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Quantifying The Impact Of Climate Change On Oceanic Variables
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Book Synopsis Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Oceanic Variables by : Francisco Marin Beltran
Download or read book Quantifying the Impact of Climate Change on Oceanic Variables written by Francisco Marin Beltran and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 103 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this thesis is to develop a general methodology to obtain high-resolution spatial-temporal forecasts of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) using an ensembles of general circulation model (GCM) output and historical records as the major driving force. As a case study, we consider Sea Surface Temperature (SST) in the North Pacific Ocean. We use two ensembles of different GCM simulation output, made available in the 4th Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: one corresponds to 20th century forcing conditions and the other corresponds to the A1B emissions scenario for the 21st century. Given a representation of the SST spatio-temporal fields based on a common set of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), we use a hierarchical Bayesian model for the EOF coefficients to estimate a baseline and a set of model discrepancies. These components are all time-varying. The model enables us to extract relevant temporal patterns of variability from both the observations and simulations and obtain common patterns from all eighteen series. This is used to obtain unified 21st century forecasts of relevant oceanic indexes as well as whole fields of forecast North Pacific SST. The unified forecast captures large longterm oceanic behavior, however the coarse resolution prevents us from capturing coastal behaviors. We use the unified forecast to model high resolution SST by establishing a link between large and small scale variability using statistical downscaling techniques. Using a combination of a discrete process convolution and a dynamic linear model, we obtain a smooth high-resolution forecast of SST fields off the coast of California. To model the high resolution data faster and efficiently, we developed and implement a parallel version of the forward filtering backwards sampling algorithm. We finish the work with remarks on the model results and address future avenues this work can take.
Book Synopsis Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle by : Isabel Ferrera
Download or read book Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle written by Isabel Ferrera and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2017-01-12 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This title includes a number of Open Access chapters. This valuable compendium provides an overview of the variables and consequences of oceanic carbon cycling in the context of climate change. The chapters highlight the importance of marine plankton in carbon processing as well as the effects of rising CO2 and temperature in their functioning. Marine ecosystems are being increasingly threatened by growing human pressures, including climate change. Understanding the consequences that climate change may have is crucial to predict the future of our oceans. Rising temperatures and ocean acidification may profoundly alter the mode of matter and energy transformation in marine ecosystems, which could have irreversible consequences for our planet on ecological timescales. For that reason, the scientific community has engaged in the grand challenge of studying the variables and consequences of oceanic carbon cycling in the context of climate change, which has emerged as a relevant field of science. The book is broken into four sections: Understanding the Importance of Ocean Biogeochemistry Quantifying Oceanic Carbon Variables Phytoplankton and Oceanic Carbon Cycle Ocean Acidification Edited by a researcher with many years of experience and with contributions from scientists from around the world, this volume explores the most important topics on climate change and oceanic carbon cycling.
Author :National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Publisher :National Academies Press ISBN 13 :0309492432 Total Pages :29 pages Book Rating :4.3/5 (94 download)
Book Synopsis Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Download or read book Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2019-06-18 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities â€" social, economic, security, and more â€" that such knowledge can bring. By continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018) provides detailed guidance on how relevant federal agencies can ensure that the United States receives the maximum benefit from its investments in Earth observations from space, while operating within realistic cost constraints. This short booklet, designed to be accessible to the general public, provides a summary of the key ideas and recommendations from the full decadal survey report.
