Recent Progress on Gravity Tests

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Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9819728711
Total Pages : 466 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Progress on Gravity Tests by : Cosimo Bambi

Download or read book Recent Progress on Gravity Tests written by Cosimo Bambi and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on with total page 466 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Experimental Search for Quantum Gravity

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319645374
Total Pages : 121 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Experimental Search for Quantum Gravity by : Sabine Hossenfelder

Download or read book Experimental Search for Quantum Gravity written by Sabine Hossenfelder and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-15 with total page 121 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book summarizes recent developments in the research area of quantum gravity phenomenology. A series of short and nontechnical essays lays out the prospects of various experimental possibilities and their current status. Finding observational evidence for the quantization of space-time was long thought impossible. In the last decade however, new experimental design and technological advances have changed the research landscape and opened new perspectives on quantum gravity. Formerly dominated by purely theoretical constructions, quantum gravity now has a lively phenomenology to offer. From high precision measurements using macroscopic quantum oscillators to new analysis methods of the cosmic microwave background, no stone is being left unturned in the experimental search for quantum gravity. This book sheds new light on the connection of astroparticle physics with the quantum gravity problem. Gravitational waves and their detection are covered. It illustrates findings from the interconnection between general relativity, black holes and Planck stars. Finally, the return on investment in quantum-gravitation research is illuminated. The book is intended for graduate students and researchers entering the field.

Proceedings of the 10th Hellenic Relativity Conference on Recent Developments in Gravity

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9812383700
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (123 download)

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Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 10th Hellenic Relativity Conference on Recent Developments in Gravity by : Kostas D. Kokkotas

Download or read book Proceedings of the 10th Hellenic Relativity Conference on Recent Developments in Gravity written by Kostas D. Kokkotas and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2003 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proceedings of the 10th Hellenic Relativity Conference on Recent Developments in Gravity, held in Kalithea, Chalkidiki, Greece from May 30 to June 2, 2002.

Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation And Relativistic Field Theories (In 3 Volumes) - Proceedings Of The Mg11 Meeting On General Relativity

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814470031
Total Pages : 3129 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (144 download)

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Book Synopsis Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation And Relativistic Field Theories (In 3 Volumes) - Proceedings Of The Mg11 Meeting On General Relativity by : Hagen Kleinert

Download or read book Eleventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation And Relativistic Field Theories (In 3 Volumes) - Proceedings Of The Mg11 Meeting On General Relativity written by Hagen Kleinert and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2008-09-04 with total page 3129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Marcel Grossmann Meetings are three-yearly forums that meet to discuss recent advances in gravitation, general relativity and relativistic field theories, emphasizing their mathematical foundations, physical predictions and experimental tests. These meetings aim to facilitate the exchange of ideas among scientists, to deepen our understanding of space-time structures, and to review the status of ongoing experiments and observations testing Einstein's theory of gravitation either from ground or space-based experiments. Since the first meeting in 1975 in Trieste, Italy, which was established by Remo Ruffini and Abdus Salam, the range of topics presented at these meetings has gradually widened to accommodate issues of major scientific interest, and attendance has grown to attract more than 900 participants from over 80 countries.This proceedings volume of the eleventh meeting in the series, held in Berlin in 2006, highlights and records the developments and applications of Einstein's theory in diverse areas ranging from fundamental field theories to particle physics, astrophysics and cosmology, made possible by unprecedented technological developments in experimental and observational techniques from space, ground and underground observatories. It provides a broad sampling of the current work in the field, especially relativistic astrophysics, including many reviews by leading figures in the research community.

Thirteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg13 Meeting On General Relativity (In 3 Volumes)

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Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814630004
Total Pages : 2807 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (146 download)

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Book Synopsis Thirteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg13 Meeting On General Relativity (In 3 Volumes) by : Remo Ruffini

Download or read book Thirteenth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Astrophysics And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Mg13 Meeting On General Relativity (In 3 Volumes) written by Remo Ruffini and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2015-01-26 with total page 2807 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Marcel Grossmann Meetings seek to further the development of the foundations and applications of Einstein's general relativity by promoting theoretical understanding in the relevant fields of physics, mathematics, astronomy and astrophysics and to direct future technological, observational, and experimental efforts. The meetings discuss recent developments in classical and quantum aspects of gravity, and in cosmology and relativistic astrophysics, with major emphasis on mathematical foundations and physical predictions, having the main objective of gathering scientists from diverse backgrounds for deepening our understanding of spacetime structure and reviewing the current state of the art in the theory, observations and experiments pertinent to relativistic gravitation. The range of topics is broad, going from the more abstract classical theory, quantum gravity, branes and strings, to more concrete relativistic astrophysics observations and modeling.The three volumes of the proceedings of MG13 give a broad view of all aspects of gravitational physics and astrophysics, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments. The scientific program of the meeting included 33 morning plenary talks during 6 days, and 75 parallel sessions over 4 afternoons. Volume A contains plenary and review talks ranging from the mathematical foundations of classical and quantum gravitational theories including recent developments in string/brane theories, to precision tests of general relativity including progress towards the detection of gravitational waves, and from supernova cosmology to relativistic astrophysics including such topics as gamma ray bursts, black hole physics both in our galaxy and in active galactic nuclei in other galaxies, and neutron star and pulsar astrophysics. Volumes B and C include parallel sessions which touch on dark matter, neutrinos, X-ray sources, astrophysical black holes, neutron stars, binary systems, radiative transfer, accretion disks, quasors, gamma ray bursts, supernovas, alternative gravitational theories, perturbations of collapsed objects, analog models, black hole thermodynamics, numerical relativity, gravitational lensing, large scale structure, observational cosmology, early universe models and cosmic microwave background anisotropies, inhomogeneous cosmology, inflation, global structure, singularities, chaos, Einstein-Maxwell systems, wormholes, exact solutions of Einstein's equations, gravitational waves, gravitational wave detectors and data analysis, precision gravitational measurements, quantum gravity and loop quantum gravity, quantum cosmology, strings and branes, self-gravitating systems, gamma ray astronomy, and cosmic rays and the history of general relativity.

Gravity Tests with Pulsars

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Author :
Publisher : Eliva Press
ISBN 13 : 9789994987801
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (878 download)

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Book Synopsis Gravity Tests with Pulsars by : Huanchen Hu

Download or read book Gravity Tests with Pulsars written by Huanchen Hu and published by Eliva Press. This book was released on 2023-05-22 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: General relativity has so far passed all experimental tests, with some of the most stringent tests in strong fields coming from observations of pulsars - rotating neutron stars that form from the collapsed cores of massive stars during supernovae. Such compact objects contain the densest form of matter in the observable universe, and therefore produce a strong gravitational field in their vicinity. The excellent rotational stability of pulsars makes them powerful tools for studying a wide range of topics in fundamental physics. This dissertation investigates four aspects using the new generation of radio telescopes: (1) constraining the dense matter equation of state by measuring the moment of inertia of neutron stars, (2) testing higher-order gravitational light propagation effects in the Double Pulsar system using observations from the MeerKAT telescope, (3) prospects of testing scalar-tensor gravity using pulsar-white dwarf system and hypothetical pulsar-black hole systems, and (4) recent advances in the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves using pulsar timing arrays and efforts to improve it.

Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics

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Author :
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107117445
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (71 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics by : Clifford M. Will

Download or read book Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics written by Clifford M. Will and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive review of the testing and research conducted on Einstein's theory of general relativity.

