cycle by Promoting the Degradation of the Transcriptional Regulator CtrA. written by Stephen Carl Smith and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Caulobacter crescentus is a powerful model organism for understanding cellular differentiation, cell polarity and cell cycle regulation in bacteria. An elaborate network of two-component signaling proteins works to orchestrate the developmental program that characterizes the Caulobacter cell cycle. The essential DNA-binding response regulator CtrA is at the center of this regulatory scheme and acts to control the transcription of>100 genes that are required for cell cycle progression, motility, DNA methylation, morphology and other processes. Because CtrA also inhibits chromosome replication at specific stages of the Caulobacter cell cycle, its activity must be temporarily eliminated in order for DNA replication to occur. Inactivation of CtrA is achieved though dephosphorylation and regulated degradation by the broadly conserved energy-dependent protease ClpXP. In this dissertation, I analyze the roles of three proteins that are required for CtrA degradation in living cells. These are a single domain response regulator CpdR, a protein with no predicted function, RcdA, and a cyclic diguanylate (cdG)-binding protein, PopA. Structure-directed mutagenesis of RcdA was used to probe RcdA function. Results from these studies undermine the prevailing model for RcdA function, which suggest that RcdA does not participate directly in delivering CtrA to ClpXP, but instead acts simply as a localization factor increasing the concentration of CtrA at the cell pole where the protease is located. Additionally, I reconstituted the regulated proteolytic reaction in vitro and probed the role of all three accessory proteins and the small molecule cdG in promoting CtrA degradation. Although ClpXP alone is known to degrade CtrA in vitro, I observed a dramatic acceleration of proteolysis in the presence of the accessory proteins and cdG. This accelerated proteolysis was characterized by a nearly 10-fold reduction in the KM of the reaction, which is consistent with predictions for an adaptor mediated mechanism. I began to characterize protein-protein interactions within the proteolytic complex using in vivo and in vitro techniques. These experiments demonstrate that CtrA interacts directly with PopA in a cdG-dependent fashion. CtrA also interacts directly with RcdA and with ClpX. The CtrA-PopA(cdG) and CtrA-RcdA interactions are weakened or abolished by mutations in the receiver domain of CtrA that slow its proteolysis in vivo. We propose a mechanism in which CtrA forms a ternary complex with PopA and RcdA in response to rising cdG concentrations in the cell. In this complex, PopA and RcdA act as a multi-protein adaptor complex to enhance the delivery of CtrA to the catalytic pore of ClpX. CpdR is required for accelerated CtrA proteolysis, but its precise role is still unknown. The accessory proteins were able to stimulate CtrA degradation even in the presence of a DNA fragment containing a CtrA binding site, which is known to inhibit CtrA proteolysis. Future work will determine if the accessory factors prevent the formation of inhibitory CtrA-DNA complexes or actively disassemble them. This dissertation alters the concept of proteolytic adaptors to include multi-protein complexes and expands the range of mechanisms by which proteolytic adaptors are controlled to include direct regulation by the small molecule cdG.

Analysis of an Uncharacterized Gene in Caulobacter Crescentus and Its Novel Connections with Cell Cycle Regulatory Machinery

Author : Haibi Wang
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781658425261
Total Pages : 149 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (252 download)

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Book Synopsis Analysis of an Uncharacterized Gene in Caulobacter Crescentus and Its Novel Connections with Cell Cycle Regulatory Machinery by : Haibi Wang

