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Qualitative Reasoning
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Book Synopsis Qualitative Reasoning by : Benjamin Kuipers
Download or read book Qualitative Reasoning written by Benjamin Kuipers and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1994 with total page 464 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Qualitative models are better able than traditional models to express states of incomplete knowledge about continuous mechanisms. Qualitative simulation guarantees to find all possible behaviors consistent with the knowledge in the model. This expressive power and coverage is important in problem solving for diagnosis, design, monitoring, explanation, and other applications of artificial intelligence.
Book Synopsis Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems by : Daniel S. Weld
Download or read book Readings in Qualitative Reasoning about Physical Systems written by Daniel S. Weld and published by Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. This book was released on 1990 with total page 744 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ability to reason qualitatively about physical systems is important to understanding and interacting with the world for both humans and intelligent machines. Accordingly, this study has become an important subject of research in the artificial intelligence and cognitive science communities. The goal of "qualitative physics," as the field is sometimes known, is to capture both the commonsense knowledge of the person on the street and the tacit knowledge underlying the quantitative knowledge used by engineers and scientists. "Readings in Qualitative Reasoning About Physical Systems" is an introduction and source book for this dynamic area, presenting reprints of key papers chosen by the editors and a group of expert referees. The editors present introductions discussing the context and significance of each group of articles as well as providing pointers to the rest of the literature. In addition, the volume includes several original papers that are not available elsewhere.
Book Synopsis Qualitative Reasoning by : Hannes Werthner
Download or read book Qualitative Reasoning written by Hannes Werthner and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 1994-05-26 with total page 200 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book provides a survey about the field of Qualitative Reasoning, it contrasts and classifies its approaches and puts them into a common framework. Qualitative Reasoning represents an approach of Artificial Intelligence to model dynamic systems, about which little information is available, and to derive statements about the potential behavior of these systems, putting emphasis on a causal explanation of the behavior. Both variables and relationships between variables are described by means of qualitative terms such as small and large or positive and negative. Since this approach also takes into consideration the way how humans reason about physical systems, it can be stated that Qualitative Reasoning participates in the creation of a cognitive theory of non-numerical process descriptions which can be mapped onto a digital computer. This approach can be used for simulation, diagnosis, design, structure identification and interpretation. Areas of application are physics, medicine, the field of ecology, process control, etc. In addition to the classification of existing methods, the book presents a new approach based on fuzzy sets. And the work relates Qualitative Reasoning with such fields of Expert Systems, System Theory and Cognitive Science.
Book Synopsis Commonsense Reasoning by : Erik T. Mueller
Download or read book Commonsense Reasoning written by Erik T. Mueller and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-07-26 with total page 431 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To endow computers with common sense is one of the major long-term goals of Artificial Intelligence research. One approach to this problem is to formalize commonsense reasoning using mathematical logic. Commonsense Reasoning is a detailed, high-level reference on logic-based commonsense reasoning. It uses the event calculus, a highly powerful and usable tool for commonsense reasoning, which Erik T. Mueller demonstrates as the most effective tool for the broadest range of applications. He provides an up-to-date work promoting the use of the event calculus for commonsense reasoning, and bringing into one place information scattered across many books and papers. Mueller shares the knowledge gained in using the event calculus and extends the literature with detailed event calculus solutions to problems that span many areas of the commonsense world. - Covers key areas of commonsense reasoning including action, change, defaults, space, and mental states. - The first full book on commonsense reasoning to use the event calculus. - Contextualizes the event calculus within the framework of commonsense reasoning, introducing the event calculus as the best method overall. - Focuses on how to use the event calculus formalism to perform commonsense reasoning, while existing papers and books examine the formalisms themselves. - Includes fully worked out proofs and circumscriptions for every example.
