Disremembering the Dictatorship

Download Disremembering the Dictatorship PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004483225
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Disremembering the Dictatorship by :

Download or read book Disremembering the Dictatorship written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-08-04 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most accounts of the Spanish transition to democracy have been celebratory exercises at the service of a stabilizing rather than a critical project of far-reaching reform. As one of the essays in this volume puts it, the “pact of oblivion,” which characterized the Spanish transition to democracy, curtailed any serious attempt to address the legacies of authoritarianism that the new democracy inherited from the Franco era. As a result, those legacies pervaded public discourse even in newly created organs of opinion. As another contributor argues, the Transition was based on the erasure of memory and the invention of a new political tradition. On the other hand, memory and its etiolation have been an object of reflection for a number of film directors and fiction writers, who have probed the return of the repressed under spectral conditions. Above all, this book strives to present memory as a performative exercise of democratic agents and an open field for encounters with different, possibly divergent, and necessarily fragmented recollections. The pact of the Transition could not entirely disguise the naturalization of a society made of winners and losers, nor could it ensure the consolidation of amnesia by political agents and by the tools that create hegemony by shaping opinion. Spanish society is haunted by the specters of a past it has tried to surmount by denying it. It seems unlikely that it can rid itself of its ghosts without in the process undermining the democracy it sought to legitimate through the erasure of memories and the drowning of witnesses' voices in the cacaphony of triumphant modernization.

MapiripáN. Sin PerdóN y Sin Olvido

Download MapiripáN. Sin PerdóN y Sin Olvido PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palibrio
ISBN 13 : 1463340508
Total Pages : 209 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (633 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis MapiripáN. Sin PerdóN y Sin Olvido by : Teniente Coronel C

Download or read book MapiripáN. Sin PerdóN y Sin Olvido written by Teniente Coronel C and published by Palibrio. This book was released on 2012-11 with total page 209 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Like Judge Cortes, Major Orozco was not part of the conspiracy. He was unaware that he was to be the fall guy who would take the blame when the news of the massacre broke. Unwittingly, Major Orozco played his role perfectly. He promised Judge Cortes that he would inform the general in charge of the region and request reinforcements. Immediately, he sent a report to General Jaime Uscátegui...He recommended sending three battalions in three helicopters... Nothing was done." "Orozco's crime was clear: He told the truth. "In a system like the one that exists in Colombia, the truth ruins everyone's prospects and accounts for the high level of indifference and silence, since no one will risk saying anything for fear of losing what they have." Robin Kirk. More Terrible than Death. New York, 2003. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "En todo esto se deduce claramente que el coronel (r) Hernán Orozco pretendió en todo momento evitar la masacre y otras posibles, pero que No contaba con el poder necesario para evitarla. Sin embargo lo condenan como ya dije, como "chivo expiatorio" por haber sido el oficial del Ejército Colombiano con menor rango y poder militar, y a partir de ahí tratar de lograr que exoneren al General Uscátegui que es el extremo opuesto de Orozco, es decir con ostensible mayor peso social, financiero y sobre todo político." Apreciado Hernan Orozco Castro: "Mi opinión personal es que usted no es un asesino, ya que obligados a aterrizar en San Jose del Guaviare, Colombia, luego de la primera masacre de Mapiripan en una avioneta piloteada por Sonia Pérez; se nos respetó a mi familia y a mi (Esposa e hijos) el derecho a la vida, en la conversación personal que sostuvimos en algún Restaurante de esa ciudad, tanto usted, su esposa, su amigo el médico y esposa, me parecieron gente decente. Sigo pensando que a usted lo utilizaron como chivo expiatorio. Fuerza y entereza, usted es honesto y también tuvo el valor de decir la verdad. No creo que usted sea cómplice de los narco paramilitares..." Leonardo Ivan Cortes Novoa. Ex juez de Mapiripán en el exilio forzoso. Sábado, Diciembre 26, 2009 12:51 PM ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "La ley que rige en la guerra y en los conflictos internos en Colombia, de obligado conocimiento para un general de la república dada su formación, rango, especialidad y entrega a la vida militar y dentro del contexto de la actual realidad nacional, el General Uscátegui tenía la obligación a partir de la más simple sensatez, saber que si no actuaba ante la información recibida el mismísimo día 15 de julio... contribuía por omisión crasa... a la masacre de Mapiripan." Magistrada Amelia Mantilla Villegas. Agosto 18 de 1999. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Repárese que la sola existencia del oficio cuyo contenido hace referencia a esa especial situación de Mapiripan, con ocasión del arribo del grupo de justicia privada, es una clara muestra del sentido de humanidad inherente al oficial Orozco Castro. Conclusión de todo lo anterior es que el Mayor Orozco, no incumplió con sus deberes y obligaciones como comandante del batallón París, pues de inmediato elaboro y envió comunicación a la séptima brigada, dando cuenta de lo que acontecía en Mapiripan. Fiscal Regional de Derechos Humanos. Bogotá, 30 de marzo de 1999. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "NEMO PUNITUR PRO ALIENO DELICTO" "Nadie debe ser castigado por el delito de otro"

