Reading The Quran In Latin Christendom 1140 1560

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Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560

Author : Thomas E. Burman
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812200225
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560 by : Thomas E. Burman

Download or read book Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560 written by Thomas E. Burman and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2011-06-03 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title Most of what we know about attitudes toward Islam in the medieval and early modern West has been based on polemical treatises against Islam written by Christian scholars preoccupied with defending their own faith and attacking the doctrines of others. Christian readings of the Qur'an have in consequence typically been depicted as tedious and one-dimensional exercises in anti-Islamic hostility. In Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560, Thomas E. Burman looks instead to a different set of sources: the Latin translations of the Qur'an made by European scholars and the manuscripts and early printed books in which these translations circulated. Using these largely unexplored materials, Burman argues that the reading of the Qur'an in Western Europe was much more complex. While their reading efforts were certainly often focused on attacking Islam, scholars of the period turned out to be equally interested in a whole range of grammatical, lexical, and interpretive problems presented by the text. Indeed, these two approaches were interconnected: attacking the Qur'an often required sophisticated explorations of difficult Arabic grammatical problems. Furthermore, while most readers explicitly denounced the Qur'an as a fraud, translations of the book are sometimes inserted into the standard manuscript format of Christian Bibles and other prestigious Latin texts (small, centered blocks of text surrounded by commentary) or in manuscripts embellished with beautiful decorated initials and elegant calligraphy for the pleasure of wealthy collectors. Addressing Christian-Muslim relations generally, as well as the histories of reading and the book, Burman offers a much fuller picture of how Europeans read the sacred text of Islam than we have previously had.

Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560

Author : Thomas Burman
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 9780812220629
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (26 download)

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Book Synopsis Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560 by : Thomas Burman

Download or read book Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560 written by Thomas Burman and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2009-05-08 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Selected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title Most of what we know about attitudes toward Islam in the medieval and early modern West has been based on polemical treatises against Islam written by Christian scholars preoccupied with defending their own faith and attacking the doctrines of others. Christian readings of the Qur'an have in consequence typically been depicted as tedious and one-dimensional exercises in anti-Islamic hostility. In Reading the Qur'an in Latin Christendom, 1140-1560, Thomas E. Burman looks instead to a different set of sources: the Latin translations of the Qur'an made by European scholars and the manuscripts and early printed books in which these translations circulated. Using these largely unexplored materials, Burman argues that the reading of the Qur'an in Western Europe was much more complex. While their reading efforts were certainly often focused on attacking Islam, scholars of the period turned out to be equally interested in a whole range of grammatical, lexical, and interpretive problems presented by the text. Indeed, these two approaches were interconnected: attacking the Qur'an often required sophisticated explorations of difficult Arabic grammatical problems. Furthermore, while most readers explicitly denounced the Qur'an as a fraud, translations of the book are sometimes inserted into the standard manuscript format of Christian Bibles and other prestigious Latin texts (small, centered blocks of text surrounded by commentary) or in manuscripts embellished with beautiful decorated initials and elegant calligraphy for the pleasure of wealthy collectors. Addressing Christian-Muslim relations generally, as well as the histories of reading and the book, Burman offers a much fuller picture of how Europeans read the sacred text of Islam than we have previously had.

Virgins? What Virgins?

Author : Ibn Warraq
Publisher : Prometheus Books
ISBN 13 : 1616143126
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (161 download)

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Book Synopsis Virgins? What Virgins? by : Ibn Warraq

Download or read book Virgins? What Virgins? written by Ibn Warraq and published by Prometheus Books. This book was released on 2010-04-27 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this wide-ranging collection of insightful, controversial, and often-witty essays, the renowned author of Why I Am Not a Muslim has created a representative selection of his best work on the Koran and various problems posed by the interaction of Islam with the West. The title of the collection comes from an article that originally appeared in the London Guardian on recent textual studies of the Koran. This research suggests that, contrary to a longstanding Muslim belief about the afterlife, a harem of beautiful virgins may not be waiting for the faithful male departed in heaven. For the many readers of his books who have wondered about his background, the author begins with a charming personal sketch about his upbringing in England and his unabashed Anglophilia. A section on Koranic criticism includes excerpts from two of his books, What the Koran Really Says and Which Koran? No stranger to controversy and polemics, the author devotes two sections to articles that consider the totalitarian nature of contemporary political Islam and explore the potential for an Islamic Reformation comparable to the Protestant Reformation in the West. The concluding section is composed of Ibn Warraq''s journalism, including a critique of reputed Muslim reformer Tariq Ramadan, a defense of Western culture ("Why the West Is Best)," an article about the Danish cartoons that provoked widespread Muslim outrage, and even a commentary on heavy metal music in a Muslim setting. This thoughtful, engaging collection on diverse topics will interest both longtime readers of Ibn Warraq and those new to his work.

