Quantifying Amounts of Nutrients from an Agricultural Watershed

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 464 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantifying Amounts of Nutrients from an Agricultural Watershed by : Yehuda Benjamin Zitter

Download or read book Quantifying Amounts of Nutrients from an Agricultural Watershed written by Yehuda Benjamin Zitter and published by . This book was released on 1969 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Estimating Nutrient Loadings of Lakes from Non-point Sources

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 124 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Estimating Nutrient Loadings of Lakes from Non-point Sources by : United States. Environmental Protection Agency

Download or read book Estimating Nutrient Loadings of Lakes from Non-point Sources written by United States. Environmental Protection Agency and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Estimating Nutrient Loadings of Lakes from Non-point Sources

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 148 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Estimating Nutrient Loadings of Lakes from Non-point Sources by : Paul D. Uttormark

Download or read book Estimating Nutrient Loadings of Lakes from Non-point Sources written by Paul D. Uttormark and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 148 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Two Approaches to Quantification of Nutrients from Agricultural Land

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (436 download)

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Book Synopsis Two Approaches to Quantification of Nutrients from Agricultural Land by : Stephen W. Kraszewski

Download or read book Two Approaches to Quantification of Nutrients from Agricultural Land written by Stephen W. Kraszewski and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ecological Research Series

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 128 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Ecological Research Series by :

Download or read book Ecological Research Series written by and published by . This book was released on 1973 with total page 128 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Closing nutrient cycles

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Publisher : Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN 13 : 9179298753
Total Pages : 46 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (792 download)

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Book Synopsis Closing nutrient cycles by : Usman Akram

