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Quarterly Earnings Management
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Book Synopsis Quarterly Earnings Management by : Demetris Christodoulou
Download or read book Quarterly Earnings Management written by Demetris Christodoulou and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper examines the systematic difference between interim and fourth quarters in managerial decisions to engage in accruals and real activities management to meet analysts' quarterly earnings forecasts. Findings reveal that managers engage in income-increasing accounting accruals manipulations during the interim quarters. Managers engage in real activities management during the final quarter, through reductions in R&D and SG&A expenditures, aggressive sales discounts and overproduction of inventory. The managerial intervention with normal levels of R&D has become increasingly common following the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) in 2003, and occurs throughout all four quarters. In the post-SOX period, firms also engage in aggressive sales discounts and overproduction before the year-end in order to boost earnings. There is an evident managerial preference in the timing between accruals and real activities management with the former being prevalent during the interim quarters when the discretion to delay expense recognition is allowed as part of integral accounting and the auditors scrutiny is absent, and the later only taking place mostly in the final quarter given the cost of adjusting operations towards meeting short term myopic targets. The business practice of reducing R&D and SG&A spending to gain short-term financial benefits is an unintended outcome that is partially attributed to the US accounting requirements of the direct expensing of firms' internal intangible investments. The myopic investment behaviour poses a barrier to the generation and development of firms' intellectual capital and may have detrimental effects on the long-term economic advances.
Book Synopsis Quarterly Earnings Management Through R&D and Accruals Manipulation by : Meng Yan
Download or read book Quarterly Earnings Management Through R&D and Accruals Manipulation written by Meng Yan and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Introduction to Earnings Management by : Malek El Diri
Download or read book Introduction to Earnings Management written by Malek El Diri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-20 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides researchers and scholars with a comprehensive and up-to-date analysis of earnings management theory and literature. While it raises new questions for future research, the book can be also helpful to other parties who rely on financial reporting in making decisions like regulators, policy makers, shareholders, investors, and gatekeepers e.g., auditors and analysts. The book summarizes the existing literature and provides insight into new areas of research such as the differences between earnings management, fraud, earnings quality, impression management, and expectation management; the trade-off between earnings management activities; the special measures of earnings management; and the classification of earnings management motives based on a comprehensive theoretical framework.
Book Synopsis Quarterly Earnings Patterns and Earnings Management by : Somnath Das
Download or read book Quarterly Earnings Patterns and Earnings Management written by Somnath Das and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 51 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates whether the pattern of quarterly earnings changes provides a signal of earnings management. We identify firms for which the sign of (seasonal) earnings changes observed in interim quarters reverses in the fourth quarter. We hypothesize that a firm performing poorly in interim quarters may attempt to increase earnings of the fourth quarter to achieve a desired annual earnings target, while a firm performing well in interim quarters may attempt to decrease earnings of the fourth quarter to build reserves for the future. Our results show that reversal of earnings changes in the fourth quarter is a common phenomenon and its occurrence is greater than would be expected by chance. Other indicators of earnings management, such as the size and direction of discretionary accruals, reversals in subsequent accruals, the use of special items in the income statement, and adjustment of Ramp;D spending, suggest that firms with earnings reversals are more likely to have managed earnings than industry and performance matched control firms. The capital market appears to attach lower credibility to earnings reported by the reversal samples. Our collective evidence leads us to suspect that fourth-quarter reversals on average reflect earnings management behavior. We recommend that analysts use earnings reversals as a heuristic to detect potential cases of earnings management in conjunction with other indicators, such as the magnitude of discretionary accruals. We further find that firms in the reversal samples significantly overlap with the sample of firms reporting small profits and small EPS increases. These results provide an interesting insight - that at least one-fourth of the sample of firms that meet or just beat earnings targets are attempting to smooth annual earnings by managing earnings downward in the fourth quarter.