Author :Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Publisher :Cambridge University Press ISBN 13 :9781009157971 Total Pages :755 pages Book Rating :4.1/5 (579 download)
Book Synopsis The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate by : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Download or read book The Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate written by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2022-04-30 with total page 755 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is the leading international body for assessing the science related to climate change. It provides policymakers with regular assessments of the scientific basis of human-induced climate change, its impacts and future risks, and options for adaptation and mitigation. This IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate is the most comprehensive and up-to-date assessment of the observed and projected changes to the ocean and cryosphere and their associated impacts and risks, with a focus on resilience, risk management response options, and adaptation measures, considering both their potential and limitations. It brings together knowledge on physical and biogeochemical changes, the interplay with ecosystem changes, and the implications for human communities. It serves policymakers, decision makers, stakeholders, and all interested parties with unbiased, up-to-date, policy-relevant information. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author :Udomsak Seenprachawong Publisher :Singapore : Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia ISBN 13 : Total Pages :60 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (89 download)
Book Synopsis An Economic Analysis of Coral Reefs in the Andaman Sea of Thailand by : Udomsak Seenprachawong
Download or read book An Economic Analysis of Coral Reefs in the Andaman Sea of Thailand written by Udomsak Seenprachawong and published by Singapore : Economy and Environment Program for Southeast Asia. This book was released on 2001 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate Change and the Oceans by : Robin Warner
Download or read book Climate Change and the Oceans written by Robin Warner and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2012-01-01 with total page 297 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate Change and the Oceans investigates the effects of climate change on the ocean environment and its implications for maritime activities, both globally and within the Asia Pacific region. This detailed work draws together informed opinion from a range of disciplines to examine the impacts of climate change on marine and coastal areas and review legal and policy responses to the rapidly changing ocean environment. Issues including the effects on fisheries and marine biodiversity in the Asia Pacific region, maritime security, global shipping, marine jurisdiction and marine geo-engineering are also explored. Examining the multiple impacts of climate change on the oceans and ocean based solutions to mitigate the adverse impacts of climate change, this thought-provoking book will prove invaluable to academics, researchers and students in the fields of law, environment, ecology and political science. Oceans and marine environmental policymakers will also find this to be an essential resource.
Author :Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Publisher :Food & Agriculture Org. ISBN 13 :9251306079 Total Pages :654 pages Book Rating :4.2/5 (513 download)
Book Synopsis Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture by : Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Download or read book Impacts of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture written by Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2019-01-06 with total page 654 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report indicates that climate change will significantly affect the availability and trade of fish products, especially for those countries most dependent on the sector, and calls for effective adaptation and mitigation actions encompassing food production.
Book Synopsis Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments by : Tymon Zielinski
Download or read book Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments written by Tymon Zielinski and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-01-28 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
Book Synopsis A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation by : Patricia A. Champ
Download or read book A Primer on Nonmarket Valuation written by Patricia A. Champ and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-02-08 with total page 508 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a practical book with clear descriptions of the most commonly used nonmarket methods. The first chapters of the book provide the context and theoretical foundation of nonmarket valuation along with a discussion of data collection procedures. The middle chapters describe the major stated- and revealed-preference valuation methods. For each method, the steps involved in implementation are laid out and carefully explained with supporting references from the published literature. The final chapters of the book examine the relevance of experimentation to economic valuation, the transfer of existing nonmarket values to new settings, and assessments of the reliability and validity of nonmarket values. The book is relevant to individuals in many professions at all career levels. Professionals in government agencies, attorneys involved with natural resource damage assessments, graduate students, and others will appreciate the thorough descriptions of how to design, implement, and analyze a nonmarket valuation study.
Book Synopsis Research Handbook on Climate Change, Oceans and Coasts by : Jan McDonald
Download or read book Research Handbook on Climate Change, Oceans and Coasts written by Jan McDonald and published by Edward Elgar Publishing. This book was released on 2020-12-25 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This topical Research Handbook examines the legal intersections of climate change, oceans and coasts across multiple scales and sectors, covering different geographies and regions. With expert contributions from Europe, Australasia, the Pacific, North America and Asia, it includes insightful chapters on issues ranging across the impacts of climate change on marine and coastal environments. It assesses institutional responses to climate change in ocean and marine governance regimes, adaptation to climate impacts on ocean and coastal systems and communities, and climate change mitigation in marine and coastal environments. Through a plurality of voices, disciplinary and geographical perspectives, this Research Handbook explores cross-cutting themes of institutional complexity, fragmentation, scale and design trade-offs.