Download or read book Analysis of an Uncharacterized Gene in Caulobacter Crescentus and Its Novel Connections with Cell Cycle Regulatory Machinery written by Haibi Wang and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 149 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cell division and differentiation are complex biological phenomena that occur in all kingdoms of life. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that underlie these complex processes often requires the study of experimentally tractable model organisms. As a Gram-negative bacteria with less than four thousand genes, Caulobacter crescentus exhibits cell differentiation, highly regulated chromosome replication and segregation, and asymmetric cell division with every turn of the cell cycle. To achieve these behaviors, Caulobacter utilizes spatial control mechanisms such as sub-cellular compartmentalization and protein localization. The cell poles are particularly enriched for cell cycle regulatory proteins. Many of these proteins are localized by the hub protein PopZ, which forms a three-dimensional scaffold that also aids in chromosome segregation. The PopZ scaffold also includes proteolysis activity, which regulates cell cycle progression in a manner that is analogous to well-known eukaryotic systems. In this dissertation, I characterized an evolutionarily conserved protein of unknown function, which is now named SpbR (Swarmer pole blocking factoR). SpbR is a pole-localized protein that has co-evolved with PopZ and other polar proteins. Strikingly, SpbR over-production exhibited a severe chromosome segregation phenotype, in which the newly replicated centromere failed to travel across the cell to its normal destination at the opposite pole. SpbR overproduction results in its accumulation at the old pole, where it physically interacts with PopZ. This prevents the relocation of PopZ to the new pole, thereby eliminating a positional cue for centromere translocation. Consistent with this, the centromere translocation phenotype of SpbR overproducing cells is further enhanced in genetic backgrounds that accumulate higher SpbR or reduce chromosome segregation activity. We find that pole-localized SpbR is normally cleared by proteolysis before the time of chromosome segregation, indicating that SpbR turnover is part of the cell cycle-dependent program of polar development.

Phosphorylation-based Control of Cellular Asymmetry and the Cell Cycle in Caulobacter Crescentus

Author : Yiyin Erin Chen
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (768 download)

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Book Synopsis Phosphorylation-based Control of Cellular Asymmetry and the Cell Cycle in Caulobacter Crescentus by : Yiyin Erin Chen

Download or read book Phosphorylation-based Control of Cellular Asymmetry and the Cell Cycle in Caulobacter Crescentus written by Yiyin Erin Chen and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Asymmetric cell division allows for better environmental adaptation and organismal complexity. Cells often divide by binary fission to form two identical daughter cells with similar developmental fates. However, a cell can also divide asymmetrically to form two daughter cells with different developmental fates. This process makes possible diverse behaviors such as differing life cycles respondent to environmental stimuli and specialization of cellular functions to generate organ systems. How cells divide asymmetrically and how they enforce the differential fates of daughter cells remain unsolved, fundamental problems in biology. In this work, I use the model organism Caulobacter crescentus to investigate how intracellular asymmetry within the mother cell is translated into the formation of two developmentally distinct daughter cells. Caulobacter is an alpha-proteobacterium that always divides asymmetrically to generate two daughter cells that are morphologically distinct and have different replicative capacities. I show that kinase and phosphatase activities at opposite poles of the cell generate a spatial gradient in the phosphorylation level of an essential cell cycle regulator called CtrA. This spatial gradient of CtrA phosphorylation enforces replicative asymmetry and couples it to the asymmetric morphogenesis of the daughter cells. I then investigate how CtrA's control of replicative asymmetry relates to the control of replication periodicity. I show that the activity of an essential replication initiator DnaA dictates the timing of replication initiation and oscillates independently of CtrA activity. The genetic separability of the spatial and temporal controls of replication in Caulobacter suggests that DnaA comprises an ancient and phylogenetically widespread control module for replication in almost all bacteria while CtrA developed later in c-proteobacteria and was recruited to enforce replicative asymmetry in daughter cells. This work provides a foundation for understanding cellular asymmetry and evolution of the cell cycle in bacteria.

Cell Cycle Regulation and Development in Alphaproteobacteria

Author : Emanuele Biondi
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030906213
Total Pages : 305 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Cycle Regulation and Development in Alphaproteobacteria by : Emanuele Biondi

