Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions

Download Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1317712811
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (177 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions by : Randy P Lundschien Conner

Download or read book Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions written by Randy P Lundschien Conner and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-04-08 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What roles do queer and transgender people play in the African diasporic religions? Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Participation in African-Inspired Traditions in the Americas is a groundbreaking scholarly exploration of this long-neglected subject. It offers clear insight into the complex dynamics of gender and sexual orientation, humans and deities, and race and ethnicity, within these richly nuanced spiritual practices. Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions explores the ways in which gender complexity and same-sex intimacy are integral to the primary beliefs and practices of these faiths. It begins with a comprehensive overview of Vodou, Santeria, and other African-based religions. The second section includes extensive, revealing interviews with practitioners who offer insight into the intersection of their beliefs, their sexual orientation, and their gender identity. Finally, it provides a powerful analysis of the ways these traditions have inspired artists, musicians, and writers such as Audre Lorde, as well as informative interviews with the artists themselves. In Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions, you will discover: how the presence of androgynous divinities affects both faith and practice in Vodou, Candomble, Santeria, and other Creole religions how the phenomenon of possession or embodiment by a god or goddess may validate queer identity and nurture gender complexity who practices the African-derived spiritual traditions, what they believe, and who their deities are how these faiths have influenced the art and aesthetic traditions of the West This landmark book opens a fascinating new world of thought and belief. The authors provide rigorous documentation and faultless scholarly method as well as personal experience and the testimony of believers. Queering Creole Spiritual Traditions sheds new light on two widely different fields: LGBT studies and the theology of the African diaspora. A thorough bibliography points the way to further study, and an extensive photograph gallery provides a unique look at the believers and their practices. Every library with holdings in queer theory, African mythology, or sociology of religion should have this landmark volume.

Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit

Download Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Burns & Oates
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 408 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit by : Randy P. Conner

Download or read book Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit written by Randy P. Conner and published by Burns & Oates. This book was released on 1997 with total page 408 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Did you know that in medieval French folklore a person might change sex by passing under a rainbow? Or that same-sex unions have been celebrated by peoples of the ancient Mediterranean, Africa, China, and Indigenous America? Or that Sappho, da Vinci, Emily Dickinson, Nijinsky, Benjamin Britten, Mishima, Adrienne Rich, Audre Lorde, Keith Haring, Boy George, and Derek Jarman number among those who have explored the spiritual dimension of gender and sexuality in their works? While the terms many of us employ today to identify ourselves - 'queer', 'lesbian', 'gay', 'bisexual', 'transgendered' - differ markedly from those of peoples of other times and places, we are nevertheless the bearers of a rich spiritual history that has been ignored or suppressed, a history encoded in sacred texts as well as in works of art, music, dance and other media. Drawing upon religion, mythology, folklore, anthropology, history and the arts, the Encyclopedia is a cornucopia of queer spirituality, containing over 1,500 alphabetically arranged entries from Aakulujjuusi to Zeus.

Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism

Download Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : UNM Press
ISBN 13 : 0826350771
Total Pages : 429 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (263 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism by : Tracey E. Hucks

Download or read book Yoruba Traditions and African American Religious Nationalism written by Tracey E. Hucks and published by UNM Press. This book was released on 2012-05-16 with total page 429 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Exploring the Yoruba tradition in the United States, Hucks begins with the story of Nana Oseijeman Adefunmi’s personal search for identity and meaning as a young man in Detroit in the 1930s and 1940s. She traces his development as an artist, religious leader, and founder of several African-influenced religio-cultural projects in Harlem and later in the South. Adefunmi was part of a generation of young migrants attracted to the bohemian lifestyle of New York City and the black nationalist fervor of Harlem. Cofounding Shango Temple in 1959, Yoruba Temple in 1960, and Oyotunji African Village in 1970, Adefunmi and other African Americans in that period renamed themselves “Yorubas” and engaged in the task of transforming Cuban Santer'a into a new religious expression that satisfied their racial and nationalist leanings and eventually helped to place African Americans on a global religious schema alongside other Yoruba practitioners in Africa and the diaspora. Alongside the story of Adefunmi, Hucks weaves historical and sociological analyses of the relationship between black cultural nationalism and reinterpretations of the meaning of Africa from within the African American community.