Book Synopsis Earnings Management and Accounting Income Aggregation by : John Jacob
Download or read book Earnings Management and Accounting Income Aggregation written by John Jacob and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 69 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Quarterly earnings allow aggregation into annual earnings in four different ways. Fiscal year reported earnings is one of these four possible measures of annual earnings, the others being earnings for years ending at the first, second and third fiscal quarters. We provide evidence on earnings management in fiscal year earnings relative to these three alternative measures of firms' annual earnings. We confirm prior findings in Burgstahler and Dichev (1997) of discontinuities around zero and around prior year earnings in histograms of fiscal year earnings. Subsequent research questions whether these discontinuities are evidence of earnings management or whether they are attributable to biases induced by taxes, scaling and sample selection. Using the histograms of our alternative annual earnings measures, we offer additional evidence in this debate. We also find evidence of earnings management in broader intervals around thresholds. We believe that our research design is better suited to test for earnings management in these broader intervals than those used in prior studies. We also compare the statistical properties of fiscal year earnings to annual earnings starting with the fiscal year quarters two, three and four. We find that the variance and kurtosis of earnings are higher for fiscal year earnings while skewness of earnings is lower at the fiscal year. These results are more consistent with earnings management than with the effects induced by 'settling up' in fourth quarter earnings. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on the prevalence, effects of and factors associated with earnings management.
Book Synopsis Implications of the Integral Approach and Earnings Management for Alternate Annual Reporting Periods by : Katherine Gunny
Download or read book Implications of the Integral Approach and Earnings Management for Alternate Annual Reporting Periods written by Katherine Gunny and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We compare earnings for the last twelve months ending in quarter four (i.e., fiscal year earnings), three, two and one. Prior literature offers two competing explanations for why fourth quarter earnings exhibit higher volatility than other interim quarters. Under the first explanation, GAAP assumes that quarterly earnings are an integral part of annual earnings and are used to settle up annual earnings. Any estimation errors in the preceding three quarters are corrected through fourth quarter earnings, which could make them more volatile. Under the second explanation, compensation and lending contracts based on fiscal year earnings lead to a concentration of earnings management in the fourth quarter and thus more volatile fourth quarter earnings. Although both explanations have similar predictions for the properties of quarterly earnings, our simulations show that these explanations, as suggested by Lipe and Bernard 2000, have distinct implications for the properties of annual earnings ending in quarter four, three, two and one. Overall, our results are more consistent with earnings management than settling up. In addition, we examine the relative earnings attributes and find that fiscal year earnings attributes rank lower on dimensions of accrual quality, persistence, predictability, and smoothness. Finally, we re-investigate the accrual anomaly and find that the accrual anomaly is more pronounced for fiscal year earnings.
Book Synopsis Fourth Quarter Reversals in Earnings Changes and Earnings Management by : Somnath Das
Download or read book Fourth Quarter Reversals in Earnings Changes and Earnings Management written by Somnath Das and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper investigates potential cases of earnings management by observing the pattern of quarterly earnings changes. We identify firms for which the sign of (seasonal) earnings changes observed in interim quarters reverses in the fourth quarter. We hypothesize that a firm performing poorly in interim quarters may attempt to increase earnings of the fourth quarter to achieve a desired annual earnings target, while a firm performing well in interim quarters may attempt to decrease earnings of the fourth quarter to build "reserves" for the future. Our results show that reversal of earnings changes in the fourth quarter is a common phenomenon and its occurrence is greater than would be expected by chance. Other indicators of earnings management, such as the size and direction of changes in fourth quarter accruals, reversals in subsequent earnings performance, and the use of special items in the income statement, suggest that firms with earnings reversals are more likely to have managed earnings than a control sample of nonreversal firms. Our results also indicate that the reversal firms may have debt-contracting and political costs-related incentives to manage earnings and a significant percentage of them may manage earnings to avoid reporting a decrease in annual earnings. Capital market participants and financial analysts both appear to attach lower credibility to earnings reported by the reversal samples. Our collective evidence leads us to suspect that fourth quarter reversals reflect earnings management behavior rather than some other phenomena, such as mean reversion of earnings or fourth quarter settling up.
