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Quantifying Changes In Building Electricity Use With Application To Demand Response
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Book Synopsis Quantifying Changes in Building Electricity Use, with Application to Demand Response by :
Download or read book Quantifying Changes in Building Electricity Use, with Application to Demand Response written by and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We present methods for analyzing commercial and industrial facility 15-minute-interval electric load data. These methods allow building managers to better understand their facility's electricity consumption over time and to compare it to other buildings, helping them to ask the right questions to discover opportunities for demand response, energy efficiency, electricity waste elimination, and peak load management. We primarily focus on demand response. Methods discussed include graphical representations of electric load data, a regression-based electricity load model that uses a time-of-week indicator variable and a piecewise linear and continuous outdoor air temperature dependence, and the definition of various parameters that characterize facility electricity loads and demand response behavior. In the future, these methods could be translated into easy-to-use tools for building managers.
Book Synopsis Using Whole-Building Electric Load Data in Continuous Or Retro-Commissioning by :
Download or read book Using Whole-Building Electric Load Data in Continuous Or Retro-Commissioning written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Whole-building electric load data can often reveal problems with building equipment or operations. In this paper, we present methods for analyzing 15-minute-interval electric load data. These methods allow building operators, energy managers, and commissioning agents to better understand a building's electricity consumption over time and to compare it to other buildings, helping them to 'ask the right questions' to discover opportunities for electricity waste elimination, energy efficiency, peak load management, and demand response. For example: Does the building use too much energy at night, or on hot days, or in the early evening? Knowing the answer to questions like these can help with retro-commissioning or continuous commissioning. The methods discussed here can also be used to assess how building energy performance varies with time. Comparing electric load before and after fixing equipment or changing operations can help verify that the fixes have the intended effect on energy consumption. Analysis methods discussed in this paper include: ways to graphically represent electric load data; the definition of various parameters that characterize facility electricity loads; and a regression-based electricity load model that accounts for both time of week and outdoor air temperature. The methods are illustrated by applying them to data from commercial buildings. We demonstrate the ability to recognize changes in building operation, and to quantify changes in energy performance. Some key findings are: 1) Plotting time series electric load data is useful for understanding electricity consumption patterns and changes to those patterns, but results may be misleading if data from different time intervals are not weather-normalized. 2) Parameter plots can highlight key features of electric load data and may be easier to interpret than plots of time series data themselves. 3) A time-of-week indicator variable (as compared to time-of-day and day-of-week indicator variables) improves the accuracy of regression models of electric load. 4) A piecewise linear and continuous outdoor air temperature dependence can be derived without the use of a change-point model (which would add complexity to the modeling algorithm) or assumptions about when structural changes occur (which could introduce inaccuracy). 5) A model that includes time-of-week and temperature dependence can be used for weather normalization and can determine whether the building is unusually temperature-sensitive, which can indicate problems with HVAC operation.