Queering Black Atlantic Religions

Download Queering Black Atlantic Religions PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 1478003456
Total Pages : 228 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (78 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Queering Black Atlantic Religions by : Roberto Strongman

Download or read book Queering Black Atlantic Religions written by Roberto Strongman and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-14 with total page 228 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Queering Black Atlantic Religions Roberto Strongman examines Haitian Vodou, Cuban Lucumí/Santería, and Brazilian Candomblé to demonstrate how religious rituals of trance possession allow humans to understand themselves as embodiments of the divine. In these rituals, the commingling of humans and the divine produces gender identities that are independent of biological sex. As opposed to the Cartesian view of the spirit as locked within the body, the body in Afro-diasporic religions is an open receptacle. Showing how trance possession is a primary aspect of almost all Afro-diasporic cultural production, Strongman articulates transcorporeality as a black, trans-Atlantic understanding of the human psyche, soul, and gender as multiple, removable, and external to the body.

Spiritual Mestizaje

Download Spiritual Mestizaje PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Duke University Press
ISBN 13 : 0822350467
Total Pages : 294 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (223 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Spiritual Mestizaje by : Theresa Delgadillo

Download or read book Spiritual Mestizaje written by Theresa Delgadillo and published by Duke University Press. This book was released on 2011-08-08 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demonstrates the centrality of Gloria Anzald&úas concept of spiritual mestizaje to the queer feminist Chicana theorists life and thought, and its utility as a framework for interpreting contemporary Chicana narratives.

Blossom of Bone

Download Blossom of Bone PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Harper San Francisco
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 376 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Blossom of Bone by : Randy P. Conner

Download or read book Blossom of Bone written by Randy P. Conner and published by Harper San Francisco. This book was released on 1993 with total page 376 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The first multi-cultural exploration of the sacred experience, roles, and rituals of gay and gender-bending men, from the ancient priests of the goddess to Oscar Wilde and pop music icon Sylvester--a rich tradition of men who have embodied the interrelationship between androgyny, homoeroticism, and the quest for the sacred. Illustrations and photos.

Creole Religions of the Caribbean, Third Edition

Download Creole Religions of the Caribbean, Third Edition PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 1479803537
Total Pages : 241 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (798 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creole Religions of the Caribbean, Third Edition by : Margarite Fernández Olmos

Download or read book Creole Religions of the Caribbean, Third Edition written by Margarite Fernández Olmos and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2022-08-23 with total page 241 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An updated introduction to the religions developed in the Caribbean region Creole Religions of the Caribbean offers a comprehensive introduction to the overlapping religions that have developed as a result of the creolization process. Caribbean peoples drew on the variants of Christianity brought by European colonizers, as well as on African religious and healing traditions and the remnants of Amerindian practices, to fashion new systems of belief. From Vodou, Santería, Regla de Palo, the Abakuá Secret Society, and Obeah to Quimbois and Espiritismo, the volume traces the historical–cultural origins of the major Creole religions, as well as the newer traditions such as Rastafari. This third edition updates the scholarship by featuring new critical approaches that have been brought to bear on the study of religion, such as queer studies, environmental studies, and diasporic studies. The third edition also expands the regional considerations of the diaspora to the US Latinx communities that are influenced by Creole spiritual practices, taking into account the increased significance of material culture?art, music, literature, and healing practices influenced by Creole religions.

The Voudon Gnostic Workbook

Download The Voudon Gnostic Workbook PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Weiser Books
ISBN 13 : 9781578633395
Total Pages : 654 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (333 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Voudon Gnostic Workbook by : Michael Bertiaux