Recent Advances in Metrology and Fundamental Constants

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Publisher : IOS Press
ISBN 13 : 1614990026
Total Pages : 836 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (149 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Metrology and Fundamental Constants by : T.J. Quinn

Download or read book Recent Advances in Metrology and Fundamental Constants written by T.J. Quinn and published by IOS Press. This book was released on 2001-12-18 with total page 836 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The exchange between physics and metrology is always fascinating and exciting. Many are the open problems in physics that call for extremely precise standards, many are the advances in metrology made possible by a deep and assiduous study of the underlying physics. One has just to think of the enormous sophistication required in the measurements of some absolute quantities such as the Avogadro, the gas, or the gravitational constants. It is also worth noticing that not only the units of a metrological system are interrelated through the fundamental constants, but also the latter find their full significance when they are determined through the most exacting metrological experiments. Over the past decade many improvements took place and these are discussed in this book; from one side the old caesium SI second definition has found a new realisation, with the “fountain” approach, replacing the classical thermal atomic beam. The use of “cold” atom techniques, in which bunches of inert atoms are collected, slowed down, and cooled, has opened a number of new and unexpected avenues for metrology and fundamental constants; one of these possibilities being the atom interferometry. Another important “quantum jump” was the demonstration of the possibility of performing a direct frequency division in the visible, using ultra short femtosecond pulses. In addition, the possibility of “counting” electrons or photons gave a fundamental support to the development of single-electron capacitance standards and to new scenarios in the absolute calibration of photo-detectors.

Seventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The 7th Marcel Grossmann Meeting (In 2 Parts)

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814550000
Total Pages : 2024 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Seventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The 7th Marcel Grossmann Meeting (In 2 Parts) by : Ruffini Remo

Download or read book Seventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The 7th Marcel Grossmann Meeting (In 2 Parts) written by Ruffini Remo and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1997-03-19 with total page 2024 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1975, the triennial Marcel Grossmann Meetings have been organized in order to provide opportunities for discussing recent advances in gravitation, general relativity and relativisitic field theories, emphasizing mathematical foundations, physical predictions, and experimental tests.The proceedings of the Seventh Marcel Grossmann Meeting include the invited papers given at the plenary sessions, the summaries of the parallel sessions, the contributed papers presented at the parallel sessions, and the evening public lectures.The authors of these papers discuss many of the recent theoretical, observational, and experimental developments that have significant implications for the fields of physics, cosmology, and relativistic astrophysics.

Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering in Europe

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Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319757415
Total Pages : 693 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering in Europe by : Kyriazis Pitilakis

Download or read book Recent Advances in Earthquake Engineering in Europe written by Kyriazis Pitilakis and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-24 with total page 693 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of invited lectures including the 5th Nicholas Ambraseys distinguished lecture, four keynote lectures and twenty-two thematic lectures presented at the 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, held in Thessaloniki, Greece, in June 2018. The lectures are put into chapters written by the most prominent internationally recognized academics, scientists, engineers and researchers in Europe. They address a comprehensive collection of state-of-the-art and cutting-edge topics in earthquake engineering, engineering seismology and seismic risk assessment and management. The book is of interest to civil engineers, engineering seismologists, seismic risk managers, policymakers and consulting companies covering a wide spectrum of fields from geotechnical and structural earthquake engineering, to engineering seismology and seismic risk assessment and management. Scientists, professional engineers, researchers, civil protection policymakers and students interested in the seismic design of civil engineering structures and infrastructures, hazard and risk assessment, seismic mitigation policies and strategies, will find in this book not only the most recent advances in the state-of-the-art, but also new ideas on future earthquake engineering and resilient design of structures. Chapter 1 of this book is available open access under a CC BY 4.0 license.

Recent Developments of Geopolymer Materials

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Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0443240698
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (432 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Developments of Geopolymer Materials by : Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah

Download or read book Recent Developments of Geopolymer Materials written by Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri Abdullah and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2024-09-15 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recent Developments of Geopolymer Materials: Processing and Characterisations focuses on the development, processing, and characterization of sustainable and eco-friendly materials, highlighting recent research developments in this field. The book covers the processing and characterization of geopolymers, incorporating green materials from waste and recycled materials specifically for construction applications, as well as advanced processing and characterization for a wide variety of applications. The book provides in-depth chapters on the development, processing, and characterization of sustainable and green materials with extensive uses, such as construction. It is divided into two sections: Development of Geopolymer Materials for Construction Applications and Advanced Processing and Characterization for Wider Applications, and will be a useful resource for academics, engineers, companies, and stakeholders in geopolymers from green materials for a variety of wide applications, including construction materials, ceramics, adsorbents, drilling properties, and simulation analysis. Provides new knowledge and the latest technology and research relating to the processing and characterization of geopolymers incorporating green materials from waste and recycled materials Covers the latest research on variety of wide applications, including construction materials, ceramics, adsorbents, drilling properties, and simulation analysis Includes in-depth coverage of the benefits of geopolymer technology

Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics

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Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1108577490
Total Pages : 363 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (85 download)

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Book Synopsis Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics by : Clifford M. Will

Download or read book Theory and Experiment in Gravitational Physics written by Clifford M. Will and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2018-09-27 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The 2015 centenary of the publication of Einstein's general theory of relativity, and the first detection of gravitational waves have focused renewed attention on the question of whether Einstein was right. This review of experimental gravity provides a detailed survey of the intensive testing of Einstein's theory of gravity, including tests in the emerging strong-field dynamical regime. It discusses the theoretical frameworks needed to analyze gravitational theories and interpret experiments. Completely revised and updated, this new edition features coverage of new alternative theories of gravity, a unified treatment of gravitational radiation, and the implications of the latest binary pulsar observations. It spans the earliest tests involving the Solar System to the latest tests using gravitational waves detected from merging black holes and neutron stars. It is a comprehensive reference for researchers and graduate students working in general relativity, cosmology, particle physics and astrophysics.

Modified Gravity and Cosmology

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Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030837157
Total Pages : 631 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

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Book Synopsis Modified Gravity and Cosmology by : Emmanuel N. Saridakis

Download or read book Modified Gravity and Cosmology written by Emmanuel N. Saridakis and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-12-10 with total page 631 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With a focus on modified gravity this book presents a review of the recent developments in the fields of gravity and cosmology, presenting the state of the art, high-lighting the open problems, and outlining the directions of future research. General Relativity and the ΛCDM framework are currently the standard lore and constitute the concordance paradigm of cosmology. Nevertheless, long-standing open theoretical issues, as well as possible new observational ones arising from the explosive development of cosmology in the last two decades, offer the motivation and lead a large amount of research to be devoted in constructing various extensions and modifications. In this review all extended theories and scenarios are first examined under the light of theoretical consistency, and are then applied in various geometrical backgrounds, such as the cosmological and the spherical symmetric ones. Their predictions at both the background and perturbation levels, and concerning cosmology at early, intermediate and late times, are then confronted with the huge amount of observational data that astrophysics and cosmology has been able to offer in the last two decades. Theories, scenarios and models that successfully and efficiently pass the above steps are classified as viable and are candidates for the description of Nature, allowing readers to get a clear overview of the state of the art and where the field of modified gravity is likely to go. This work was performed in the framework of the COST European Action “Cosmology and Astrophysics Network for Theoretical Advances and Training Actions” - CANTATA.

Topics On Strong Gravity: A Modern View On Theories And Experiments

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9813277351
Total Pages : 299 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Topics On Strong Gravity: A Modern View On Theories And Experiments by : Cesar Augusto Zen Vasconcellos

Download or read book Topics On Strong Gravity: A Modern View On Theories And Experiments written by Cesar Augusto Zen Vasconcellos and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2019-12-26 with total page 299 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 'The book concentrates attention on extended alternative theories of gravity and on the best astrophysical laboratories to probe the strong gravity-field regime: black holes, pulsars and neutron stars … Readers will likely share the satisfaction the editor and contributors say they experienced as they organized the book.'SirReadaLotFor more than a century, our understanding of gravitational physics was based on Albert Einstein's theory of General Relativity, which fundamentally changed our understanding of the Universe, its origin, and its evolutionary process. General Relativity accurately describes a large number of phenomena on very different scales. As such, it has been very well tested and its remarkable predictions are compatible with most experimental and observational data. However, the observational and experimental results compatible with General Relativity fall in its vast majority under the weak gravitational field regime. In recent years, discrepancies between the data and the corresponding predictions of General Relativity have been observed and have generated intense research activity. One of the most critical aspects of General Relativity is the presence of singularities in extreme physical situations. These discrepancies indicate that either the parameters of the theory must be modified in the regime of strong field gravity/high energy and large space-time curvature, or the theory itself should be modified. In this book, we focus our attention on extended alternative gravity theories and the best astrophysical laboratories to probe the strong field regime: black holes, pulsars, and neutron stars.