Download or read book Cell Cycle Regulation and Development in Alphaproteobacteria written by Emanuele Biondi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-14 with total page 305 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comprehensive overview of the cell cycle regulation and development in Alphaproteobacteria. Cell cycle and cellular differentiation are fascinating biological phenomena that are highly regulated in all organisms. In the last decades, many laboratories around the world have been investigating these processes in Alphaproteobacteria. This bacterial class comprises important bacterial species, studied by fundamental and applied research. The complexity of cell cycle regulation and many examples of cellular differentiations in this bacterial group represent the main motives of this book. The book starts with discussing the regulation of cell cycle in alphaproteobacterial species from a system biology perspective. The following chapters specifically focus on the model species Caulobacter crescentus multiple layers of regulation, from transcriptional cascades to proteolysis and dynamic subcellular regulation of cell cycle regulators. In addition, the cell division process, chromosome segregation and growth of the cell envelope is described in detail. The last part of the book covers examples of non-Caulobacter alphaproteobacterial models, such as Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Brucella species and Sinorhizobium meliloti and also discusses possible applications. This book will be of interest to researchers in microbiology and cell biology labs working on cell cycle regulation and development.

Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle, 2nd edition

Author : Morigen Morigen
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889767671
Total Pages : 181 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle, 2nd edition by : Morigen Morigen

Download or read book Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle, 2nd edition written by Morigen Morigen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-10-10 with total page 181 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Analogous to the eukaryotic G1, S and M phase of the cell cycle, the bacterial cell cycle can be classified into independent stages. Slowly growing bacterial cells undergo three different stages, B-, C- and D-phase, respectively, while the cell cycle of fast-growing bacteria involves at least two independent cycles: the chromosome replication and the cell division. The oscillation in gene expression regulated by transcription factors, and proteolysis mediated by ClpXP, are closely correlated with progression of the cell cycle. Indeed, it has been shown that DnaA couples DNA replication initiation with the expression of the two oscillating regulators GcrA and CtrA, and the DnaA/GcrA/CtrA regulatory cascade drives the forward progression of the Caulobacter cell cycle. Furthermore, it has been found that: the DnaA oscillation in Eschericha coli and Caulobacter crescentus plays an important role in the cell cycle coordination; RpoS in Coxiella regulates the gene expression involved in the developmental cycle; the SigB and SinR transcription factors control whether cells remain in or leave a biofilm responding to metabolic conditions in Bacillus subtilis; similarly, BolA in most Gram-negative bacteria turns off motility and turns on biofilm development as a transcription factor; CtrA regulates cell division and outer membrane composition of the pathogen Brucella abortus; an essential transcription factor SciP enhances robustness of Caulobacter cell cycle regulation. Interestingly, transcription factors mediated metabolism fluctuations are also related to progression of the cell cycle. It has been shown that: CggR and Cra factors are involved in the flux-signaling metabolite fructose-1,6-bisphosphate; IclR mediates para-hydroxybenzoate catabolism in Streptomyces coelicolor; CceR and AkgR regulate central carbon and energy metabolism in alphaproteobacteria; and these metabolism changes affect cell growth. In line with the argument, AspC-mediated aspartate metabolism coordinates the E. coli cell cycle. However, the molecular mechanisms of maintaining the proper cell cycle progression through coordination of transcription factors mediated gene transcription oscillation, cellular metabolism with the cell cycle are not yet well-established. This Research Topic is intended to cover the spectrum of cell cycle regulatory mechanisms, in particular the coordination of transcription factor mediated gene transcription oscillations, and the cellular metabolisms associated with the cell cycle. We welcome all types of articles including Original Research, Review, and Mini Review. The subject areas of interest include but are not limited to: 1. Cell cycle coordination through gene expression and expression oscillation mediated by transcription factors. 2. Regulation of the cell cycle by proteolysis oscillation. 3. Coordination of the cell cycle with metabolism fluctuation. 4. DNA methylation fluctuation and the cell cycle. 5. Novel transcription factors and gene expression patterns associated with the cell cycle.