Download or read book The Voudon Gnostic Workbook written by Michael Bertiaux and published by Weiser Books. This book was released on 2007-07-01 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A long-awaited new edition of the seminal text on the spiritual system that is a convergence of Gnosticism and Haitian voodoo, The Voudon Gnostic Workbook is a singular sacred work that is comprehensive in scope -- from "how to be a lucky Hoodoo" to how magick and voodoo intersect energetically, to esoteric time travel. Complete with charts and graphs and instructive interdimensional physics, The Voudon Gnostic Workbook is an "object of desire" among students of the occult. Weiser's long-anticipated republication of this rare text will be an event in the annals of esoteric publishing, as the book itself is somewhat of an "unholy grail." There are listservers devoted to it and much discussion of the mysteries held within its pages. While The Voudon Gnostic Workbook has remained a controversial book considered important for masters of metaphysics, it recently came into popular culture and renewed popularity when Grant Morrison revealed it had been the inspiration for his cult comics The Invisibles, using the cribbed time travel from Bertiaux' s masterwork. Voodoo is not an evil religion and is much misunderstood. It derives from the Dahomean Gods called the "Loa." Esoteric voodoo is actually a highly practical procedure for leading us into making contact with the deepest levels of our being and most ancient modes of consciousness. Michael Bertiaux's Voudon Gnostic Workbook is the most comprehensive and illuminating contemporary book on the subject. Launched out of a correspondence course and series of classes for students and followers of Voudon Gnosticism and the OTO, this seminal text is at once one of the most mysterious and magnificent of all esoteric books.

Black Atlantic Religion

Download Black Atlantic Religion PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Princeton University Press
ISBN 13 : 1400833973
Total Pages : 392 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (8 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Black Atlantic Religion by : J. Lorand Matory

Download or read book Black Atlantic Religion written by J. Lorand Matory and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2009-02-09 with total page 392 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Black Atlantic Religion illuminates the mutual transformation of African and African-American cultures, highlighting the example of the Afro-Brazilian Candomblé religion. This book contests both the recent conviction that transnationalism is new and the long-held supposition that African culture endures in the Americas only among the poorest and most isolated of black populations. In fact, African culture in the Americas has most flourished among the urban and the prosperous, who, through travel, commerce, and literacy, were well exposed to other cultures. Their embrace of African religion is less a "survival," or inert residue of the African past, than a strategic choice in their circum-Atlantic, multicultural world. With counterparts in Nigeria, the Benin Republic, Haiti, Cuba, Trinidad, and the United States, Candomblé is a religion of spirit possession, dance, healing, and blood sacrifice. Most surprising to those who imagine Candomblé and other such religions as the products of anonymous folk memory is the fact that some of this religion's towering leaders and priests have been either well-traveled writers or merchants, whose stake in African-inspired religion was as much commercial as spiritual. Morever, they influenced Africa as much as Brazil. Thus, for centuries, Candomblé and its counterparts have stood at the crux of enormous transnational forces. Vividly combining history and ethnography, Matory spotlights a so-called "folk" religion defined not by its closure or internal homogeneity but by the diversity of its connections to classes and places often far away. Black Atlantic Religion sets a new standard for the study of transnationalism in its subaltern and often ancient manifestations.

The Book of Voodoo

Download The Book of Voodoo PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780091842017
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (42 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Book of Voodoo by : Leah Gordon

Download or read book The Book of Voodoo written by Leah Gordon and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This guide discusses the events of the menstrual cycle and how it affects women's lives. Discusses puberty and the menopause, and also various myths, rituals and taboos relating to women and the menstrual cycle. Includes information on contraception, menstrual disorders and pelvic diseases and disorders. Includes a bibliography and an index. Fraser is the professor of reproductive medicine, University of Sydney, Farrell is head of the Menopause Unit, Monash Medical Centre, and co-author of 'The HRT Handbook. Grimwade is a technical writer.

Queer Magic

Download Queer Magic PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Llewellyn Worldwide
ISBN 13 : 0738755648
Total Pages : 312 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (387 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Queer Magic by : Tomás Prower