Home Away from Home

Download Home Away from Home PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469647478
Total Pages : 295 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Home Away from Home by : N. Michelle Murray

Download or read book Home Away from Home written by N. Michelle Murray and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2018-12-28 with total page 295 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Home Away from Home: Immigrant Narratives, Domesticity, and Coloniality in Contemporary Spanish Culture examines ideological, emotional, economic, and cultural phenomena brought about by migration through readings of works of literature and film featuring domestic workers. In the past thirty years, Spain has experienced a massive increase in immigration. Since the 1990s, immigrants have been increasingly female, as bilateral trade agreements, migration quotas, and immigration policies between Spain and its former colonies (including the Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Equatorial Guinea, and the Philippines) have created jobs for foreign women in the domestic service sector. These migrations reveal that colonial histories continue to be structuring elements of Spanish national culture, even in a democratic era in which its former colonies are now independent. Migration has also transformed the demographic composition of Spain and has created complex new social relations around the axes of gender, race, and nationality. Representations of migrant domestic workers provide critical responses to immigration and its feminization, alongside profound engagements with how the Spanish nation has changed since the end of the Franco era in 1975. Throughout Home Away from Home, readings of works of literature and film show that texts concerning the transnational nature of domestic work uniquely provide a nuanced account of the cultural shifts occurring in late twentieth- through twenty-first-century Spain.

Tratando de Olvidar

Download Tratando de Olvidar PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palibrio
ISBN 13 : 1463311141
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (633 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Tratando de Olvidar by : Maria Helena Aguilera Mizugay

Download or read book Tratando de Olvidar written by Maria Helena Aguilera Mizugay and published by Palibrio. This book was released on 2012-09 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Obra extremadamente introspectiva e intimista, en la cual los sentimientos juegan el rol principal, desplazando a los personajes. Llevando en si el protagonismo total. Lo que nos lleva a reflexionar sobre nuestros propios conceptos de Amistad, lealtad y sinceridad...y el Amor. Ese con el que, algunos afortunados tropiezan, mientras que a otros solo le conocen por relatos o aún peor...por haberlo visto pasar acompañando a otra persona. Este sentimiento a veces se es fuerza motivadora para una metamorfosis total. Tras la cual, no seríamos capaces de reconocernos, nosotros mismos. Seguramente luego de esta apasionado viaje literario, siguiendo las vicisitudes con que la vida enfrenta a Rodrigo Blanes, para usted tampoco sera... FÁCIL OLVIDAR.

Actualizando La Mediana Edad

Download Actualizando La Mediana Edad PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1000379884
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (3 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Actualizando La Mediana Edad by : Guillermo Julio Montero

Download or read book Actualizando La Mediana Edad written by Guillermo Julio Montero and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La “mediana edad” es un concepto que se utiliza en todos los ámbitos y que presenta numerosos vértices diferentes, aunque generalmente es bastante impreciso, incluso dentro del paradigma psicoanalítico. Este libro trata de determinar su significado preciso a través del reto que representa sentar las bases para el desarrollo de una verdadera metapsicología psicoanalítica de la “mediana edad”, algo que los editores creen que le faltaba al psicoanálisis. Desde este planteamiento, han invitado a catorce psicoanalistas de renombre a que compartieran sus ideas sobre el tema y el resultado de esa labor es Puesta al día sobre la mediana edad: perspectivas psicoanalíticas, que, además de las diversas aportaciones, contiene un estudio introductorio realizado por los editores. Este libro supone un verdadero avance en el desarrollo de una metapsicología específica para la “mediana edad”.