Book Synopsis Making Climate Forecasts Matter by : National Research Council
Download or read book Making Climate Forecasts Matter written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 1999-05-27 with total page 189 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: El Nino has been with us for centuries, but now we can forcast it, and thus can prepare far in advance for the extreme climatic events it brings. The emerging ability to forecast climate may be of tremendous value to humanity if we learn how to use the information well. How does society cope with seasonal-to-interannual climatic variations? How have climate forecasts been usedâ€"and how useful have they been? What kinds of forecast information are needed? Who is likely to benefit from forecasting skill? What are the benefits of better forecasting? This book reviews what we know about these and other questions and identifies research directions toward more useful seasonal-to-interannual climate forecasts. In approaching their recommendations, the panel explores: Vulnerability of human activities to climate. State of the science of climate forecasting. How societies coevolved with their climates and cope with variations in climate. How climate information should be disseminated to achieve the best response. How we can use forecasting to better manage the human consequences of climate change.
Author :United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :112 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (319 download)
Book Synopsis Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard
Download or read book Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 112 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle by :
Download or read book Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle written by and published by . This book was released on 2018-05 with total page 348 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The carbon cycle in the Earth System constitutes a fundamental, pressing research topic in modern Earth system science. The greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) provide an important forcing factor of the global climate, which, on the other hand, controls the sources and sinks of these gases. In addition, the carbon cycle is currently being seriously perturbed by direct and indirect emissions from human activities. Unraveling and quantifying these interactions and feedbacks is essential to understand the climate history of the Earth, but also to predict its evolution in the future. The ocean is important to climate change and global warming-as a storer and transporter of heat and carbon-but our understanding of the operative processes is inadequate to make predictions with the required skill. CO2 increases will lead to the increased carbon storage by the land and ocean. Climate change will reduce the land and ocean's capacity to absorb atmospheric CO2 due to the increasing temperatures of both the land and ocean and increasing oceanic stratification. The ocean, which has absorbed 27.9% of the anthropogenic CO2 in the past 200 years, plays a crucial role in the global carbon cycle. Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle provides complete understanding of the variables and consequences of oceanic carbon cycling in the context of climate change. It reviews the ocean's role in the global CO2 cycle and climate change; describe the importance of mesoscale processes in the ocean; examine the main pathways of carbon exchange between the ocean surface layer and the ocean interior; analyze the scales of the physical processes involved in nutrient limitation of the "biological pump"; and review the implications for climate change. The contributed chapters explores the importance of marine plankton in carbon processing as well as the effects of rising CO2 and temperature in their functioning.
Book Synopsis Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture by : Ariel Dinar
Download or read book Measuring the Impact of Climate Change on Indian Agriculture written by Ariel Dinar and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 1998-01-01 with total page 284 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using the Ricardian approach (a cross sectional analysis of farm performance across different climate zones), this report examines the impact of climate change on the agriculture sector and the sector's adaptation to that change. Studies in the report measure the climate sensitivity of low-capital agriculture, test whether actual farm performance is as sensitive to climate as agronomic models predict, and compare the climate sensitivity of low-capital farms with the results already calibrated for U.S. agriculture. The goal of the study is to examine farm behavior and test whether there is any evidence that farmers in developing countries currently adjust to their local climates.
Book Synopsis Effects of Climate Change Across Ocean Regions by : Ove Hoegh-Guldberg
Download or read book Effects of Climate Change Across Ocean Regions written by Ove Hoegh-Guldberg and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2018-07-05 with total page 169 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) highlighted that conditions within Earth’s ocean are changing more rapidly than any of the time during the past 65 million years, and as a consequence, major changes are occurring in natural and human systems. While this major report as enhanced our understanding of the complexity of ocean issues, we propose this research topic as an opportunity to expand discussion on past, present and future changes across oceans regions.
Book Synopsis Quantifying Uncertainties and Trends in the Climate Change Trajectory by : Megan Jeramaz Lickley
Download or read book Quantifying Uncertainties and Trends in the Climate Change Trajectory written by Megan Jeramaz Lickley and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 172 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The characterization of climate change depends on the location and rate of change while its impacts on nature and society also depend on vulnerabilities. This thesis contributes to the quantification of uncertainties, drivers, the spatial variability, and impacts of the climate change trajectory. Results of this work have evolved using a range of data science techniques that combine observations and Earth models aimed at informing adaptation and mitigation policies. In the first chapter, the drivers, timing, and impacts of aridity change over the 21st century are assessed using an ensemble of general circulation models (GCMs) together with population statistics. Results indicate that drier regions are projected to dry earlier, more severely and to a greater extent than humid regions, a result driven by differential changes in precipitation across aridity zones. Impacts are exacerbated as arid regions (such as the Mediterranean etc.) are more populated and experiencing much higher population growth than humid regions (which includes the Arctic). Under an unconstrained emissions scenario, GCMs project that most of humanity will live in a more arid climate by the end of the 21st century. For the second chapter, the southern African rainfall (SAR) response to sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean and Niño 3.4 region is examined. This is done using observations and three large ensembles of GCMs run over the 20th and 21st century. Some previous studies suggested that the Indian Ocean dominated changes in SAR. In this chapter, Niño 3.4 SSTs are found to be most strongly correlated with SAR, while correlations between SAR and the Indian Ocean are dominated by their respective responses to Niño 3.4. GCMs project that this relationship persists under a warming background state. In the third chapter, the end of rapid warming is examined by considering emissions trajectories where atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations ([GHG]) are stabilized. Under such scenarios, the rate of global temperature increases eventually steady at a rate significantly lower than those of the 21st century. I present a framework for defining the beginning of this ‘Time of Steady Change’ (TSC) and, with the use of GCM ensembles, evaluate the spatial variability of TSC. Results indicate that TSC occurs latest in low latitudes and in the Arctic, despite these areas steadying at very different absolute warming rates. These broad patterns are robust across multiple GCM ensembles and alternative definitions of TSC. The fourth chapter contributes to the measurement and analysis of sea level change. As an ice sheet rapidly melts, it produces a unique geometry of sea level change driven by perturbations in the height of the sea and crustal surfaces. While satellite altimeters only measure changes in the sea surface height (SSH), local impacts from changes in sea level depend on both changes in SSH and changes in the solid surface. The literature commonly conflates the two estimates by directly comparing them. Here I quantify the error incurred by conflating changes in SSH with changes in sea level for various ice mass flux scenarios. Results indicate that using satellite altimetry records to estimate global ocean volume changes can lead to biases that can exceed 15% and that the level of bias will depend on the relative contributions to sea level changes from the Antarctic and Greenland Ice Sheets. The final chapter of this thesis provides a probabilistic quantification of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) that were banked in old equipment and continue to be released, contributing to global CFC emissions. A Bayesian probabilistic model is developed to quantify banks and emissions of CFC-11, 12, and 113, incorporating the broadest range of constraints to date. Implied bank sizes of CFC-11 and CFC-12 are larger than recent international scientific assessments suggest, and can account for much of current estimated CFC-11 and 12 emissions (with the exception of increased CFC-11 emissions after 2012). If current banks are left unrecovered, their future emissions could delay polar ozone hole recovery by about six years and contribute 9 billion metric tonnes of equivalent CO2 emission. While observationally-derived CFC-113 emissions are subject to uncertainty, they are too large to explain from banks, raising questions about sources of this gas as well.
Book Synopsis From Headwaters to the Ocean by : Makoto Taniguchi
Download or read book From Headwaters to the Ocean written by Makoto Taniguchi and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2008-09-11 with total page 700 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The vulnerability of water resources due to climate change and human activities is globally increasing. The phenomenon of hydrological change is complicated because of the combinations and interactions between natural climate fluctuation, global warming and human activities including changes in land utilization. The impact areas of hydrological changes are also not only within the basin, but reach to the ocean through coastal water exchanges. This book presents contributions focused on integrated water management from headwater to the ocean in a time of climate change and increasing population.