Book Synopsis Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Demand Response Resources by :
Download or read book Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Demand Response Resources written by and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the traditional goal of an electric power system has been to control supply to fulfill demand, the demand-side can plan an active role in power systems via Demand Response (DR), defined by the Department of Energy (DOE) as ?a tariff or program established to motivate changes in electric use by end-use customers in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to give incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high market prices or when grid reliability is jeopardized? [29]. DR can provide a variety of benefits including reducing peak electric loads when the power system is stressed and fast timescale energy balancing. Therefore, DR can improve grid reliability and reduce wholesale energy prices and their volatility. This dissertation focuses on analyzing both recent and emerging DR paradigms. Recent DR programs have focused on peak load reduction in commercial buildings and industrial facilities (C&I facilities). We present methods for using 15-minute-interval electric load data, commonly available from C&I facilities, to help building managers understand building energy consumption and ‘ask the right questions’ to discover opportunities for DR. Additionally, we present a regression-based model of whole building electric load, id est, a baseline model, which allows us to quantify DR performance. We use this baseline model to understand the performance of 38 C&I facilities participating in an automated dynamic pricing DR program in California. In this program, facilities are expected to exhibit the same response each DR event. We find that baseline model error makes it difficult to precisely quantify changes in electricity consumption and understand if C&I facilities exhibit event-to-event variability in their response to DR signals. Therefore, we present a method to compute baseline model error and a metric to determine how much observed DR variability results from baseline model error rather than real variability in response. We find that, in general, baseline model error is large. Though some facilities exhibit real DR variability, most observed variability results from baseline model error. In some cases, however, aggregations of C&I facilities exhibit real DR variability, which could create challenges for power system operation. These results have implications for DR program design and deployment. Emerging DR paradigms focus on faster timescale DR. Here, we investigate methods to coordinate aggregations of residential thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), including air conditioners and refrigerators, to manage frequency and energy imbalances in power systems. We focus on opportunities to centrally control loads with high accuracy but low requirements for sensing and communications infrastructure. Specifically, we compare cases when measured load state information (e.g., power consumption and temperature) is 1) available in real time; 2) available, but not in real time; and 3) not available. We develop Markov Chain models to describe the temperature state evolution of heterogeneous populations of TCLs, and use Kalman filtering for both state and joint parameter/state estimation. We present a look-ahead proportional controller to broadcast control signals to all TCLs, which always remain in their temperature dead-band. Simulations indicate that it is possible to achieve power tracking RMS errors in the range of 0.26–9.3% of steady state aggregated power consumption. Results depend upon the information available for system identification, state estimation, and control. We find that, depending upon the performance required, TCLs may not need to provide state information to the central controller in real time or at all. We also estimate the size of the TCL potential resource; potential revenue from participation in markets; and break-even costs associated with deploying DR-enabling technologies. We find that current TCL energy storage capacity in California is 8–11 GWh, wi...
Book Synopsis Automated Diagnostics and Analytics for Buildings by : Barney L. Capehart
Download or read book Automated Diagnostics and Analytics for Buildings written by Barney L. Capehart and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-01-07 with total page 640 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the widespread availability of high-speed, high-capacity microprocessors and microcomputers with high-speed communication ability, and sophisticated energy analytics software, the technology to support deployment of automated diagnostics is now available, and the opportunity to apply automated fault detection and diagnostics to every system and piece of equipment in a facility, as well as for whole buildings, is imminent. The purpose of this book is to share information with a broad audience on the state of automated fault detection and diagnostics for buildings applications, the benefits of those applications, emerging diagnostic technology, examples of field deployments, the relationship to codes and standards, automated diagnostic tools presently available, guidance on how to use automated diagnostics, and related issues.
Book Synopsis Data Science and Applications for Modern Power Systems by : Le Xie
Download or read book Data Science and Applications for Modern Power Systems written by Le Xie and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-06-20 with total page 446 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book offers a comprehensive collection of research articles that utilize data—in particular large data sets—in modern power systems operation and planning. As the power industry moves towards actively utilizing distributed resources with advanced technologies and incentives, it is becoming increasingly important to benefit from the available heterogeneous data sets for improved decision-making. The authors present a first-of-its-kind comprehensive review of big data opportunities and challenges in the smart grid industry. This book provides succinct and useful theory, practical algorithms, and case studies to improve power grid operations and planning utilizing big data, making it a useful graduate-level reference for students, faculty, and practitioners on the future grid.
Book Synopsis Chaos Modeling and Control Systems Design by : Ahmad Taher Azar
Download or read book Chaos Modeling and Control Systems Design written by Ahmad Taher Azar and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-12-03 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The development of computational intelligence (CI) systems was inspired by observable and imitable aspects of intelligent activity of human being and nature. The essence of the systems based on computational intelligence is to process and interpret data of various nature so that that CI is strictly connected with the increase of available data as well as capabilities of their processing, mutually supportive factors. Developed theories of computational intelligence were quickly applied in many fields of engineering, data analysis, forecasting, biomedicine and others. They are used in images and sounds processing and identifying, signals processing, multidimensional data visualization, steering of objects, analysis of lexicographic data, requesting systems in banking, diagnostic systems, expert systems and many other practical implementations. This book consists of 15 contributed chapters by subject experts who are specialized in the various topics addressed in this book. The special chapters have been brought out in the broad areas of Control Systems, Power Electronics, Computer Science, Information Technology, modeling and engineering applications. Special importance was given to chapters offering practical solutions and novel methods for the recent research problems in the main areas of this book, viz. Control Systems, Modeling, Computer Science, IT and engineering applications. This book will serve as a reference book for graduate students and researchers with a basic knowledge of control theory, computer science and soft-computing techniques. The resulting design procedures are emphasized using Matlab/Simulink software.