Book Synopsis Audit Committees and Quarterly Earnings Management by : Joon S. Yang
Download or read book Audit Committees and Quarterly Earnings Management written by Joon S. Yang and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulators have frequently expressed concerns about corporate earnings management. Audit committees are expected to monitor managers' financial reporting, including attempts to manipulate earnings numbers. The extant literature has focused on managers'incentives to manipulate earnings numbers. However, managers also have incentives to manage earnings, due to, for example, pressures to meet quarterly analyst forecasts. We test the association between audit committee characteristics and measures of quarterly earnings management. Using a sample of 896 firm-year observations for the years 1996-2000, we report three findings. First, quarterly earnings management is lower for firms whose audit committee directors have greater governance expertise. Second, the extent of stock ownership by audit committee directors is positively associated with quarterly earnings management. Third, the average tenure of audit committee directors is negatively associated with quarterly earnings management.
Book Synopsis Audit Committees and Quarterly Earnings Management by : Joon S. Yang
Download or read book Audit Committees and Quarterly Earnings Management written by Joon S. Yang and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Regulators have frequently expressed concerns about corporate earnings management. Audit committees are expected to monitor managers' tendencies to manipulate their earnings numbers. The extant literature until now has focused on managers' incentives to manipulate annual earnings numbers. However, managers also have incentives to manage quarterly earnings, due for example, to pressures to meet quarterly analyst forecasts. We test whether audit committees with certain characteristics curb managers' ability to engage in quarterly earnings management. We examine the following characteristics of audit committees: their independence, number of meetings, financial expertise, stock ownership, outside directorships, tenure, and number of directors.Using a sample of 896 firm-year observations for the years 1996-2000, we report three findings. First, the number of outside directorships held by audit committee directors is negatively associated with earnings management behavior. This could reflect possible independence of these directors because of their desire to maintain their reputations or their expertise in dealing with financial reporting issues. Second, we find that stock ownership by independent audit committee directors is positively associated with earnings management. The monitoring benefits of independent directors seem to be eroded in situations where they are given stock ownership. Moreover, in our sample, it is mainly the independent directors that own stock. Although we do not know how generalizable this finding is, it suggests that stock ownership by audit committee directors is undesirable. Third, the average tenure of audit committee directors is negatively associated with quarterly earnings management suggesting a possible positive effect of experience with the firm and its accounting. Our results are robust to two different measures of quarterly earnings management.
Book Synopsis Does Quarterly Earnings Guidance Increase Or Reduce Earnings Management? by : Andrew Alexei Acito
Download or read book Does Quarterly Earnings Guidance Increase Or Reduce Earnings Management? written by Andrew Alexei Acito and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This study adds to the earnings guidance debate by investigating whether quarterly guidance is related to two forms of earnings management: (1) benchmark beating and (2) accounting irregularities. Using a post-Regulation Fair Disclosure sample, I find that firms regularly issuing earnings guidance display a discontinuity around zero in their distribution of management forecast errors and a larger discontinuity in their distribution of analyst forecast errors compared to non-guiding firms. Multivariate tests reveal that guiding firms recognize large abnormal accruals to beat their own guidance, but not to beat analyst forecasts, whereas non-guiding firms do recognize large abnormal accruals to beat analyst forecasts. Overall, guiding firms and non-guiding firms use similar levels of abnormal accruals to beat benchmarks. I also find no statistical relation between quarterly guidance and the likelihood of accounting irregularities. In sum, the evidence shows that while guiding firms and non-guiding firms manage earnings to different benchmarks, they are similar in terms of their aggregate earnings management.