The Latin Qur’an, 1143–1500

Author : Cándida Ferrero Hernández
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110702746
Total Pages : 589 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Latin Qur’an, 1143–1500 by : Cándida Ferrero Hernández

Download or read book The Latin Qur’an, 1143–1500 written by Cándida Ferrero Hernández and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2021-10-25 with total page 589 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1143 Robert of Ketton produced the first Latin translation of the Qur’an. This translation, extant in 24 manuscripts, was one of the main ways in which Latin European readers had access to the Muslim holy book. Yet it was not the only means of transmission of Quranic stories and concepts to the Latin world: there were other medieval translations into Latin of the Qur’an and of Christian polemical texts composed in Arabic which transmitted elements of the Qur’an (often in a polemical mode). The essays in this volume examine the range of medieval Latin transmission of the Qur’an and reaction to the Qur’an by concentrating on the manuscript traditions of medieval Qur’an translations and anti-Islamic polemics in Latin. We see how the Arabic text was transmitted and studied in Medieval Europe. We examine the strategies of translators who struggled to find a proper vocabulary and syntax to render Quranic terms into Latin, at times showing miscomprehensions of the text or willful distortions for polemical purposes. These translations and interpretations by Latin authors working primarily in twelfth- and thirteenth-century Spain were the main sources of information about Islam for European scholars until well into the sixteenth century, when they were printed, reused and commented. This volume presents a key assessment of a crucial chapter in European understandings of Islam.

Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe

Author : Avinoam Shalem
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter
ISBN 13 : 3110300869
Total Pages : 169 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (13 download)

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Book Synopsis Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe by : Avinoam Shalem

Download or read book Constructing the Image of Muhammad in Europe written by Avinoam Shalem and published by Walter de Gruyter. This book was released on 2013-06-26 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: thevolume represents a significant contribution to the complex history of the conceptualization and pictorialization of the Prophet Muhammad in the West. It gives a rapid and though deep overview of the history of the making of an image of the Prophet Muhammad in Europe and thus reflects the whole history of the making of the image of Islam in the Latin West, from the early medieval times till the 19th century. The book also provides the reader with ready access to the most recent scholarship concerning the image of Muhammad in Europe, in the form of comprehensive footnotes provided throughout the text and an extensive bibliography.

The Iberian Qur’an

Author : Mercedes García-Arenal
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110779048
Total Pages : 661 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis The Iberian Qur’an by : Mercedes García-Arenal

Download or read book The Iberian Qur’an written by Mercedes García-Arenal and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-09-20 with total page 661 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the long presence of Muslims in Islamic territories (Al-Andalus and Granada) and of Muslims minorities in the Christians parts, the Iberian Peninsula provides a fertile soil for the study of the Qur’an and Qur’an translations made by both Muslims and Christians. From the mid-twelfth century to at least the end of the seventeenth, the efforts undertaken by Christian scholars and churchmen, by converts, by Muslims (both Mudejars and Moriscos) to transmit, interpret and translate the Holy Book are of the utmost importance for the understanding of Islam in Europe. This book reflects on a context where Arabic books and Arabic speakers who were familiar with the Qur’an and its exegesis coexisted with Christian scholars. The latter not only intended to convert Muslims, and polemize with them but also to adquire solid knowledge about them and about Islam. Qur’ans were seized during battle, bought, copied, translated, transmitted, recited, and studied. The different features and uses of the Qur’an on Iberian soil, its circulation as well as the lives and works of those who wrote about it and the responses of their audiences, are the object of this book.