Book Synopsis Thinking Clearly with Data by : Ethan Bueno de Mesquita
Download or read book Thinking Clearly with Data written by Ethan Bueno de Mesquita and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 2021-11-16 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An engaging introduction to data science that emphasizes critical thinking over statistical techniques An introduction to data science or statistics shouldn’t involve proving complex theorems or memorizing obscure terms and formulas, but that is exactly what most introductory quantitative textbooks emphasize. In contrast, Thinking Clearly with Data focuses, first and foremost, on critical thinking and conceptual understanding in order to teach students how to be better consumers and analysts of the kinds of quantitative information and arguments that they will encounter throughout their lives. Among much else, the book teaches how to assess whether an observed relationship in data reflects a genuine relationship in the world and, if so, whether it is causal; how to make the most informative comparisons for answering questions; what questions to ask others who are making arguments using quantitative evidence; which statistics are particularly informative or misleading; how quantitative evidence should and shouldn’t influence decision-making; and how to make better decisions by using moral values as well as data. Filled with real-world examples, the book shows how its thinking tools apply to problems in a wide variety of subjects, including elections, civil conflict, crime, terrorism, financial crises, health care, sports, music, and space travel. Above all else, Thinking Clearly with Data demonstrates why, despite the many benefits of our data-driven age, data can never be a substitute for thinking. An ideal textbook for introductory quantitative methods courses in data science, statistics, political science, economics, psychology, sociology, public policy, and other fields Introduces the basic toolkit of data analysis—including sampling, hypothesis testing, Bayesian inference, regression, experiments, instrumental variables, differences in differences, and regression discontinuity Uses real-world examples and data from a wide variety of subjects Includes practice questions and data exercises
Book Synopsis Designing Social Inquiry by : Gary King
Download or read book Designing Social Inquiry written by Gary King and published by Princeton University Press. This book was released on 1994-05-22 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Designing Social Inquiry focuses on improving qualitative research, where numerical measurement is either impossible or undesirable. What are the right questions to ask? How should you define and make inferences about causal effects? How can you avoid bias? How many cases do you need, and how should they be selected? What are the consequences of unavoidable problems in qualitative research, such as measurement error, incomplete information, or omitted variables? What are proper ways to estimate and report the uncertainty of your conclusions?
Book Synopsis Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space by : D.M. Mark
Download or read book Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space written by D.M. Mark and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 509 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book contains twenty-eight papers by participants in the NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on "Cognitive and Linguistic Aspects of Geographic Space," held in Las Navas del Maxques, Spain, July 8-20, 1990. The NATO ASI marked a stage in a two-year research project at the U. S. National Center for Geographic Infonnation and Analysis (NCOIA). In 1987, the U. S. National Science Foundation issued a solicitation for proposals to establish the NCGIA-and one element of that solicitation was a call for research on a "fundamental theory of spatial relations". We felt that such a fundamental theory could be searched for in mathematics (geometry, topology) or in cognitive science, but that a simultaneous search in these two seemingly disparate research areas might produce novel results. Thus, as part of the NCGIA proposal from a consortium consisting of the University of California at Santa Barbara, the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the University of Maine, we proposed that the second major Research Initiative (two year, multidisciplinary research project) of the NCOIA would address these issues, and would be called "Languages of Spatial Relations" The grant to establish the NCOIA was awarded to our consortium late in 1988.
Book Synopsis Intelligent Systems: Safety, Reliability and Maintainability Issues by : Okyay Kaynak
Download or read book Intelligent Systems: Safety, Reliability and Maintainability Issues written by Okyay Kaynak and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 357 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is a collection of some of the papers that were presented during a NATO Advanced Research Workshop (ARW) on "Intelligent Systems: Safety, Reliability and Maintainability Issues" that was held in Kusadasi, Turkey during August 24- 28, 1992. Attendance at this workshop was mainly by invitation only, drawing people internationally representing industry, government and the academic community. Many of the participants were internationally recognized leaders in the topic of the workshop. The purpose of the ARW was to bring together a highly distinguished group of people with the express purpose of debating where the issues of safety, reliability and maintainability place direct and tangible constraints on the development of intelligent systems. As a consequence, one of the major debating points in the ARW was the definition of intelligence, intelligent behaviour and their relation to complex dynamic systems. Two major conclusions evolved from the ARW are: 1. A continued need exists to develop formal, theoretical frameworks for the architecture of such systems, together with a reflection on the concept of intelligence. 2. There is a need to focus greater attention to the role that the human play in controlling intelligent systems. The workshop began by considering the typical features of an intelligent system. The complexity associated with multi-resolutional architectures was then discussed, leading to the identification of a necessity for the use of a combinatorial synthesis/approach. This was followed by a session on human interface issues.