Download or read book Closing nutrient cycles written by Usman Akram and published by Linköping University Electronic Press. This book was released on 2020-08-20 with total page 46 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Adequate and balanced crop nutrition – with nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) – is vital for sustainable crop production. Inadequate and imbalanced crop nutrition contributes to the crop yield gaps – a difference in actual and potential crop yield. Yield gap is one of the many causes of insufficient food production, thus aggravating hunger and malnourishment across the globe. On the other hand, an oversupply of nutrients is highly unsustainable, in terms of both resource conservation and global environmental health. A decreasing excreta recycling in crop production is one of the many reasons for nutrient imbalances in agriculture. Previous studies show that increasing agricultural specialization leads to spatial separation of crop and animal production. Increasing distance between excreta production and crop needs is one of the leading factors that cause reduced excreta recycling. Studies focusing on excreta recycling show that a substantial barrier to a more efficient excreta nutrient reuse is the expensive transportation of bulky volumes of excreta over long distances. In order to overcome that barrier, more detailed spatial estimates of distances between excreta production and crop nutrient needs, and the associated costs for complete excreta transport in an entire country are needed. Hence, the overall aim of this thesis was to quantify the amount of nutrients in the excreta resources compared to the crop nutrient needs at multiple scales (global, national, subnational, and local), and to analyze the need for excreta transports, total distances and costs, to meet the crop nutrient needs in a country. On the global scale, annual (2000-2016) excreta supply (livestock and human) could provide at least 48% of N, 57% of P, and 81% of K crop needs. Although excreta supply was not enough to cover the annual crop nutrient needs at the global scale, at least 29 countries for N, 41 for P, and 71 for K had an excreta nutrient surplus. When including the annual use of synthetic fertilizers, at least 42 additional countries had a N surplus, with the equivalent figures for P being 17 countries, whereas 8 additional countries attained a K surplus. At the same time, when accounting for the use of synthetic fertilizers, each year, at least 57 countries had an N deficit, 70 a P deficit, and 51 countries a K deficit, in total equivalent to 14% of global N and 16% of each P and K crop needs. The total surplus in other countries during the period was always higher than the deficit in the countries with net nutrient deficits, except for P for some years. Unfortunately, both the deficits of the deficit countries and surpluses of the surplus countries were increasing substantially during the 17 years. Such global divergence in nutrient deficits and surpluses have clear implications for global food security and environmental health. A district-scale investigation of Pakistan showed that the country had a national deficit of 0.62 million tons of P and 0.59 million tons of K, but an oversupply of N. The spatial separation was not significant at this resolution; only 6% of the excreta N supply needed to be transported between districts. Recycling all excreta, within and between districts, could cut the use of synthetic N to 43% of its current use and eliminate the need for synthetic K, but there would be an additional need of 0.28 million tons of synthetic P to meet the crop nutrient needs in the entire country. The need for synthetic fertilizers to supplement the recycled excreta nutrients would cost USD 2.77 billion. However, it might not be prohibitively expensive to correct for P deficiencies because of the savings on the costs of synthetic N, and K. Excreta recycling could promote balanced crop nutrition at the national scale in Pakistan, which in turn could eliminate the nutrient-related crop yield gaps in the country. The municipal-scale investigation using Swedish data showed that the country had a national oversupply of 110,000 tons of N, 6,000 tons of P, and 76,000 tons of K. Excreta could provide up to 75% of N and 81% of P, and more than 100% of the K crop needs in the country. The spatial separation was pronounced at the municipal scale in the country. Just 40% of the municipalities produced over 50% of the excreta N and P. Nutrient balance calculations showed that excreta recycling within municipalities could provide 63% of the P crop needs. Another 18% of the P crop needs must be transported from surplus municipalities to deficit municipalities. Nationally, an optimized reallocation of surplus excreta P towards the P deficit municipalities would cost USD 192 million for a total of 24,079 km truck transports. The cost was 3.7 times more than the total NPK fertilizer value transported, and that met the crop nutrient needs. It was concluded that Sweden could potentially reduce its dependence on synthetic fertilizers, but to cover the costs of an improved excreta reuse would require valuing the additional benefits of recycling. An investigation was also done to understand the effect of the input data resolution on the results (transport needs and distances) from a model to optimize excreta redistribution. The results showed that the need for excreta transports, distances, and spatial patterns of the excreta transports changed. Increasing resolution of the spatial data, from political boundaries in Sweden and Pakistan to 0.083 decimal grids (approximately 10 km by 10 km at the equator), showed that transport needs for excreta-N increased by 12% in Pakistan, and the transport needs for excreta-P increased by 14% in Sweden. The effect of the increased resolution on transport analysis showed inconsistency in terms of the excreta total nutrient transportation distance; the average distance decreased by 67% (to 44 km) in Pakistan but increased by 1 km in Sweden. A further increase in the data resolution to 5 km by 5 km grids for Sweden showed that the average transportation distance decreased by 9 km. In both countries, increasing input data resolution resulted in a more favorable cost to fertilizer value ratios. In Pakistan, the cost of transport was only 13% of the NPK fertilizer value transported at a higher resolution. In Sweden, the costs decreased from 3.7 (at the political resolution) to slightly higher than three