The Parable of the Three Rings and the Idea of Religious Toleration in European Culture

Author : Iris Shagrir
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030296954
Total Pages : 151 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (32 download)

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Book Synopsis The Parable of the Three Rings and the Idea of Religious Toleration in European Culture by : Iris Shagrir

Download or read book The Parable of the Three Rings and the Idea of Religious Toleration in European Culture written by Iris Shagrir and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2019-11-27 with total page 151 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines the premodern encounter between the three monotheistic religions through the unique prism of a premodern literary work—The Parable of the Three Rings—a poignant and charming tale of a father who had three sons and one precious ring. By tradition he was to bequeath the ring to his heir, but he loved his three sons equally — so he had two new rings made, crafted to be indistinguishable from the original, and on his deathbed gave a ring to each son. The narrator explains that the father is God, and his sons are the Jews, the Christians, and the Muslims, each believing themselves to be the sole upholders of the true religion. A historical and literary study, the book offers a comprehensive discussion of the various guises of the Parable, from the early Middle Ages onwards, and highlights its capacity to reflect openness and pluralism in the interfaith encounter.

European Muslims and the Qur’an

Author : Gulnaz Sibgatullina
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111140849
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (111 download)

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Book Synopsis European Muslims and the Qur’an by : Gulnaz Sibgatullina

Download or read book European Muslims and the Qur’an written by Gulnaz Sibgatullina and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2023-12-18 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This edited volume aims to advance a Muslim-centered perspective on the study of Islam in Europe. To do so, it brings together a range of case studies that illustrate how European Muslims engaged with their Sacred Scripture while being part of a Christian-dominated social and political space. The research presented in this volume seeks to analyse Muslims’ practices of translating, interpreting and using the Qur’an as a sacred object and, thus, pursues three main research agendas. Part I focuses on the issues of Muslim-Christian relations in Europe and studies how these relations have engendered discursive connections between Muslim- and Christian-produced texts related to the study and interpretation of the Qur’an. Part II aims to bring scholarly attention to the under-represented cases of Muslim communities in Europe. This part introduces new research on Polish-Belarusian, Daghestani, Bosnian and Kazan Tatars and examines local traditions of producing vernacular Qur’ans and commodification of Qur’anic manuscripts. The final section of the volume, Part III, contributes to filling in the gaps related to the theoretical and conceptual framing of Muslim translation activities. The history of religious thought and practice in European history is in many ways still uncharted territory. This book aims to contribute to a better understanding of the cultural history of the Qur’an and Muslim agency in interpreting, transmitting and translating the Sacred Scripture.

The Qur’an in Rome

Author : Federico Stella
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3111098621
Total Pages : 577 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (11 download)

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Book Synopsis The Qur’an in Rome by : Federico Stella

Download or read book The Qur’an in Rome written by Federico Stella and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2024-03-04 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite its relevance to the subsequent development of Western Islamic studies, the intellectual contribution of early modern Catholicism is still an under-researched area. The aim of this volume is to fill this gap, offering a series of essays dealing with the study of the Qur’an and Arabic language in early modern Catholic Europe. Focusing on the circulation of manuscripts, translations and printed books, the essays highlight how Catholic Orientalism contributed to the birth and spread of Western Islamic studies, although sometimes it was still directed towards religious polemics. Among the protagonists of this period of Islamic studies, the volume will focus on Catholic priests, missionaries, religious orders (Jesuits, Franciscans, Carmelites) Eastern Christians, converts, and other prominent figures in the Catholic culture of the time. Special attention will be given to the work of Ludovico Marracci, author of a fundamental edition of the Arabic text and Latin translation of the Qur’an with an introduction, notes, refutations and religious and linguistic insights. The volume is of interest to an audience of specialists and non-specialists interested both in Islamic and Qur'anic studies and in the history of modern Catholicism, missions, and Orientalism

Routledge Handbook on Christian-Muslim Relations

Author : David Thomas
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317594088
Total Pages : 565 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (175 download)

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Book Synopsis Routledge Handbook on Christian-Muslim Relations by : David Thomas

Download or read book Routledge Handbook on Christian-Muslim Relations written by David Thomas and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-08-16 with total page 565 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The matter of Christian–Muslim relations cannot be ignored these days. While the term itself may not appear all that often, relations between the two faiths and their reciprocal perceptions are undeniable influences behind many current conflicts, declarations of mutual recognition and peace negotiations, not to mention the brooding hatred of religious extremists. Since 9/11, relations between the two faiths have, in one form or another, hardly been away from the news. This Handbook contains fundamental information about the major aspects of relations between Christians and Muslims. Its various sections follow the history from the early seventh century to the present, the major religious issues that have led to disputes between the two faiths, and the political implications of religious differences at various stages through history, as well as in the present. It includes analysis of scriptural and theological themes and explores the characteristics of relations at important points in history and also in various parts of the world today. Chapters are devoted to the most significant intellectual interpretations and encounters, the main armed clashes, including the Crusades, and the important documents issued by each faith that in recent years have led the way towards new developments in recognition and acceptance. With chapters written by some of the foremost experts in the field, the book traces the largely dark history of relations and explains the underlying reasons why Muslims and Christians have found tolerance and respect for the other difficult. It is an excellent resource for understanding the past and for highlighting lessons for future relations between the world’s two largest religions.