Book Synopsis Demand Response Resource Quantification with Detailed Building Energy Models by :
Download or read book Demand Response Resource Quantification with Detailed Building Energy Models written by and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demand response is a broad suite of technologies that enables changes in electrical load operations in support of power system reliability and efficiency. Although demand response is not a new concept, there is new appetite for comprehensively evaluating its technical potential in the context of renewable energy integration. The complexity of demand response makes this task difficult -- we present new methods for capturing the heterogeneity of potential responses from buildings, their time-varying nature, and metrics such as thermal comfort that help quantify likely acceptability of specific demand response actions. Computed with an automated software framework, the methods are scalable.
Book Synopsis Demand Response Research Center by : Mary Ann Piette
Download or read book Demand Response Research Center written by Mary Ann Piette and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Demand Response Resources by : Johanna L. Mathieu
Download or read book Modeling, Analysis, and Control of Demand Response Resources written by Johanna L. Mathieu and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 360 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the traditional goal of an electric power system has been to control supply to fulfill demand, the demand-side can plan an active role in power systems via Demand Response (DR), defined by the Department of Energy as à̀ tariff or program established to motivate changes in electric use by end-use customers in response to changes in the price of electricity over time, or to give incentive payments designed to induce lower electricity use at times of high market prices or when grid reliability is jeopardized." DR can provide a variety of benefits including reducing peak electric loads when the power system is stressed and fast timescale energy balancing. Therefore, DR can improve grid reliability and reduce wholesale energy prices and their volatility. This dissertation focuses on analyzing both recent and emerging DR paradigms. Recent DR programs have focused on peak load reduction in commercial buildings and industrial facilities (C & I facilities). We present methods for using 15-minute-interval electric load data, commonly available from C & I facilities, to help building managers understand building energy consumption and àsk the right questions' to discover opportunities for DR. Additionally, we present a regression-based model of whole building electric load, i.e., a baseline model, which allows us to quantify DR performance. We use this baseline model to understand the performance of 38 C & I facilities participating in an automated dynamic pricing DR program in California. In this program, facilities are expected to exhibit the same response each DR event. We find that baseline model error makes it difficult to precisely quantify changes in electricity consumption and understand if C & I facilities exhibit event-to-event variability in their response to DR signals. Therefore, we present a method to compute baseline model error and a metric to determine how much observed DR variability results from baseline model error rather than real variability in response. We find that, in general, baseline model error is large. Though some facilities exhibit real DR variability, most observed variability results from baseline model error. In some cases, however, aggregations of C & I facilities exhibit real DR variability, which could create challenges for power system operation. These results have implications for DR program design and deployment. Emerging DR paradigms focus on faster timescale DR. Here, we investigate methods to coordinate aggregations of residential thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), including air conditioners and refrigerators, to manage frequency and energy imbalances in power systems. We focus on opportunities to centrally control loads with high accuracy but low requirements for sensing and communications infrastructure. Specifically, we compare cases when measured load state information (e.g., power consumption and temperature) is 1) available in real time; 2) available, but not in real time; and 3) not available. We develop Markov Chain models to describe the temperature state evolution of heterogeneous populations of TCLs, and use Kalman filtering for both state and joint parameter/state estimation. We present a look-ahead proportional controller to broadcast control signals to all TCLs, which always remain in their temperature dead-band. Simulations indicate that it is possible to achieve power tracking RMS errors in the range of 0.26-9.3% of steady state aggregated power consumption. Results depend upon the information available for system identification, state estimation, and control. We find that, depending upon the performance required, TCLs may not need to provide state information to the central controller in real time or at all. We also estimate the size of the TCL potential resource; potential revenue from participation in markets; and break-even costs associated with deploying DR-enabling technologies. We find that current TCL energy storage capacity in California is 8-11 GWh, with refrigerators contributing the most. Annual revenues from participation in regulation vary from $10 to $220 per TCL per year depending upon the type of TCL and climate zone, while load following and arbitrage revenues are more modest at $2 to $35 per TCL per year. These results lead to a number of policy recommendations that will make it easier to engage residential loads in fast timescale DR.