日本文化研究論集

Download 日本文化研究論集 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 682 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis 日本文化研究論集 by :

Download or read book 日本文化研究論集 written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 682 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

La Nave Del Recuerdo

Download La Nave Del Recuerdo PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palibrio
ISBN 13 : 1463334206
Total Pages : 311 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (633 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis La Nave Del Recuerdo by : Rolando Roblero Araúz

Download or read book La Nave Del Recuerdo written by Rolando Roblero Araúz and published by Palibrio. This book was released on 2013-01-17 with total page 311 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La Nave del Recuerdo es una recopilación de varios de los mejores poemas y reflexiones del autor realizadas a lo largo de su dilatada vida. El amor y la familia aparecen como protagonistas del libro.

Bibliographic Guide to Gabriel García Márquez, 1992-2002

Download Bibliographic Guide to Gabriel García Márquez, 1992-2002 PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing USA
ISBN 13 : 0313052999
Total Pages : 530 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Bibliographic Guide to Gabriel García Márquez, 1992-2002 by : Nelly S. de Gonzalez

Download or read book Bibliographic Guide to Gabriel García Márquez, 1992-2002 written by Nelly S. de Gonzalez and published by Bloomsbury Publishing USA. This book was released on 2003-08-30 with total page 530 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With this latest installment, Nelly Sfeir v. de Gonzalez has completed her triology of bibliographies on Gabriel Garcia Marquez. Born in Colombia in 1927, Garcia Marquez has become one of the most outstanding and influential novelists of the 20th century. He has received numerous awards, including the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature. His work has generated an enormous amount of scholarship and his writings are part of the curricula taught in most American colleges and universities. This third volume presents a comprehensive annotated bibliography of books, articles, and non-print materials by and about Garcia Marquez published between 1992 and 2002. The first part consists of primary sources by Garcia Marquez, while, the second part brings together entries for secondary sources, including reviews.

Así Mis Versos...

Download Así Mis Versos... PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palibrio
ISBN 13 : 1463323573
Total Pages : 87 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (633 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Así Mis Versos... by : Octavio P. Rez-Beato

Download or read book Así Mis Versos... written by Octavio P. Rez-Beato and published by Palibrio. This book was released on 2012-03 with total page 87 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: La lectura de estos poemas, va llevando al lector por la secuencia de emociones que surcaron y, aún surcan, la vida del autor. Como él expresa, es el recuento de una vida que transcurre como cualquier otra, pero las palabras no son suficientes para expresar la esencia misma de los sentimientos. Lo que hace atrayente a este poemario, es la diversidad de giros lingüísticos, acompañados de una profunda intensidad de expresión. Las distintas emociones, pronunciadas con sensible armonía, giran alrededor de un especial uso de la métrica y la rima, proyectando una aureola de lectura atractiva, la cual lleva al lector en ligero viaje literario, de suave musicalidad y profundidad expresiva.

Handbook of Autobiography / Autofiction

Download Handbook of Autobiography / Autofiction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110279819
Total Pages : 2198 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (12 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Autobiography / Autofiction by : Martina Wagner-Egelhaaf

Download or read book Handbook of Autobiography / Autofiction written by Martina Wagner-Egelhaaf and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2019-01-29 with total page 2198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Autobiographical writings have been a major cultural genre from antiquity to the present time. General questions of the literary as, e.g., the relation between literature and reality, truth and fiction, the dependency of author, narrator, and figure, or issues of individual and cultural styles etc., can be studied preeminently in the autobiographical genre. Yet, the tradition of life-writing has, in the course of literary history, developed manifold types and forms. Especially in the globalized age, where the media and other technological / cultural factors contribute to a rapid transformation of lifestyles, autobiographical writing has maintained, even enhanced, its popularity and importance. By conceiving autobiography in a wide sense that includes memoirs, diaries, self-portraits and autofiction as well as media transformations of the genre, this three-volume handbook offers a comprehensive survey of theoretical approaches, systematic aspects, and historical developments in an international and interdisciplinary perspective. While autobiography is usually considered to be a European tradition, special emphasis is placed on the modes of self-representation in non-Western cultures and on inter- and transcultural perspectives of the genre. The individual contributions are closely interconnected by a system of cross-references. The handbook addresses scholars of cultural and literary studies, students as well as non-academic readers.