Apocalyptic Cartography

Author : Chet Van Duzer
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004307273
Total Pages : 261 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Apocalyptic Cartography by : Chet Van Duzer

Download or read book Apocalyptic Cartography written by Chet Van Duzer and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2015-11-24 with total page 261 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Apocalyptic Cartography, Chet Van Duzer and Ilya Dines analyse an unstudied fifteenth-century German manuscript that contains a rich collection of strikingly original world maps. These include early thematic maps and maps illustrating the events of the Apocalypse.

Medieval Iberia

Author : Olivia Remie Constable
Publisher : University of Pennsylvania Press
ISBN 13 : 0812221680
Total Pages : 640 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (122 download)

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Book Synopsis Medieval Iberia by : Olivia Remie Constable

Download or read book Medieval Iberia written by Olivia Remie Constable and published by University of Pennsylvania Press. This book was released on 2012 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For some historians, medieval Iberian society was one marked by peaceful coexistence and cross-cultural fertilization; others have sketched a harsher picture of Muslims and Christians engaged in an ongoing contest for political, religious, and economic advantage culminating in the fall of Muslim Granada and the expulsion of the Jews in the late fifteenth century. The reality that emerges in Medieval Iberia is more nuanced than either of these scenarios can comprehend. Now in an expanded, second edition, this monumental collection offers unparalleled access to the multicultural complexity of the lands that would become modern Portugal and Spain. The documents collected in Medieval Iberia date mostly from the eighth through the fifteenth centuries and have been translated from Latin, Arabic, Hebrew, Judeo-Arabic, Castilian, Catalan, and Portuguese by many of the most eminent scholars in the field of Iberian studies. Nearly one quarter of this edition is new, including visual materials and increased coverage of Jewish and Muslim affairs, as well as more sources pertaining to women, social and economic history, and domestic life. This primary source material ranges widely across historical chronicles, poetry, and legal and religious sources, and each is accompanied by a brief introduction placing the text in its historical and cultural setting. Arranged chronologically, the documents are also keyed so as to be accessible to readers interested in specific topics such as urban life, the politics of the royal courts, interfaith relations, or women, marriage, and the family.

Knowledge and Religion in Early Modern Europe

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 900423148X
Total Pages : 250 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (42 download)

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Book Synopsis Knowledge and Religion in Early Modern Europe by :

Download or read book Knowledge and Religion in Early Modern Europe written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2013-03-22 with total page 250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The interplay between knowledge and religion forms a pivotal component of how early modern individuals and societies understood themselves and their surroundings. Knowledge of the self in pursuit of salvation, humanistic knowledge within a confessional education, as well as inherently subversive knowledge acquired about religion(s) offer instructive instances of this interplay. To these are added essays on medical knowledge in its religious and social contexts, the changing role of imagination in scientific thought, the philosophical and political problems of representation, and attempts to counter Enlightenment criteria of knowledge at the end of the period, serving here as multifaceted studies of the dynamics and shifts in sensitivity and stress in the interplay between knowledge and religion within evolving early modern contexts.

Defending the West

Author : Ibn Warraq
Publisher : Prometheus Books
ISBN 13 : 161592020X
Total Pages : 558 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (159 download)

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Book Synopsis Defending the West by : Ibn Warraq

Download or read book Defending the West written by Ibn Warraq and published by Prometheus Books. This book was released on 2010-06-03 with total page 558 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first systematic critique of Edward Said's influential work, Orientalism, a book that for almost three decades has received wide acclaim, voluminous commentary, and translation into more than fifteen languages. Said's main thesis was that the Western image of the East was heavily biased by colonialist attitudes, racism, and more than two centuries of political exploitation. Although Said's critique was controversial, the impact of his ideas has been a pervasive rethinking of Western perceptions of Eastern cultures, plus a tendency to view all scholarship in Oriental Studies as tainted by considerations of power and prejudice. In this thorough reconsideration of Said's famous work, Ibn Warraq argues that Said's case against the West is seriously flawed. Warraq accuses Said of not only willfully misinterpreting the work of many scholars, but also of systematically misrepresenting Western civilization as a whole. With example after example, he shows that ever since the Greeks Western civilization has always had a strand in its very makeup that has accepted non-Westerners with open arms and has ever been open to foreign ideas. The author also criticizes Said for inadequate methodology, incoherent arguments, and a faulty historical understanding. He points out, not only Said's tendentious interpretations, but historical howlers that would make a sophomore blush. Warraq further looks at the destructive influence of Said's study on the history of Western painting, especially of the 19th century, and shows how, once again, the epigones of Said have succeeded in relegating thousands of first-class paintings to the lofts and storage rooms of major museums. An extended appendix reconsiders the value of 18th- and 19th-century Orientalist scholars and artists, whose work fell into disrepute as a result of Said's work.

The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies

Author : Mustafa Shah
Publisher : Oxford University Press, USA
ISBN 13 : 0199698643
Total Pages : 937 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (996 download)

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Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies by : Mustafa Shah

Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies written by Mustafa Shah and published by Oxford University Press, USA. This book was released on 2020-05-14 with total page 937 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Qur'an is the foundational sacred text of the Islamic faith. Traditionally revered as the literal word of God, its pronouncements and discussions form the bedrock of Islamic beliefs and teachings. Notwithstanding its religious pre-eminence and the fact that it is the sacred text for over one billion of the world's Muslims, the Qur'an is also considered to be the matchless masterpiece of the Arabic language. Its historical impact as a text can be discerned in all aspects of the heritage of the Arabic literary tradition. Over recent decades, academic engagement with the Qur'an has produced an impressive array of scholarship, ranging from detailed studies of the text's unique language, style and structure, to meticulous surveys of its contents, concepts and historical contexts. The Oxford Handbook of Qur'anic Studies is an essential reference and starting point for those with an academic interest in the Qur'an. It offers not only detailed reviews of influential subjects in the field, but also a critical overview of developments in the research discourse. It explores the tradition of Qur'anic exegesis and hermeneutics, making it a comprehensive academic resource for the study of the Qur'an. No single volume devoted to such a broad academic survey of the state of the field currently exists.

Qur’ān Translation as a Modern Phenomenon

Author : El-Hussein A.Y. Aly
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004543562
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Qur’ān Translation as a Modern Phenomenon by : El-Hussein A.Y. Aly

Download or read book Qur’ān Translation as a Modern Phenomenon written by El-Hussein A.Y. Aly and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2023-09-25 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: It is a well-established fact nowadays that modernity impacts Islam, but there has not been much focus on how modernity impacts the Qur’ān, the foundational text of Islam and the verbatim word of God. This book argues that the early Muslim Qur’ān translations into English are attempts to reconcile the Qur’ān with modernity by producing translations that encompass modern concepts and interpretations of the Qur’ān. Are these modern concepts and interpretations valid or they alter the word of God? This is the main question that the book attempts to answer, particularly that these early translations have affected and still affect Qur’ān translation.

Crusading at the Edges of Europe

Author : Kurt Villads Jensen
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317156692
Total Pages : 642 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (171 download)

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Book Synopsis Crusading at the Edges of Europe by : Kurt Villads Jensen

Download or read book Crusading at the Edges of Europe written by Kurt Villads Jensen and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-10-14 with total page 642 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first to compare Denmark and Portugal systematically in the High Middle Ages and demonstrates how the two countries became strong kingdoms and important powers internationally by their participation in the crusading movement. Communication in the Middle Ages was better developed than often assumed and institutions, ideas, and military technology was exchanged rapidly, meaning it was possible to coordinate great military expeditions across the geographical periphery of Western Europe. Both Denmark and Portugal were closely connected to the sea and developed strong fleets, at the entrance to the Baltic and in the Mediterranean Seas respectively. They also both had religious borders, to the pagan Wends and to the Muslims, that were pushed forward in almost continuous crusades throughout the centuries. Crusading at the Edges of Europe follows the major campaigns of the kings and crusaders in Denmark and Portugal and compares war-technology and crusading ideology, highlighting how the countries learned from each other and became organised for war.