Recent Advances And Cross-century Outlooks In Physics: Interplay Between Theory And Experiment

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814543004
Total Pages : 474 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Recent Advances And Cross-century Outlooks In Physics: Interplay Between Theory And Experiment by : Cheuk-yin Wong

Download or read book Recent Advances And Cross-century Outlooks In Physics: Interplay Between Theory And Experiment written by Cheuk-yin Wong and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2000-04-05 with total page 474 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Eighth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Meeting (In 2 Parts)

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Author :
Publisher : World Scientific
ISBN 13 : 9814543918
Total Pages : 1776 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (145 download)

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Book Synopsis Eighth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Meeting (In 2 Parts) by : Tsvi Piran

Download or read book Eighth Marcel Grossmann Meeting, The: On Recent Developments In Theoretical And Experimental General Relativity, Gravitation, And Relativistic Field Theories - Proceedings Of The Meeting (In 2 Parts) written by Tsvi Piran and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 1999-05-14 with total page 1776 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since 1975, the Marcel Grossmann Meetings have been organized to provide opportunities for discussing recent advances in gravitation, general relativity and relativistic field theories, emphasizing mathematical foundations, physical predictions and experimental tests. The objective of these meetings is to facilitate exchange among scientists that may deepen our understanding of space-time structures and to review the status of ongoing experiments aimed at testing Einstein's theory of gravitation from either the ground or space.The Eighth Marcel Grossmann Meeting took place on 22-27 June, 1997, at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. The scientific program included 25 plenary talks and 40 parallel sessions during which 400 papers were presented. The papers that appear in this book cover all aspects of gravitation, from mathematical issues to recent observations and experiments.

Gravity: Where Do We Stand?

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319202243
Total Pages : 490 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (192 download)

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Book Synopsis Gravity: Where Do We Stand? by : Roberto Peron

Download or read book Gravity: Where Do We Stand? written by Roberto Peron and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-12-14 with total page 490 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents an overview of the current understanding of gravitation, with a focus on the current efforts to test its theory, especially general relativity. It shows how the quest for a deeper theory, which would possibly incorporate gravity in the quantum realm, is more than ever an open field. The majority of the contributions deals with the manifold facets of “experimental gravitation”, but the book goes beyond this and covers a broad range of subjects from the foundations of gravitational theories to astrophysics and cosmology. The book is divided into three parts. The first part deals with foundations and Solar System tests. An introductory pedagogical chapter reviews first Newtonian gravitational theory, special relativity, the equivalence principle and the basics of general relativity. Then it focuses on approximation methods, mainly the post-Newtonian formalism and the relaxed Einstein equations, with a discussion on how they are used in treating experimental tests and in the problem of generation and detection of gravitational waves. Following this is a set of chapters describing the most recent experiments, techniques and observations on the testing of gravity theories in the laboratory, around the Earth and in the Solar System. The second part is dedicated to astrophysical topics deeply linked with the study of gravitation, namely binary pulsars and the perspective of direct detection of gravitational waves. These cases are paradigmatic in that the gravitational signals act at the same time as messengers helping us to understand the properties of important and wide classes of astrophysical objects. The third part explores the many open issues in current knowledge of gravitation machinery, especially related to astrophysical and cosmological problems and the way possible solutions to them impact the quest for a quantum theory of gravitation and unified theory. Included is a selection of the many possible paths, giving a hint to the subtleties one is called upon. Whenever possible, a close link to observational constraints and possible experimental tests is provided. In selecting the topics of the various contributions, particular care has been devoted to ensure their fit in a coherent representation of our understanding of gravitational phenomena. The book is aimed at graduate level students and will form a valuable reference for those working in the field.