Word and Work in the Poetry of Juan Ramon Jimenez

Download Word and Work in the Poetry of Juan Ramon Jimenez PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Tamesis
ISBN 13 : 9780729301398
Total Pages : 174 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (13 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Word and Work in the Poetry of Juan Ramon Jimenez by : Mervyn Coke-Enguidanos

Download or read book Word and Work in the Poetry of Juan Ramon Jimenez written by Mervyn Coke-Enguidanos and published by Tamesis. This book was released on 1982 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

CóMo Hubiera Sido Yo, Si No Fuese Quien Yo Fuera

Download CóMo Hubiera Sido Yo, Si No Fuese Quien Yo Fuera PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Palibrio
ISBN 13 : 1463319770
Total Pages : 135 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (633 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis CóMo Hubiera Sido Yo, Si No Fuese Quien Yo Fuera by : H. Ctor D. Az

Download or read book CóMo Hubiera Sido Yo, Si No Fuese Quien Yo Fuera written by H. Ctor D. Az and published by Palibrio. This book was released on 2012-02 with total page 135 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Si deseas descubrir un mundo real, en donde nada es fantasía. Entra al maravilloso mundo de Cómo hubiera sido yo, si no fuese quien yo fuera. En este libro, el autor se destaca en lo que es la realidad de este mundo, son poesías y frases que hablan de la vida misma. Algo diferente a todo lo demás antes en poesías. (Extraordinario.)

How the Brain Learns/Como Aprende el Cerebro

Download How the Brain Learns/Como Aprende el Cerebro PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Corwin Press
ISBN 13 : 1483366138
Total Pages : 321 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis How the Brain Learns/Como Aprende el Cerebro by : David A. Sousa

Download or read book How the Brain Learns/Como Aprende el Cerebro written by David A. Sousa and published by Corwin Press. This book was released on 2002-08-12 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Segunda Edicion Now, the powerful best-seller on brain research and education is available in a Spanish Language Edition. El Dr. David A. Sousa es un especialista en educación a nivel internacional que ha realizado talleres de estudio sobre ciencias de la educación e investigaciones cerebrales a nivel primario, secundario y universitario, en centenares de distritos escolares. Es un frecuente conferencista en congresos nacionales de educación y se desempeña como Asesor de distritos escolares locales y regionales en todo Estados Unidos, el Canadá y Europa. El exitoso libro práctico y eficaz de David Sousa sobre investigación del cerebro y educación, ingresa al siglo XXI con una valiosa nueva edición que incorpora al texto principal previamente publicado, el manual de aprendizaje accesorio y los más recientes descubrimientos de neurociencia y pedagogía. Cómo Aprende el Cerebro siempre se ha concentrado en brindar información que puede ayudar a los educadores a tomar los descubrimientos sobre las funciones cerebrales y transformarlos en lecciones y actividades prácticas para la clase. La nueva segunda edición sigue incluyendo datos básicos acerca del cerebro que pueden ayudar a los estudiantes a aprender, brinda información sobre la manera en que el cerebro procesa información y da sugerencias para maximizar la retención, usando "los momentos de mínima retención." Y ahora el Dr. Sousa va más allá, agregando la más reciente información disponible para proveer: Un modelo de procesamiento de información actualizado que refleja la nueva terminología sobre los sistemas de memoria Nuevos y emocionantes descubrimientos sobre la forma en que el cerebro aprende habilidades motoras Un capítulo completamente nuevo sobre las consecuencias de las artes del aprendizaje Una lista amplia de fuentes originales para aquellos que deseen revisar las investigaciones que fundamentan los conceptos del libro Se incluyen la información y los conocimientos más actuales. Representa una herramienta indispensable para los dirigentes escolares, instructores de personal, educadores de maestros y personal administrativo de la educación, así como para todo educador que desee estimular el aprendizaje de sus alumnos.