Download or read book Queer Magic written by Tomás Prower and published by Llewellyn Worldwide. This book was released on 2018-06-08 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Queer Magic and Mysticism in History and Today Queer Magic provides nourishment for LGBT+ souls and their allies who are interested in learning about the significant presence and influence of queer folks throughout history. Explore fascinating insights into queer relationships and spiritual practices from different regions of the world. Learn about deities, heroes, and historical figures who embody the power of the queer spirit. Discover inspiring contributions from contemporary LGBT+ Pagans, Catholics, Buddhists, Muslims, and others as they share personal stories of their experiences as well as spells, prayers, and meditations from their own practices. With practical suggestions and enlightening perspectives, this book is a unique resource for LGBT+ spiritual seekers who want to experience the sustaining energy and strength of the worldwide queer community. Praise: "Queer Magic asks us to unlearn what we've thought about the global past and instead substitutes an inclusive, more accurate world history, where queer identities are plenty."—ForeWord Reviews "Tomás Prower takes us on a global journey, a quest to find queer magick across the world. Our stories are not confined to any one place, time, or religion, and this book is truly a diverse guide to understanding our often lost and forgotten myth and history. Certain to inspire LGBTQ+ magickal practitioners for years to come!"—Christopher Penczak, Gay Witchcraft "In his latest work, Queer Magic, Tomás Prower takes us on a journey that spans both time and continents to examine the myths, magic, and spiritual lives of those who exist outside the culturally sanctioned heterosexual binary. Surprisingly detailed, Prower examines not only the practices of pre-modern native cultures, but also the effects of Christian colonialism and its devastating and history-robbing effects upon them. He demonstrates how those cultures' near-universal acceptance of queer sexual expression has been usurped, and he shines a light on how those traditions have found ways to survive—and even thrive—in spite of being the victims of revisionist history. With interesting bits of history and lore (I may never think of Dracula quite the same way again) combined with practical exercises to help us view sexual expression and gender outside of our common modern restrictions, this book should be considered essential reading for all LGBT+ practitioners of magic and spirituality. Highly recommended."—Storm Faerywolf, author of Betwixt and Between "More often than not, people whose sexual identities, gender identities, social roles, affectional preferences, relationship styles, and so on are in the minority and tend to be erased or misrepresented in our culture. Queer Magic is a journey around the world and through the centuries to uncover some of these hidden stories. This book is not only history and mythology, it also contains vignettes, experiences, and practices from modern people from diverse backgrounds. One book cannot address everyone and everything, but Queer Magic is a heartfelt effort that will encourage you to continue the work of discovering these treasures of the spirit."—Ivo Dominguez Jr., author of The Keys to Perception

Creole Religions of the Caribbean

Download Creole Religions of the Caribbean PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781479842117
Total Pages : 309 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (421 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creole Religions of the Caribbean by : Margarite Fernández Olmos

Download or read book Creole Religions of the Caribbean written by Margarite Fernández Olmos and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Creolization--the coming together of diverse beliefs and practices to form new beliefs and practices--is one of the most significant phenomena in Caribbean religious history. Brought together in the crucible of the sugar plantation, Caribbean peoples drew on the variants of Christianity brought by European colonizers, as well as on African religious and healing traditions and the remnants of Amerindian practices, to fashion new systems of belief. Creole Religions of the Caribbean offers a comprehensive introduction to the syncretic religions that have developed in the region. From Vodou, Santería, Regla de Palo, the Abakuá Secret Society, and Obeah to Quimbois and Espiritismo, the volume traces the historical-cultural origins of the major Creole religions, as well as the newer traditions such as Pocomania and Rastafarianism. This second edition updates the scholarship on the religions themselves and also expands the regional considerations of the Diaspora to the U.S. Latino community who are influenced by Creole spiritual practices. Fernández Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert also take into account the increased significance of material culture--art, music, literature--and healing practices influenced by Creole religions"--Provided by publisher.

Queer Women and Religious Individualism

Download Queer Women and Religious Individualism PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Indiana University Press
ISBN 13 : 0253353513
Total Pages : 293 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (533 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Queer Women and Religious Individualism by : Melissa M. Wilcox

Download or read book Queer Women and Religious Individualism written by Melissa M. Wilcox and published by Indiana University Press. This book was released on 2009 with total page 293 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Melissa M. Wilcox explores the complex spiritual lives of queer women in the Los Angeles area. She takes the reader on a tour of a colorful array of religious and secular groups that serve as spiritual resources for these women--from the well-known Metropolitan Community Churches to Wiccan covens, from the Gay and Lesbian Sierrans to the Sisters of Perpetual Indulgence. Arguing that these women's stories are exemplary cases of postmodern patterns of religious identity, belief, and practice, Wilcox offers a nuanced analysis of contemporary Western spirituality and selfhood, and a detailed exploration of the history of queer religious organizing in Los Angeles. Queer Women and Religious Individualism is important reading for scholars in religious studies, sociology, women's studies, and LGBT studies.