Book Synopsis Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC 2019) by : Zhaojun Wang
Download or read book Proceedings of the 11th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC 2019) written by Zhaojun Wang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-03-19 with total page 1492 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents selected papers from the 11th International Symposium on Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (ISHVAC 2019), with a focus on HVAC techniques for improving indoor environment quality and the energy efficiency of heating and cooling systems. Presenting inspiration for implementing more efficient and safer HVAC systems, the book is a valuable resource for academic researchers, engineers in industry, and government regulators.
Book Synopsis Handbook of Research on Strategic Management for Current Energy Investments by : Yüksel, Serhat
Download or read book Handbook of Research on Strategic Management for Current Energy Investments written by Yüksel, Serhat and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-11 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy has a wide range of uses within a country, includin socially and economically. Providing everything from warmth and light to raw materials for industrial production, energy is an essential need for countries. Due to the importance of energy for countries, energy policies are extremely vital, and energy needs to be affordable, eco-friendly, and continuous so countries can provide for their people and continue to develop industrially. Without the availability of energy that is cheap and continuous, the effectiveness in the energy supply process will be reduced, and society will experience difficulties in having its daily energy needs met. The Handbook of Research on Strategic Management for Current Energy Investments analyzes current trends in energy production and use and identifies energy investment strategies in order to support affordable and available energy for all. Chapters within the book cover technological developments that contribute to the reduction of price in energy production as well as renewable energy sources that provide continuity in energy production but do not emit carbon into the atmosphere. This book highlights topics that cover environmental pollution, energy pricing, economic growth, carbon dioxide emission, and energy management. It is ideal for engineers, technicians, managers, researchers, academicians, policymakers, government officials, and students in related fields.
Book Synopsis Operation, Planning, and Analysis of Energy Storage Systems in Smart Energy Hubs by : Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo
Download or read book Operation, Planning, and Analysis of Energy Storage Systems in Smart Energy Hubs written by Behnam Mohammadi-Ivatloo and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-04-04 with total page 452 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book discusses the design and scheduling of residential, industrial, and commercial energy hubs, and their integration into energy storage technologies and renewable energy sources. Each chapter provides theoretical background and application examples for specific power systems including, solar, wind, geothermal, air and hydro. Case-studies are included to provide engineers, researchers, and students with the most modern technical and intelligent approaches to solving power and energy integration problems with special attention given to the environmental and economic aspects of energy storage systems.
Book Synopsis Smart Connected Buildings Design Automation by : Mehdi Maasoumy
Download or read book Smart Connected Buildings Design Automation written by Mehdi Maasoumy and published by . This book was released on 2016-01-05 with total page 160 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An in-depth overview of research activities in the field of smart buildings modeling, design automation and control. It will be of interest to industry professionals and researchers who work in the area of smart buildings, smart cities, and smart grid.