Historia Crítica de la Literatura Espanola

Download Historia Crítica de la Literatura Espanola PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 620 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (318 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Historia Crítica de la Literatura Espanola by : José Amador de los Ríos

Download or read book Historia Crítica de la Literatura Espanola written by José Amador de los Ríos and published by . This book was released on 1861 with total page 620 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory

Download Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN 13 : 9027277443
Total Pages : 426 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (272 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory by : Paul Hirschbühler

Download or read book Romance Languages and Modern Linguistic Theory written by Paul Hirschbühler and published by John Benjamins Publishing. This book was released on 1992-01-01 with total page 426 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The contributions in this volume are selected and revised papers from the 20th Linguistic Symposium on Romance Languages, held in Ottawa in 1990. They reflect the state of Romance linguistics carried out within a broadly defined generative framework.

Las Novelas Soslayadas de la Historia

Download Las Novelas Soslayadas de la Historia PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lulu.com
ISBN 13 : 1105507378
Total Pages : 82 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (55 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Las Novelas Soslayadas de la Historia by : Marina Guerrero

Download or read book Las Novelas Soslayadas de la Historia written by Marina Guerrero and published by Lulu.com. This book was released on 2012-04-13 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Había una vez... rezaban las historias que nos contaban o nos leían, no sé de alguien que se hubiera preguntado por la verdad de aquello escuchado, simplemente escuchábamos el relato, fascinados o asustados, pero creíamos, tal cual debió sucederle a la joven humanidad, albores que se engarzaban en el tinte de la fantasía de nuestros deseos y temores. El alimento de la fantasía, la curiosidad, ha sido el gran motor, creíamos que era lo mismo el relato y el relator, y aún lo creemos, porque a veces tiene investidura científica. Los convoco para conocer acerca del imaginario colectivo, con coraje y curiosidad, el mismo material con el que se construyó la humanidad, con la inquietud de nuestros días, no es tarea fácil desentrañarnos desde el psicoanálisis de la cultura, que no ocurre por azar, sino, que es el fruto de una construcción de novela colectiva.

Changes, Conflicts and Ideologies in Contemporary Hispanic Culture

Download Changes, Conflicts and Ideologies in Contemporary Hispanic Culture PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1443860662
Total Pages : 580 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (438 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Changes, Conflicts and Ideologies in Contemporary Hispanic Culture by : Teresa Fernandez Ulloa

Download or read book Changes, Conflicts and Ideologies in Contemporary Hispanic Culture written by Teresa Fernandez Ulloa and published by Cambridge Scholars Publishing. This book was released on 2014-06-02 with total page 580 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is formed by various chapters studying the manner in which conflicts, changes and ideologies appear in contemporary Hispanic discourses. The contributions analyze a wide variety of topics related to the manner in which ideological and epistemological changes of the 19th, 20th and 21st centuries are reflected in, and shape, Spanish language, literature, and other cultural expressions in both Spain and Latin America. The 19th century was conducive to various movements of independence, while, in Europe, radical changes of different types and in all contexts of life and knowledge occurred. Language was certainly affected by these changes resulting in new terminology and discourse strategies. Likewise, new schools of thought such as idealism, dialectic materialism, nihilism, and nationalism, among others, were established, in addition to new literary movements such as romanticism, evocative of (r)evolution, individualism and realism, inspired by the social effects of capitalism. Scientific and technological advances continued throughout the 20th century, when the women’s liberation movement consolidated. The notion of globalization also appears, simultaneously to various crises, despotism, wars, genocide, social exclusion and unemployment. Together, these trends give rise to a vindicating discourse that reaches large audiences via television. The classic rhetoric undergoes some changes given the explicit suasion and the absence of delusion provided by other means of communication. The 21st century is defined by the flood of information and the overpowering presence of mass communication; so much so, that the technological impact is clear in all realms of life. From the linguistic viewpoint, the appearance of anglicisms and technicalities mirrors the impact of post-modernity. There is now a need to give coherence to a national discourse that both grasps the past and adapts itself to the new available resources with the purpose of conveying an effective and attractive message to a very large audience. Discourse is swift, since society does not seem to have time to think, but instead seeks to maintain interest in a world filled with stimuli that, in turn, change constantly. Emphasis has been switched to a search for historical images and moments that presumably explain present and future events. It is also significant that all this restlessness is discussed and explained via new means such as the world-wide-web. The change in communication habits (e-mail, chats, forums, SMS) and tools (computers, mobile phones) that was initiated in the 20th century has had a net effect on the directness and swiftness of language.