times of the fertilizer value transported in excreta at the higher data resolution. This Ph.D. thesis shows that we could potentially reduce the total use of synthetic fertilizers in the world and still reduce the yield gaps if we can create a more efficient recycling of nutrients both within and between countries, and a more demand adapted use of synthetic fertilizers. Livsmedelsproduktion är grunden för vårt samhälle idag och för den utveckling som skett det senaste århundrandet. Idag är vi åtta miljarder människor i världen med en produktion och handel med livsmedel, där knappt en miljard lever under hunger och svält. Inom de närmaste decennierna förväntas världens befolkning fortsätta växa och stanna av på omkring 11 till 12 miljarder människor under senare hälften av 2000-talet. För att klara livsmedelsförsörjningen bättre idag, och ännu mer så i framtiden, krävs att vi hittar former för att återföra skördade näringsämnen, som fosfor, kväve och kalium, tillbaka till åkermarken. Många av dessa näringsämnen är ändliga resurser som dessutom bidrar till övergödning om de läcker ut till andra habitat. I dag återfinns det mesta av dessa näringsämnen i gödsel, mänsklig exkreta och rötslam från avloppsreningsverk. Avhandlingen har studerat förutsättningarna för att sluta en större del av näringsämnens cykler i Sverige och Pakistan genom återföring av gödsel och mänsklig exkreta till jordbruksmark, samt utifrån detta även dragit slutsatser om de globala förutsättningar och effekterna av att sluta kretslopp för näringsämnen. Effekterna av att förbättra återförsel av näringsämnen till åkermark innefattar en minskad belastning i miljön som resultat av minskad användning av handelsgödsel, minskad användning av energi för produktion av handelsgödsel, samt framför allt ökade möjligheter för en långsiktigt hållbar hög skörd på åkerarealen. Det finns dock energikostnader vid återförsel av näringsämnen till följd av många och tunga transporter. Avhandlingen har därför analyserat transportkostnader för effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen från djurhållning och mänsklig exkreta och hur stor del av gödselbehovet som kan täckas av dessa återförda näringsämnen. Speciellt har avhandlingen också studerat hur viktigt det är att ta hänsyn till i vilken skala man skall studera problemet, dvs om det är data på gödselbehov och tillgång som är lokala - ända ner på enskilda fält och gårdar - regionala eller nationella som man skall utgå från när man söker efter effektiva lösningar för att sluta näringsämnes cykler. Resultaten visar att större delen av gödselbehovet i både Pakistan och Sverige kan täckas genom återvinning av stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta. I Sverige kan 81% av fosforbehovet täckas på det viset. Transporterna sker i första hand inom kommuner, 63% av behovet, medan de resterande 18% av behovet som kan täckas kräver transporter som är längre och sker mellan kommuner. Kostnaden för transporterna är däremot höga och motsvarar mer än tre gånger kostnaden för motsvarande handelsgödsel. I Pakistan är kostnadsbilden annorlunda, bl.a. eftersom lönekostnaderna är lägre och handelsgödsel är dyrare än i Sverige. Avhandlingen visar att kostnaden för transporter av gödsel i Pakistan skulle motsvara enbart 13% av kostnaden för motsvarande mängd handelsgödsel. Det mesta av återförandet av näringsämnen sker inom distrikt, till exempel är det bara 6% av kvävebehovet som behöver täckas av transporter utanför distrikten. Pakistans handelsgödselanvändning, och därmed kostnad för detta, skulle vid en effektiv återvinning av näringsämnen kunna reduceras ned till 43% av dagens kostnader för kvävegödsel, för fosfor behövs det 0.28 miljoner ton och behovet av kaliumgödsling skulle helt försvinna. Det krävs därmed handelsgödsel motsvarande 2.77 miljarder USD, vilket till del skulle kunna kompenseras av minskade totala kostnader för kväve- och kaliumgödsel. En sådan återföring av näringsämnen i Pakistan skulle också medföra en högre gödseltillförsel till jordbruket och därmed en möjlighet att reducera skördegapet i landet. Skördegapet i Pakistan är betydande med veteskördar kring 25–30% av de möjliga, och dessa skördegap anses bero just på för små gödselgivor. Pakistan har också tydliga problem med livsmedelsförsörjning på grund av dagens skördegap med 20% av en befolkning på 200 miljoner som är undernärda. För Sveriges del är produktionen och avkastningen per areal till följd av gödsling redan hög. En mer effektiv återförsel av näringsämnen i Sverige skulle därför i första hand bidra till att minska användning av handelsgödsel och därmed begränsa användning av ändliga resurser som fosfor. Analyserna i avhandlingen visar till exempel att i Sverige skulle användning av fosfor som handelsgödsel kunna minska med 67% om återförsel av stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta effektiviserades. Analyser av globala data för år 2000 – 2016 visar att den årliga tillgången på näring i gödsel (från djur och människor) motsvarar minst 48% av grödornas N behov, 57% av P behovet och 81% av K behovet. Även om den total mängden näring i stallgödsel och mänsklig exkreta inte räcker för att täcka det årliga globala behovet av näring, så visar data på ett överskott på N i minst 29 länder, ett överskott på P i minst 41 länder och 71 länder har ett K-överskott i stallgödsel och exkreta. Om man dessutom räknar in användningen av handelsgödsel blir det ytterligare 42 länder som har överskott på N, 17 länder till med P-överskott och 8 ytterligare med K-överskott. En stor del av resterande länder har ett underskott av näringsämnen (när man summerar gödsel, mänsklig exkreta och handelsgödsel), 57 länder har brist på N, 70 länder behöver mer P och 51 har brist på K i sitt jordbruk, och har därmed lägre skördar än möjligt. Det totala överskottet av näringsämnen i de andra länderna under denna period motsvarar dock rätt väl den brist som länder med underskott uppvisar. Tyvärr är trenden den att de länder som visade på överskott av näringsämnen år 2000 har sammantaget tydligt ökat på överskottet till 2016, medan även underskotten har ökat i flera av länderna med bristande tillförsel av N, P eller K. Sådana globala obalanser har tydliga implikationer för den framtida matförsörjningen och för miljön. Avhandlingen visar att vi idag skulle kunna använda mindre handelsgödsel totalt i världen, och ändå reducera de skördegap som finns, om vi skapar en effektiv återförsel av näringsämnen såväl inom som mellan länder och ett mer behovsanpassat användande av handelsgödsel.

Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309679702
Total Pages : 423 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (96 download)

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Book Synopsis Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2020-12-04 with total page 423 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: New York City's municipal water supply system provides about 1 billion gallons of drinking water a day to over 8.5 million people in New York City and about 1 million people living in nearby Westchester, Putnam, Ulster, and Orange counties. The combined water supply system includes 19 reservoirs and three controlled lakes with a total storage capacity of approximately 580 billion gallons. The city's Watershed Protection Program is intended to maintain and enhance the high quality of these surface water sources. Review of the New York City Watershed Protection Program assesses the efficacy and future of New York City's watershed management activities. The report identifies program areas that may require future change or action, including continued efforts to address turbidity and responding to changes in reservoir water quality as a result of climate change.

Clean Coastal Waters

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Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309069483
Total Pages : 422 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (9 download)

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Book Synopsis Clean Coastal Waters by : National Research Council

Download or read book Clean Coastal Waters written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2000-08-17 with total page 422 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Environmental problems in coastal ecosystems can sometimes be attributed to excess nutrients flowing from upstream watersheds into estuarine settings. This nutrient over-enrichment can result in toxic algal blooms, shellfish poisoning, coral reef destruction, and other harmful outcomes. All U.S. coasts show signs of nutrient over-enrichment, and scientists predict worsening problems in the years ahead. Clean Coastal Waters explains technical aspects of nutrient over-enrichment and proposes both immediate local action by coastal managers and a longer-term national strategy incorporating policy design, classification of affected sites, law and regulation, coordination, and communication. Highlighting the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone," the Pfiesteria outbreak in a tributary of Chesapeake Bay, and other cases, the book explains how nutrients work in the environment, why nitrogen is important, how enrichment turns into over-enrichment, and why some environments are especially susceptible. Economic as well as ecological impacts are examined. In addressing abatement strategies, the committee discusses the importance of monitoring sites, developing useful models of over-enrichment, and setting water quality goals. The book also reviews voluntary programs, mandatory controls, tax incentives, and other policy options for reducing the flow of nutrients from agricultural operations and other sources.

Water-resources Investigations Report

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 304 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Water-resources Investigations Report by :

Download or read book Water-resources Investigations Report written by and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 304 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Quantification of Pollutants in Agricultural Runoff

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantification of Pollutants in Agricultural Runoff by : James N. Dornbush

Download or read book Quantification of Pollutants in Agricultural Runoff written by James N. Dornbush and published by . This book was released on 1974 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Measuring Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Agricultural Land in Nordic Countries

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Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9789289302401
Total Pages : 100 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (24 download)

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Book Synopsis Measuring Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Agricultural Land in Nordic Countries by : Lillian Øygarden