Two Spirits

Download Two Spirits PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Lethe Press
ISBN 13 : 1590210603
Total Pages : 334 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Two Spirits by : Walter L. Williams

Download or read book Two Spirits written by Walter L. Williams and published by Lethe Press. This book was released on 2006 with total page 334 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Twenty years after publishing his groundbreaking "The Spirit and the Flesh," anthropologist Williams teams up with award-winning writer Johnson to produce a work of historical fiction that is striking in its evocation of Navajo philosophy and spirituality.

Creole Religions of the Caribbean

Download Creole Religions of the Caribbean PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : NYU Press
ISBN 13 : 0814762573
Total Pages : 324 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (147 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Creole Religions of the Caribbean by : Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert

Download or read book Creole Religions of the Caribbean written by Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert and published by NYU Press. This book was released on 2011-07-11 with total page 324 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive introduction to the syncretic religions developed in the Caribbean region Creolization—the coming together of diverse beliefs and practices to form new beliefs and practices—is one of the most significant phenomena in Caribbean religious history. Brought together in the crucible of the sugar plantation, Caribbean peoples drew on the variants of Christianity brought by European colonizers, as well as on African religious and healing traditions and the remnants of Amerindian practices, to fashion new systems of belief. Creole Religions of the Caribbean offers a comprehensive introduction to the syncretic religions that have developed in the region. From Vodou, Santería, Regla de Palo, the Abakuá Secret Society, and Obeah to Quimbois and Espiritismo, the volume traces the historical–cultural origins of the major Creole religions, as well as the newer traditions such as Pocomania and Rastafarianism. This second edition updates the scholarship on the religions themselves and also expands the regional considerations of the Diaspora to the U. S. Latino community who are influenced by Creole spiritual practices. Fernández Olmos and Paravisini–Gebert also take into account the increased significance of material culture—art, music, literature—and healing practices influenced by Creole religions.

Queering the Field

Download Queering the Field PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190458046
Total Pages : 384 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (94 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Queering the Field by : Gregory Barz

Download or read book Queering the Field written by Gregory Barz and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2019-09-23 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Drawing on ethnographic research and often deeply personal experiences with musical cultures, Queering the Field: Sounding out Ethnomusicology unpacks a history of sentiment that veils the treatment of queer music and identity within the field of ethnomusicology. The thematic structure of the volume reflects a deliberate cartography of queer spaces in the discipline-spaces that are strongly present due to their absence, are marked by direct sonic parameters, or are called into question by virtue of their otherness. As the first large-scale study of ethnomusicology's queer silences and queer identity politics, Queering the Field directly addresses the normativities currently at play in musical ethnography (fieldwork, analysis, performance, transcription) as well as in the practice of musical ethnographers (identification, participation, disclosure, observation, authority). While rooted in strong narrative convictions, the authors frequently adopt radicalized voices with the goal of queering a hierarchical sexual binary. The essays in the volume present rhetorical and syntactical scenarios that challenge us to read in prescient singular ways for future queer writing and queer thought in ethnomusicology.

Queering Colonial Natal

Download Queering Colonial Natal PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781517905187
Total Pages : 240 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (51 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Queering Colonial Natal by : T. J. Tallie

Download or read book Queering Colonial Natal written by T. J. Tallie and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How were indigenous social practices deemed queer and aberrant by colonial forces? In Queering Colonial Natal, T.J. Tallie travels to colonial Natalestablished by the British in 1843, today South Africa's KwaZulu-Natal provinceto show how settler regimes "queered" indigenous practices. Defining them as threats to the normative order they sought to impose, they did so by delimiting Zulu polygamy; restricting alcohol access, clothing, and even friendship; and assigning only Europeans to government schools. Using queer and critical indigenous theory, this book critically assesses Natal (where settlers were to remain a minority) in the context of the global settler colonial project in the nineteenth century to yield a new and engaging synthesis. Tallie explores the settler colonial history of Natal's white settlers and how they sought to establish laws and rules for both whites and Africans based on European mores of sexuality and gender. At the same time, colonial archives reveal that many African and Indian people challenged such civilizational claims. Ultimately Tallie argues that the violent collisions between Africans, Indians, and Europeans in Natal shaped the conceptions of race and gender that bolstered each group's claim to authority.