Pseudokinases

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0323915426
Total Pages : 838 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (239 download)

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Book Synopsis Pseudokinases by :

Download or read book Pseudokinases written by and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2022-05-05 with total page 838 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pseudokinases, Volume 667, the latest release in the Methods in Enzymology serial, highlights new advances in the field with this new volume presenting interesting chapters, including the Production and Purification of the PEAK pseudokinases for structural and functional studies, Structural biology and biophysical characterization of Tribbles pseudokinases, Detecting endogenous TRIB protein expression and its downstream signaling, Analysis of human Tribbles 2 pseudokinase, Expression, purification and examination of ligand-binding to IRAK pseudokinases, Characterization of pseudokinase ILK-mediated actin assembly, Biochemical examination of Titin pseudokinase, Approaches to study pseudokinase conformations, CRISPR editing cell lines for reconstitution studies of pseudokinase function, and much more. - Provides the authority and expertise of leading contributors from an international board of authors - Presents the latest release in Methods in Enzymology serials - Includes the latest information on Pseudokinases

Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle

Author : Morigen Morigen
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889743241
Total Pages : 193 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (897 download)

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Book Synopsis Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle by : Morigen Morigen

Download or read book Bacterial Transcription Factors and the Cell Cycle written by Morigen Morigen and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-02-10 with total page 193 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Asymmetric Cell Division in Development, Differentiation and Cancer

Author : Jean-Pierre Tassan
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319531506
Total Pages : 421 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Asymmetric Cell Division in Development, Differentiation and Cancer by : Jean-Pierre Tassan

Download or read book Asymmetric Cell Division in Development, Differentiation and Cancer written by Jean-Pierre Tassan and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-04-12 with total page 421 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides readers with an overview of the frequent occurrence of asymmetric cell division. Employing a broad range of examples, it highlights how this mode of cell division constitutes the basis of multicellular organism development and how its misregulation can lead to cancer. To underline such developmental correlations, readers will for example gain insights into stem cell fate and tumor growth. In turn, subsequent chapters include descriptions of asymmetric cell division from unicellular organisms to humans in both physiological and pathological conditions. The book also illustrates the importance of this process for evolution and our need to understand the background mechanisms, offering a valuable guide not only for students in the field of developmental biology but also for experienced researchers from neighboring fields.

Prokaryotic Cytoskeletons

Author : Jan Löwe
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331953047X
Total Pages : 457 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis Prokaryotic Cytoskeletons by : Jan Löwe

Download or read book Prokaryotic Cytoskeletons written by Jan Löwe and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-05-11 with total page 457 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book describes the structures and functions of active protein filaments, found in bacteria and archaea, and now known to perform crucial roles in cell division and intra-cellular motility, as well as being essential for controlling cell shape and growth. These roles are possible because the cytoskeletal and cytomotive filaments provide long range order from small subunits. Studies of these filaments are therefore of central importance to understanding prokaryotic cell biology. The wide variation in subunit and polymer structure and its relationship with the range of functions also provide important insights into cell evolution, including the emergence of eukaryotic cells. Individual chapters, written by leading researchers, review the great advances made in the past 20-25 years, and still ongoing, to discover the architectures, dynamics and roles of filaments found in relevant model organisms. Others describe one of the families of dynamic filaments found in many species. The most common types of filament are deeply related to eukaryotic cytoskeletal proteins, notably actin and tubulin that polymerise and depolymerise under the control of nucleotide hydrolysis. Related systems are found to perform a variety of roles, depending on the organisms. Surprisingly, prokaryotes all lack the molecular motors associated with eukaryotic F-actin and microtubules. Archaea, but not bacteria, also have active filaments related to the eukaryotic ESCRT system. Non-dynamic fibres, including intermediate filament-like structures, are known to occur in some bacteria.. Details of known filament structures are discussed and related to what has been established about their molecular mechanisms, including current controversies. The final chapter covers the use of some of these dynamic filaments in Systems Biology research. The level of information in all chapters is suitable both for active researchers and for advanced students in courses involving bacterial or archaeal physiology, molecular microbiology, structural cell biology, molecular motility or evolution. Chapter 3 of this book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation

Author : J. Reinert
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 354037390X
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation by : J. Reinert