Download or read book Big Data Analytics written by and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2015-08-04 with total page 391 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: While the term Big Data is open to varying interpretation, it is quite clear that the Volume, Velocity, and Variety (3Vs) of data have impacted every aspect of computational science and its applications. The volume of data is increasing at a phenomenal rate and a majority of it is unstructured. With big data, the volume is so large that processing it using traditional database and software techniques is difficult, if not impossible. The drivers are the ubiquitous sensors, devices, social networks and the all-pervasive web. Scientists are increasingly looking to derive insights from the massive quantity of data to create new knowledge. In common usage, Big Data has come to refer simply to the use of predictive analytics or other certain advanced methods to extract value from data, without any required magnitude thereon. Challenges include analysis, capture, curation, search, sharing, storage, transfer, visualization, and information privacy. While there are challenges, there are huge opportunities emerging in the fields of Machine Learning, Data Mining, Statistics, Human-Computer Interfaces and Distributed Systems to address ways to analyze and reason with this data. The edited volume focuses on the challenges and opportunities posed by "Big Data" in a variety of domains and how statistical techniques and innovative algorithms can help glean insights and accelerate discovery. Big data has the potential to help companies improve operations and make faster, more intelligent decisions. Review of big data research challenges from diverse areas of scientific endeavor Rich perspective on a range of data science issues from leading researchers Insight into the mathematical and statistical theory underlying the computational methods used to address big data analytics problems in a variety of domains
Book Synopsis Demand Response Resource Quantification with Detailed Building Energy Models by :
Download or read book Demand Response Resource Quantification with Detailed Building Energy Models written by and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Demand response is a broad suite of technologies that enables changes in electrical load operations in support of power system reliability and efficiency. Although demand response is not a new concept, there is new appetite for comprehensively evaluating its technical potential in the context of renewable energy integration. The complexity of demand response makes this task difficult -- we present new methods for capturing the heterogeneity of potential responses from buildings, their time-varying nature, and metrics such as thermal comfort that help quantify likely acceptability of specific demand response actions. Computed with an automated software framework, the methods are scalable.
Book Synopsis Advances in Systems Engineering by : Henry Selvaraj
Download or read book Advances in Systems Engineering written by Henry Selvaraj and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-08-03 with total page 531 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents the proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Systems Engineering held at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), USA, during August 22-24, 2023. Research in the discipline of Systems Engineering is an important concept in the advancement of engineering and information sciences. Systems Engineering attempts to integrate many of the traditional engineering disciplines to solve large complex functioning engineering systems, dependent on components from all the disciplines. The research papers contained in these proceedings reflect the state of the art in systems engineering from all over the world and should serve as vital references to researchers to follow. The topics covered in this book include AeroSpace Systems, Cyber-Physical Systems, Autonomous Systems, Sensor Networks, Machine Learning and Analytics, Internet of Things, Applied Media Informatics and Technology, Control Systems, Energy Systems, Automotive Systems, Biological Systems, Vehicular Networking and Connected Vehicles, Aerospace Systems, Automation, Manufacturing, Smart Grids, Nonlinear Systems, Power Systems, Robotics, Social Systems, Economic Systems, and others. This book is a very good resource for graduate students, researchers, and scholars who want to learn about the most recent development in the fields.
Book Synopsis Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid by : Bimal K. Bose
Download or read book Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid written by Bimal K. Bose and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2019-08-06 with total page 756 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comprehensive and authoritative guide to power electronics in renewable energy systems Power electronics plays a significant role in modern industrial automation and high- efficiency energy systems. With contributions from an international group of noted experts, Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid: Technology and Applications offers a comprehensive review of the technology and applications of power electronics in renewable energy systems and smart grids. The authors cover information on a variety of energy systems including wind, solar, ocean, and geothermal energy systems as well as fuel cell systems and bulk energy storage systems. They also examine smart grid elements, modeling, simulation, control, and AI applications. The book's twelve chapters offer an application-oriented and tutorial viewpoint and also contain technology status review. In addition, the book contains illustrative examples of applications and discussions of future perspectives. This important resource: Includes descriptions of power semiconductor devices, two level and multilevel converters, HVDC systems, FACTS, and more Offers discussions on various energy systems such as wind, solar, ocean, and geothermal energy systems, and also fuel cell systems and bulk energy storage systems Explores smart grid elements, modeling, simulation, control, and AI applications Contains state-of-the-art technologies and future perspectives Provides the expertise of international authorities in the field Written for graduate students, professors in power electronics, and industry engineers, Power Electronics in Renewable Energy Systems and Smart Grid: Technology and Applications offers an up-to-date guide to technology and applications of a wide-range of power electronics in energy systems and smart grids.