Book Synopsis Measuring the Pervasiveness of Earnings Management from Quarterly Accrual Volatility by : Zhaoyang Gu
Download or read book Measuring the Pervasiveness of Earnings Management from Quarterly Accrual Volatility written by Zhaoyang Gu and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earnings management is a key issue for financial reporting. The purpose of this paper is to derive a set of indices to measure the pervasiveness of earnings management (PEM) using the properties of quarterly accrual volatility. The PEM index can be viewed as a quality measure of financial reporting and an effectiveness measure for financial monitoring. In contrast to mean-shifting studies in the literature, our measure based on accrual volatility yields two major advantages. First, it relieves us of the necessity of precise assumptions regarding economic events. Second, it provides a macro-perspective on the overall patterns in earnings management. The methodology based on accrual volatility can address issues like the earnings quality, the nature of the informational environment, and the effect of accounting standard setting. The seasonal pattern of accrual volatility can provide a trace of earnings management, even in the absence of further information about specific economic events and resulting managerial actions. Our working hypothesis is that pervasive earnings management leads to the first order stochastic dominance of fourth quarter accrual volatility over the other three quarters. We provide evidence on the relations between previously documented drivers of earnings management and seasonal accrual heteroskedasticity. These drivers include executive compensation, regulatory requirements, bond covenants, and political costs. This empirical support of our working hypothesis validates our application of Kolmogorov-Smirnov (KS) Distance to measure the pervasiveness of earnings management (PEM). We use raw total accruals as the basis for measuring PEM1 and use residuals from Jones? [1991] model to control for mechanical factors in our measurement of PEM2. The usefulness of controls is an empirical issue. Our results suggest that additional controls do not add much power to detect earnings management over and above the simplest measure based on total accruals. KS Distance is powerful in detecting the difference around the central locations of two distributions, but not powerful at the tail ends. We develop two other measures for PEM. First, we estimate the fraction of fourth quarter accruals volatility exceeding the 95th percentile value for the first three quarters (base period) distribution. This fraction, reduced by 5%, constitutes PEM3. Second, we design a simulation method to determine PEM4 as the percentage of firms with a given magnitude of accrual adjustment for the base period accrual volatility to match that of the fourth quarter. Both PEM3 and PEM4 are estimates of percentage of firms involved in earnings management of a given magnitude. However, we should note here that our PEM indices are more likely ordinal than cardinal measures. Though our methods of measuring PEM rely on indirect measurement, we provide direct evidence on the relevance of our method through a series of external validation checks. First, we use a subsample of firms subject to SEC actions relating to alleged earnings manipulation. This data was collected from Accounting and Auditing Enforcement Releases (AAER's) by the SEC. We compare PEM?s for the AAER sample to PEM?s for the COMPUSTAT sample to assess the power of our measures. The PEM indices for the AAER sample are two to three times as large as the PEM indices for the COMPUSTAT sample. Though we avoid interpreting the relative magnitudes literally, these differences do suggest a positive correlation between our PEM indices and the degree of earnings management. Second, we conduct case studies for 10 firms identified by fourth quarter accrual volatility as strongly suspect of earnings management. These studies show that suspect firms frequently engage in activities associated with earnings management, such as CEO turnover, restructuring, public offerings, or they experience losses. Applying our PEM indices to COMPUSTAT data, we find that pervasiveness of earnings management has been relatively stable in the period of 1988-1996.
Book Synopsis Short-Term Earnings Guidance and Accrual-Based Earnings Management by : Andrew C. Call
Download or read book Short-Term Earnings Guidance and Accrual-Based Earnings Management written by Andrew C. Call and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Motivated by recent practitioners' concerns that short-term earnings guidance leads to managerial myopia, we investigate the impact of short-term earnings guidance on earnings management. Using a propensity-score matched control sample, we find strong and consistent evidence that the issuance of short-term quarterly earnings guidance is associated with less, rather than more, earnings management. We also find that regular guiders exhibit less earnings management than do less regular guiders. Our findings hold using both abnormal accruals and discretionary revenues to measure earnings management, and after controlling for potential reverse causality concerns. Furthermore, in a setting where managers have particularly strong capital market incentives to manage earnings, we corroborate the above findings by documenting that earnings guidance either has no impact on or actually mitigates earnings management. Overall, our evidence does not support the criticism from practitioners that short-term earnings guidance leads to more earnings management.