Download or read book Measuring Runoff and Nutrient Losses from Agricultural Land in Nordic Countries written by Lillian Øygarden and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 1998 with total page 100 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Management of Nutrients on Agricultural Land for Improved Water Quality

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Management of Nutrients on Agricultural Land for Improved Water Quality by : New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Department of Agronomy

Download or read book Management of Nutrients on Agricultural Land for Improved Water Quality written by New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. Department of Agronomy and published by . This book was released on 1972 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Understanding the Influence of Nutrients on Stream Ecosystems in Agricultural Landscapes

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Publisher : United States Department of the Interior
ISBN 13 : 9781411341838
Total Pages : 92 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (418 download)

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Book Synopsis Understanding the Influence of Nutrients on Stream Ecosystems in Agricultural Landscapes by : Mark D. Munn

Download or read book Understanding the Influence of Nutrients on Stream Ecosystems in Agricultural Landscapes written by Mark D. Munn and published by United States Department of the Interior. This book was released on 2018 with total page 92 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "National Water-Quality Assessment Project."

Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 152 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (319 download)

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Book Synopsis Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin by :

Download or read book Flux and Sources of Nutrients in the Mississippi-Atchafalaya River Basin written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 152 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Stream-water Chemistry, Nutrients, and Pesticides in Town Brook, a Headwater Stream of the Cannonsville Reservoir Watershed, Delaware County, New York, 1999

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Stream-water Chemistry, Nutrients, and Pesticides in Town Brook, a Headwater Stream of the Cannonsville Reservoir Watershed, Delaware County, New York, 1999 by : Michael R. McHale

Download or read book Stream-water Chemistry, Nutrients, and Pesticides in Town Brook, a Headwater Stream of the Cannonsville Reservoir Watershed, Delaware County, New York, 1999 written by Michael R. McHale and published by . This book was released on 2001 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Quantification and Modeling of In-Stream Processes in Agricultural Canals of the Lower Coastal Plain

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (656 download)

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Book Synopsis Quantification and Modeling of In-Stream Processes in Agricultural Canals of the Lower Coastal Plain by :

Download or read book Quantification and Modeling of In-Stream Processes in Agricultural Canals of the Lower Coastal Plain written by and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Excess nutrient loads have been recognized to be the major cause of serious water quality problems recently encountered in the North Carolina estuaries and coastal waters. There has been a particular concern in coastal watersheds because agricultural and forested lands are located in close proximity to recreational and environmentally sensitive waters. The key to nutrient management at the watershed scale is the understanding and quantification of the fate of nutrients at the field scale and after they enter the aquatic environment. There is no accepted method to describe and predict fate of nutrients in canals and streams. The purpose of this research was to investigate the magnitude of the effects of in-stream processes in agricultural canals of the lower coastal plain and to propose a modeling approach for quantifying nitrogen transformations in such canals. This was accomplished in four steps. The first step was an extensive review of the literature on nitrogen retention in agricultural streams. Nitrogen removal rates in most agricultural canals and streams vary between 50 and 800 mg N/m2/d, with mass transfer coefficient varying between 0.01 and 0.10 m/d. The magnitude of nitrogen retention in streams and canals of agricultural watersheds has been reported to vary between less than 5% to more the 60% of the gross load. In the second step, the effects of biogeochemical processes on chemical and nutrient loads was evaluated in a 1125-m long agricultural canal reach of the lower coastal plain near the town of Plymouth, NC. Chemical and nutrient loads at both ends of the reach were measured by continuous measurement of flow and concentrations. Flow measurements were made using trapezoidal flumes in which flow velocity and depth was continuously measured and recorded with velocity meters. Nutrient concentrations were measured on water samples taken both manually and automatically at strategic times along the hydrographs so that linear interpolation between two c.

Nutrient runoff in a small agricultural watershed

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Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (988 download)

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Book Synopsis Nutrient runoff in a small agricultural watershed by : James G. Busch

Download or read book Nutrient runoff in a small agricultural watershed written by James G. Busch and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: