Racial Bias In Jury Decision Making

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Racial Bias in Jury Decision Making

Author : Patrick Thomas Hughes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 49 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Racial Bias in Jury Decision Making by : Patrick Thomas Hughes

Download or read book Racial Bias in Jury Decision Making written by Patrick Thomas Hughes and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 49 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Are members of the public able to act impartially when selected for a jury or does racial bias factor into their decisions? This is the question that my study attempts to answer. The topic of racial bias in jury decision making is a subject that is difficult to study, due to the problem of access. A researcher cannot sit in on an actual deliberation. In an attempt to answer my question, I conducted an experimental study on jury decision making among undergraduate students at Boise State University, by use of a survey. In the experiment, I varied the name, and thereby the perceived race, of the defendant. In the treatment group, participants were exposed to a black defendant, while in the control group, participants were exposed to a white defendant. There were 286 responses to my survey over a 12-day period in early 2017. In order to evaluate the results, I conducted a difference in means test between the treatment and control group (a t-test) in my analyses. Difference of means tests were appropriate since there were no differences between the treatment and control group in observed demographic characteristics. The 286 responses that were used were sufficient for data analysis, considering there were only two experimental groups. My hypothesis regarding the treatment alias (seemingly black) being convicted more often than the control analysis (seemingly white) was not supported. The analysis showed that the control alias was convicted more often. This study has implications regarding jury selection that can be used in real world situations. If an attorney knows these concepts and results, it may help to create an impartial jury."--Boise State University ScholarWorks.

Race and the Jury

Author : Hiroshi Fukurai
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1489911278
Total Pages : 270 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (899 download)

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Book Synopsis Race and the Jury by : Hiroshi Fukurai

Download or read book Race and the Jury written by Hiroshi Fukurai and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-29 with total page 270 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this timely volume, the authors provide a penetrating analysis of the institutional mechanisms perpetuating the related problems of minorities' disenfranchisement and their underrepresentation on juries.

Race and Juries

Author : Samuel R. Sommers
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 456 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Race and Juries by : Samuel R. Sommers

Download or read book Race and Juries written by Samuel R. Sommers and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 456 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Implicit Biases on Jury Decision Making

Author : Joonwon Yoon
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 78 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (964 download)

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Book Synopsis Implicit Biases on Jury Decision Making by : Joonwon Yoon

Download or read book Implicit Biases on Jury Decision Making written by Joonwon Yoon and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 78 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research evidence indicates that implicit racial bias influences the jury decision making process (Kang et al., 2012). The current study investigated (N=152) the mediating effect of attribution bias on the relationship between subjects' implicit racial bias and their verdict decisions. Implicit racial bias affected both White and Black participants' attributions and judgments. However, attribution bias partially mediated the relationship between implicit biases and verdict decisions only for White participants, but not Black participants. For White participants, a high pro-White implicit bias increased negative attributions of the Black defendant, which led to higher guilty verdicts for the Black defendant. In contrast, a high pro-Black implicit bias increased negative attributions of the White defendant, which resulted in higher guilty verdicts for the White defendant. Implications and limitations were discussed.

Research Design

Author : Leonard Bickman
Publisher : SAGE Publications, Incorporated
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Research Design by : Leonard Bickman

Download or read book Research Design written by Leonard Bickman and published by SAGE Publications, Incorporated. This book was released on 2000-01-24 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Leading social research methodologists and evaluators address the issues of research design in this second of two volumes inspired by the work on Donald Campbell and sponsored by the American Evaluation Association. The book considers issues such as: quasi-experimentation; the proposed conduct of social inquiry; ways to take account of threats to validity; plausible rival hypotheses in measurement and design; subject selection and loss in randomized experiments; the use of evaluation to assess the validity of computer simulations; method variance; and time series experiments. Applied researchers who want to improve their research designs will find this book a compelling and thought-provoking read.

Justice Might be Blind But Many Jurors are Not

Author : Clarence A. L. Brontë
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Justice Might be Blind But Many Jurors are Not by : Clarence A. L. Brontë

Download or read book Justice Might be Blind But Many Jurors are Not written by Clarence A. L. Brontë and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Although juries exist within the American justice system to guard against "the corrupt or overzealous prosecutor and against the compliant, biased, or eccentric judge" (United States, 1968), psychological researchers have been divided over whether mock jurors do indeed demonstrate biased decision making due to the mixed results of past meta-analyses (Devine & Caughlin, 2014; Mazzella et al., 1994; Mitchell et al., 2005). In order to address what has caused these variable results, researchers must begin to explore complex paradigms for juror decision making. As such, these present studies sought to test the theoretical mechanisms of one of these possible paradigms, the aversive racism paradigm, which proposes that mock jurors feel better able to act in biased ways when their defendant has a negative secondary characteristic (Dovidio & Gaertner, 2004; Pearson, 2007; Minero & Espinoza, 2016). If the mechanisms of this paradigm could be experimentally related to a defendant's secondary characteristics, then the aversive racism paradigm could be used to explain the variable results of past meta-analyses. In result, Study 1 supported the mechanistic validity of aversive racism paradigms. Further, it clarified that certain theoretical mechanisms of aversive racism, including mock jurors' preferencing of normative decision making modes and increased willingness to communicate explicit biases, actually preceded any influence of a defendant's race, suggesting that this paradigm might even begin to explain the biases of mock jurors in studies that are unrelated to race. However, mock jurors in Study 2 failed to operate under an aversive racism paradigm, instead reflecting the decision making processes of an incredibly unusual population. Overall, both of these studies provide a unique mechanistic exploration into possible reasons why different juror decision making studies might arrive at incredibly variable results. In turn, the findings of these studies provide information about the biased decision making processes of a variety of mock jurors that should be considered for future research or for future juridical reforms.

Jury Decision Making

Author : Dennis J. Devine
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814725228
Total Pages : 286 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

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Book Synopsis Jury Decision Making by : Dennis J. Devine

Download or read book Jury Decision Making written by Dennis J. Devine and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2012-08-06 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While jury decision making has received considerable attention from social scientists, there have been few efforts to systematically pull together all the pieces of this research. In Jury Decision Making, Dennis J. Devine examines over 50 years of research on juries and offers a "big picture" overview of the field. The volume summarizes existing theories of jury decision making and identifies what we have learned about jury behavior, including the effects of specific courtroom practices, the nature of the trial, the characteristics of the participants, and the evidence itself. Making use of those foundations, Devine offers a new integrated theory of jury decision making that addresses both individual jurors and juries as a whole and discusses its ramifications for the courts. Providing a unique combination of broad scope, extensive coverage of the empirical research conducted over the last half century, and theory advancement, this accessible and engaging volume offers "one-stop shopping" for scholars, students, legal professionals, and those who simply wish to better understand how well the jury system works.

Bias in the Law

Author : Joseph Avery
Publisher : Rowman & Littlefield
ISBN 13 : 1793601046
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (936 download)

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Book Synopsis Bias in the Law by : Joseph Avery

Download or read book Bias in the Law written by Joseph Avery and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2020-02-12 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racial bias in the U.S. criminal justice system is much debated and discussed, but until now, no single volume has covered the full expanse of the issue. In Bias in the Law, sixteen outstanding experts address the impact of racial bias in the full roster of criminal justice actors. They examine the role of legislators crafting criminal justice legislation, community enforcers, and police, as well as prosecutors, criminal defense attorneys, judges, and jurors. Understanding when and why bias arises, as well as how it impacts defendants requires a clear understanding how each of these actors operate. Contributions touch on other crucial topics—racialized drug stigma, legal technology, and interventions—that are vital for understanding how the United States has reached this moment of stark racial disparity in incarceration. The result is an important entry into understanding the pervasiveness of racial bias, how such bias impacts legal outcomes, and why such impact matters. This is an issue that is as relevant today as it was fifty—or even one hundred fifty—years ago, and collection editors Joseph Avery and Joel Cooper provide a glimpse at how to proceed.

The Juror Factor

Author : Sean G. Overland
Publisher : LFB Scholarly Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Juror Factor by : Sean G. Overland

Download or read book The Juror Factor written by Sean G. Overland and published by LFB Scholarly Publishing. This book was released on 2009 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Juror Factor examines how jurors reach their verdicts in complex civil trials. In particular, the book explores the relationship between "juror factors" - that is, jurors' race, gender, income, education and personal beliefs - and verdicts. While most research has found no link between verdicts and "juror factors," this book, using new, previously unavailable data, argues that the composition of a jury can have a strong effect on the outcome of a trial. The book also explores the implications of this relationship for jury selection procedures and tort reform proposals. The book's final chapter offers a glimpse behind the closed doors of the jury room and a look at the effects of jury deliberations.

Jury Trial Innovations

Author : G. T. Munsterman
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 342 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Jury Trial Innovations by : G. T. Munsterman

Download or read book Jury Trial Innovations written by G. T. Munsterman and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 342 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Proactive Policing

Author : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309467136
Total Pages : 409 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (94 download)

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Book Synopsis Proactive Policing by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Proactive Policing written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 409 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.

Crook County

Author : Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve
Publisher : Stanford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0804799202
Total Pages : 269 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (47 download)

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Book Synopsis Crook County by : Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve

Download or read book Crook County written by Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve and published by Stanford University Press. This book was released on 2016-05-24 with total page 269 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Winner of the 2017 Eduardo Bonilla-Silva Outstanding Book Award, sponsored by the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Finalist for the C. Wright Mills Book Award, sponsored by the Society for the Study of Social Problems. Winner of the 2017 Oliver Cromwell Cox Book Award, sponsored by the American Sociological Association's Section on Racial and Ethnic Minorities. Winner of the 2017 Mary Douglas Prize for Best Book, sponsored by the American Sociological Association's Sociology of Culture Section. Honorable Mention in the 2017 Book Award from the American Sociological Association's Section on Race, Class, and Gender. NAACP Image Award Nominee for an Outstanding Literary Work from a debut author. Winner of the 2017 Prose Award for Excellence in Social Sciences and the 2017 Prose Category Award for Law and Legal Studies, sponsored by the Professional and Scholarly Publishing Division, Association of American Publishers. Silver Medal from the Independent Publisher Book Awards (Current Events/Social Issues category). Americans are slowly waking up to the dire effects of racial profiling, police brutality, and mass incarceration, especially in disadvantaged neighborhoods and communities of color. The criminal courts are the crucial gateway between police action on the street and the processing of primarily black and Latino defendants into jails and prisons. And yet the courts, often portrayed as sacred, impartial institutions, have remained shrouded in secrecy, with the majority of Americans kept in the dark about how they function internally. Crook County bursts open the courthouse doors and enters the hallways, courtrooms, judges' chambers, and attorneys' offices to reveal a world of punishment determined by race, not offense. Nicole Gonzalez Van Cleve spent ten years working in and investigating the largest criminal courthouse in the country, Chicago–Cook County, and based on over 1,000 hours of observation, she takes readers inside our so-called halls of justice to witness the types of everyday racial abuses that fester within the courts, often in plain sight. We watch white courtroom professionals classify and deliberate on the fates of mostly black and Latino defendants while racial abuse and due process violations are encouraged and even seen as justified. Judges fall asleep on the bench. Prosecutors hang out like frat boys in the judges' chambers while the fates of defendants hang in the balance. Public defenders make choices about which defendants they will try to "save" and which they will sacrifice. Sheriff's officers cruelly mock and abuse defendants' family members. Delve deeper into Crook County with related media and instructor resources at www.sup.org/crookcountyresources. Crook County's powerful and at times devastating narratives reveal startling truths about a legal culture steeped in racial abuse. Defendants find themselves thrust into a pernicious legal world where courtroom actors live and breathe racism while simultaneously committing themselves to a colorblind ideal. Gonzalez Van Cleve urges all citizens to take a closer look at the way we do justice in America and to hold our arbiters of justice accountable to the highest standards of equality.

The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology

Author : Jennifer M. Brown
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1139489453
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (394 download)

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Book Synopsis The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology by : Jennifer M. Brown

Download or read book The Cambridge Handbook of Forensic Psychology written by Jennifer M. Brown and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2010-04-29 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Forensic psychology has developed and extended from an original, narrow focus on presenting evidence to the courts to a wider application across the whole span of civil and criminal justice, which includes dealing with suspects, offenders, victims, witnesses, defendants, litigants and justice professionals. This Handbook provides an encyclopedic-style source regarding the major concerns in forensic psychology. It is an invaluable reference text for practitioners within community, special hospital, secure unit, prison, probation and law enforcement forensic settings, as well as being appropriate for trainees and students in these areas. It will also serve as a companion text for lawyers and psychiatric and law enforcement professionals who wish to be apprised of forensic psychology coverage. Each entry provides a succinct outline of the topic, describes current thinking, identifies relevant consensual or contested aspects and alternative positions. Readers are presented with key issues and directed towards specialized sources for further reference.

The Psychology of Juries

Author : Margaret Bull Kovera
Publisher : American Psychological Association (APA)
ISBN 13 : 9781433827044
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (27 download)

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Book Synopsis The Psychology of Juries by : Margaret Bull Kovera

Download or read book The Psychology of Juries written by Margaret Bull Kovera and published by American Psychological Association (APA). This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume summarizes what is known about the psychology of juries and offers a robust research agenda to keep scholars busy in years to come.

Race Stereotypic Crimes and Juror Decision Making

Author : Joseph Francis Boetcher
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 184 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (732 download)

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Book Synopsis Race Stereotypic Crimes and Juror Decision Making by : Joseph Francis Boetcher

Download or read book Race Stereotypic Crimes and Juror Decision Making written by Joseph Francis Boetcher and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 184 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Race Stereotypic Crimes and Juror Decision Making: Hispanic, Black, and White Defendants by Joseph Francis Boetcher Dr. Murray Millar, Examination Committee Chair Associate Professor of Psychology University of Nevada, Las Vegas A race stereotypic crime is a crime that most people tend to associate with a certain race. This is a type of racial bias that affects juror decision making by undermining the presumption of innocence and lowering the prosecution's burden of proof. Two studies investigated race stereotypic crimes. Study 1 used a new scale to identify race stereotypic crimes for black, Hispanic, and white males. Study 2 used a mock juror paradigm with a realistic stimulus and sensitive measures to focus on the influence of this type of bias on mock juror decision making. Study 1: Participants were 143 undergraduate students divided into 3 groups. Group 1 evaluated a Hispanic target, group 2 a black target, and group 3 a white target. The dependent measure was the Crime Probability Scale, a list of 20 different crimes with a probability scale for each crime. All participants rated on a 0-100% scale the probability that the target would commit each of the crimes listed. Results revealed that vehicle theft is a Hispanic and black stereotypic crime, welfare fraud and illegally entering the United States are Hispanic stereotypic crimes, and robbery is a black stereotypic crime. No white stereotypic crimes were identified. Study 2: Participants were 144 undergraduate students divided into 3 groups. Group 1 judged a black defendant, group 2 a white defendant, and group 3 a Hispanic defendant. The stimulus was a realistic summary of a criminal trial for vehicle theft. The dependant measures were the verdict (guilty or not guilty), the Confidence in the Verdict Scale wherein participants rated their confidence in their verdict on a 0-100% scale, and the Guilt Index which was computed by multiplying the value of the verdict (1 for guilty and -1 for not guilty) by the score on the confidence scale. Participants acted as jurors and responded individually. Results revealed that only 24 defendants were judged guilty: 6 black defendants, 13 white defendants, and 5 Hispanic defendants. Analysis of the Guilt Index data revealed that, although all races of defendant were generally perceived to be not guilty, participants judged the white defendant to be less innocent than the black and Hispanic defendants. Results did not agree with past research on race stereotypic crimes. For Study 1, this was probably because Study 1 measured the concept in a new and more sensitive way (a percentage scale). In Study 2, the stimulus may not have been balanced (the evidence for the prosecution may have been too weak), or the provision of more information about the defendant and the use of judicial instructions may have negated the race stereotypic bias. (p. III-IV).

Attitudes on Legal Insanity and the Impact of Race

Author : Jerie J. Bolin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 106 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (112 download)

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Book Synopsis Attitudes on Legal Insanity and the Impact of Race by : Jerie J. Bolin

Download or read book Attitudes on Legal Insanity and the Impact of Race written by Jerie J. Bolin and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 106 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Jurors, representatives of the communities from which they are selected, are tasked with the responsibility of reaching a verdict in an impartial, unbiased manner. Previous research has found that bias and negative attitudes impact juror decision-making, despite practices that are in place to dismiss potentially biased jurors, such as voir dire. Studies have found a correlation between racial biases and juror verdicts. Additionally, a correlation has also been found between insanity defense attitudes and a juror's propensity to favor (or not favor) a Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity (NGRI) acquittal. However, there has been limited examination of the impact of racial bias on juror decision-making in cases of NGRI, as evidenced by a lack of available research in this area. The Insanity Defense Attitudes - Revised (IDA-R) scale is a validated measure of venirepersons (potential jurors) attitudes surrounding NGRI. The IDA-R and a demographic survey were issued to jury-eligible participants from a Midwestern state, following a NGRI case vignette featuring either a White or African American male defendant. All participants met minimum criteria to be an Ohio juror. Findings include the overestimation of NGRI pleas in criminal court, the underestimation of NGRI acquittals, and a correlation between higher IDA-R scale scores and Guilty verdicts among participants. Additionally, race of the participant appeared to predict final verdict for some groups.

A Plea for Justice: Racial Bias in Pretrial Decision Making

Author : Matthew Lawrence Mizel
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis A Plea for Justice: Racial Bias in Pretrial Decision Making by : Matthew Lawrence Mizel

Download or read book A Plea for Justice: Racial Bias in Pretrial Decision Making written by Matthew Lawrence Mizel and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: African American defendants are more likely than Whites to be charged punitively by prosecutors at arraignment, detained pretrial, and sentenced harshly via plea bargain. These disparities contribute to mass incarceration, because 95% of cases adjudicate by plea bargain rather than a jury trial. Prior research has found that implicit racial bias (unconscious attitudes and stereotypes about race) and dehumanization bias (thinking of others as less human) are associated with racial disparities in areas of the justice system outside of pretrial decision making. This study poses the following questions: (1) Are implicit racial bias, explicit racial bias, implicit dehumanization bias, and/or explicit dehumanization bias associated with pretrial decision making (for each of initial charge, bail, target plea sentence, minimum acceptable plea sentence, and charge reduction)? (2) What are the relative influences of implicit racial bias, explicit racial bias, implicit dehumanization bias, and explicit dehumanization bias? A total of 148 students from the UCLA School of Law read a fictional criminal case vignette and then made pretrial decisions in the role of prosecutor. The race of the defendant was randomly assigned to be either African American or White while all other aspects of the vignette were held constant. Higher anti-African American/pro-White implicit dehumanization bias was associated with a less punitive initial robbery charge for the White defendant. Greater anti-African American/pro-White implicit racial bias was associated with three outcomes for the White defendant in a direction contrary to implicit bias theory: setting a higher bail amount, targeting a longer prison sentence for the plea bargain, and being less likely to offer a charge reduction. In supplemental analyses, participants who believed in the biological basis of race were less likely to charge the White defendant more punitively. The results suggest that implicit dehumanization bias and implicit racial bias influence pretrial decision making but that only implicit dehumanization bias contributes to racial disparity. Future research could test these results with working prosecutors and defense attorneys to expand the generalizability of the findings.