Book Synopsis Research and Development and Earnings Management. An Empirical Analysis of Analysts’ Reactions during Conference Calls by : Julian Kasturiarachchige
Download or read book Research and Development and Earnings Management. An Empirical Analysis of Analysts’ Reactions during Conference Calls written by Julian Kasturiarachchige and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2017-07-18 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bachelor Thesis from the year 2015 in the subject Business economics - Investment and Finance, grade: 1,0, LMU Munich (Instituts für Rechnungswesen und Wirtschaftsprüfung), language: English, abstract: This study is an attempt to combine two important streams of accounting research: The problem of earnings management (hereafter EM) and the role of conference calls (hereafter CCs) as disclosure medium. In doing so, I focus on real activities manipulation (hereafter RM) through cutting R&D expenses. I contribute to the existing literature by answering two questions: Firstly, whether the risk of managers engaging in RM via R&D spending affects the probability of analysts, or management addressing those cuts during CCs. Secondly, if the analyst community benefits from such discussions, by obtaining useful information, not accessible via other information channels. To answer these questions, I examine the 4th quarter earnings conference call transcripts of 300 firm years with an increased RM risk. I use content analysis to measure analysts’ and managers’ reactions, and create dummy variables that contain the information found.
Book Synopsis Audit Committees and Quarterly Earnings Management by : Joon Sun Yang
Download or read book Audit Committees and Quarterly Earnings Management written by Joon Sun Yang and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 192 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Earnings Management by : Kathleen Yates
Download or read book Earnings Management written by Kathleen Yates and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Earnings management is an issue that directly affects the overall integrity and quality of financial reporting and to date, many studies have been conducted in an attempt to gain an understanding of whether firms are engaging in earnings management, why they do so, what are the motives that drive managers' discretionary behaviour, what are the economic consequences and whether investors can see through this behaviour? In this book, Chapter One reviews the developments and the trends in the contemporary earnings management research and discuss several possible avenues for future research. Chapter Two provides an overview of the most recent studies on earnings management in relation to the financial crisis and the institutional environment and firm characteristics. Chapter Three provides a description of the nowadays most commonly used methods for measuring earnings management in accounting and finance literature. Chapter Four examines earnings management and corporate social responsibility as an entrenchment strategy.
Book Synopsis Earnings Management and the Market Performance of Acquiring Firms by : Henock Louis
Download or read book Earnings Management and the Market Performance of Acquiring Firms written by Henock Louis and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 45 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: I examine the market's efficiency in processing manipulated accounting reports and provide an explanation for the post-merger underperformance anomaly. I find strong evidence suggesting that acquiring firms overstate their earnings in the quarter preceding a stock swap announcement. I also find evidence of a reversal of the stock price effects of the earnings management in the days leading to the merger announcement. However, the pre-merger reversal is only partial. There is evidence of a post-merger reversal of the stock price effects of the pre-merger earnings management. The results suggest that the extant evidence of post-merger underperformance by acquiring firms is partly attributable to the reversal of the price effects of earnings management. The study also suggests that the post-merger reversal is not fully anticipated by financial analysts in the month immediately following the merger announcement. However, consistent with suggestions in the financial press that managers guide analysts' forecasts to quot;beatablequot; levels, the effect of the earnings management reversal seems to be reflected in the consensus analysts' forecasts by the time of the subsequent quarterly earnings releases.
Book Synopsis Earnings Management by : Thomas E. McKee
Download or read book Earnings Management written by Thomas E. McKee and published by Thomson South-Western. This book was released on 2005 with total page 224 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learn how to legally manage your earnings with EARNINGS MANAGEMENT! This finance text demystifies earnings management and provides you with 28 reasonable and legal techniques. Read this text and you will gain valuable knowledge about earning management concepts and tools and gain insight into the management decisions that can shape financial statements and the underlying quality of the earnings.