Download or read book Cell Cycle and Cell Differentiation written by J. Reinert and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is instructive to compare the response of biologists to the two themes that comprise the title of this volume. The concept of the cell cycle-in contra distinction to cell division-is a relatively recent one. Nevertheless biologists of all persuasions appreciate and readily agree on the central problems in this area. Issues ranging from mechanisms that initiate and integrate the synthesis of chro mosomal proteins and DNA during S-phase of mitosis to the manner in which assembly of microtubules and their interactions lead to the segregation of metaphase chromosomes are readily followed by botanists and zoologists, as well as by cell and molecular biologists. These problems are crisp and well-defined. The current state of "cell differentiation" stands in sharp contrast. This, one of the oldest problems in experimental biology, almost defies definition today. The difficulties arise not only from a lack of pertinent information on the regulatory mechanisms, but also from conflicting basic concepts in this field. One of the ways in which this situation might be improved would be to find a broader experimental basis, including a better understanding of the relationship between the cell cycle and cell differentiation.

The Cell Cycle and Development

Author : Gregory R. Bock
Publisher : John Wiley and Sons
ISBN 13 : 9780471496625
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (966 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cell Cycle and Development by : Gregory R. Bock

Download or read book The Cell Cycle and Development written by Gregory R. Bock and published by John Wiley and Sons. This book was released on 2001-06-29 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings together scientists working at the interface between the cell cycle, cell growth and development in a variety of model systems and research paradigms. The focus is on understanding how such diverse developmental inputs can modulate cell cycle regulation and, reciprocally, how a common way of regulating cell cycle progression can participate in different developmental strategies.

Cell Biology of Bacteria

Author : Lucy Shapiro
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780879699079
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Cell Biology of Bacteria by : Lucy Shapiro

Download or read book Cell Biology of Bacteria written by Lucy Shapiro and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Often thought to lack signifucant internal organization by comparison with eukaryotic cells, prokaryotes have in face been shown to possess distinct intracellular compartments. The book covers all aspects of prokaryotic cell biology, including the bacterial cytoskeleton, membrance organization, chromosome dynamics, nucleic acid processing and dynamics, as well as various methods.

Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology

Author : John A. Fuerst
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1627035028
Total Pages : 290 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (27 download)

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Book Synopsis Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology by : John A. Fuerst

Download or read book Planctomycetes: Cell Structure, Origins and Biology written by John A. Fuerst and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-07-20 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces Planctomycetes bacteria and deals in detail with their unusual structure, physiology, genomics and evolutionary significance. It is a definitive summary of recent knowledge of this important distinctive group of bacteria, microorganisms which challenge our very concept of the bacterium. Planctomycetes, and their relatives within the PVC superphylum of domain Bacteria, including verrucomicrobia and chlamydia, challenge our classical concept of the bacterium and its modes of life and provide new experimental models for exploring evolutionary cell biology and the full diversity of how living cells can be organized internally. Unique among bacteria, they include species possessing cells with intracellular membrane-bounded compartments and a peptidoglycan-less cell wall, and bacteria such as the anammox organisms performing unique anaerobic ammonium oxidation significant for global nitrogen cycle.

Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animal-Associated Microbes

Author : Vishvanath Nene
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 3540740422
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animal-Associated Microbes by : Vishvanath Nene

Download or read book Genome Mapping and Genomics in Animal-Associated Microbes written by Vishvanath Nene and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-11-24 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Achievements and progress in genome mapping and the genomics of microbes supersede by far those for higher plants and animals, in part due to their enormous economic implication but also smaller genome size. In the post-genomic era, whole genome sequences of animal-associated microbes are providing clues to depicting the genetic basis of the complex host-pathogen relationships and the evolution of parasitism; and to improving methods of controlling pathogens. This volume focuses on a globally important group of intracellular prokaryotic pathogens which affect livestock animals. These include Brucella, Mycobacterium, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia, as well as the protozoan pathogens Cryptosporidium and Theileria, for which genome sequence data is available. Insights from comparative genomics of the microbes described provide clues to the adaptation involved in host-microbe interactions, as well as resources potentially useful for application in future research and product development.