Book Synopsis QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE AND REASONING by : R.V. PRAVEEN
Download or read book QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE AND REASONING written by R.V. PRAVEEN and published by PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd.. This book was released on 2016-07-30 with total page 1041 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book, now in its Third Edition, is revised as per the feedback received from our valuable students and readers. It is exclusively prepared for the students who wish to appear for campus recruitment screening test and graduate/post graduate students appearing for various competitive examinations in Quantitative Aptitude and Reasoning. The main objective of this volume is to guide the students to solve the problems within the stipulated time and that too with the higher degree of accuracy. Organized in two parts—Quantitative Aptitude (Part I) and Reasoning (Part II)—it helps students to apply basic mathematical and reasoning concepts to a range of quantitative and reasoning problems. The separate sections are devoted to verbal and nonverbal reasoning. It sharpens the ability to apply analytical and logical thinking while gathering and analysing information, designing and testing solutions to problems, and formulating plans. This book is a valuable resource for conducting training programmes/workshops to train students in problem solving techniques in Mathematical Aptitude. It would equally be useful to the candidates appearing for quantitative aptitude and reasoning test conducted in various competitive examinations of graduate level.NEW TO THIS EDITION • Numerous Reasoning questions (with explanatory answers) asked in recent placement tests and competitive exams • New topics on • Four figure series • Choosing one element of a similarly related pair • Choosing set of similarly related figures • Detecting one element of each of the two related pair • Detecting the relationship and choosing the correct substitute • Choosing the odd figure • Choosing a similar figure • Rule 4 [(i) and (ii)] in Rule detection
Book Synopsis The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection by : Uwe Flick
Download or read book The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection written by Uwe Flick and published by SAGE. This book was released on 2017-12-14 with total page 737 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Collection is a timely overview of the methodological developments available to social science researchers, covering key themes including: Concepts, Contexts, Basics Verbal Data Digital and Internet Data Triangulation and Mixed Methods Collecting Data in Specific Populations.
Book Synopsis Reasoning about Uncertainty, second edition by : Joseph Y. Halpern
Download or read book Reasoning about Uncertainty, second edition written by Joseph Y. Halpern and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2017-04-07 with total page 505 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Formal ways of representing uncertainty and various logics for reasoning about it; updated with new material on weighted probability measures, complexity-theoretic considerations, and other topics. In order to deal with uncertainty intelligently, we need to be able to represent it and reason about it. In this book, Joseph Halpern examines formal ways of representing uncertainty and considers various logics for reasoning about it. While the ideas presented are formalized in terms of definitions and theorems, the emphasis is on the philosophy of representing and reasoning about uncertainty. Halpern surveys possible formal systems for representing uncertainty, including probability measures, possibility measures, and plausibility measures; considers the updating of beliefs based on changing information and the relation to Bayes' theorem; and discusses qualitative, quantitative, and plausibilistic Bayesian networks. This second edition has been updated to reflect Halpern's recent research. New material includes a consideration of weighted probability measures and how they can be used in decision making; analyses of the Doomsday argument and the Sleeping Beauty problem; modeling games with imperfect recall using the runs-and-systems approach; a discussion of complexity-theoretic considerations; the application of first-order conditional logic to security. Reasoning about Uncertainty is accessible and relevant to researchers and students in many fields, including computer science, artificial intelligence, economics (particularly game theory), mathematics, philosophy, and statistics.
Book Synopsis Principles and Practice of Case-based Clinical Reasoning Education by : Olle ten Cate
Download or read book Principles and Practice of Case-based Clinical Reasoning Education written by Olle ten Cate and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-06 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This volume describes and explains the educational method of Case-Based Clinical Reasoning (CBCR) used successfully in medical schools to prepare students to think like doctors before they enter the clinical arena and become engaged in patient care. Although this approach poses the paradoxical problem of a lack of clinical experience that is so essential for building proficiency in clinical reasoning, CBCR is built on the premise that solving clinical problems involves the ability to reason about disease processes. This requires knowledge of anatomy and the working and pathology of organ systems, as well as the ability to regard patient problems as patterns and compare them with instances of illness scripts of patients the clinician has seen in the past and stored in memory. CBCR stimulates the development of early, rudimentary illness scripts through elaboration and systematic discussion of the courses of action from the initial presentation of the patient to the final steps of clinical management. The book combines general backgrounds of clinical reasoning education and assessment with a detailed elaboration of the CBCR method for application in any medical curriculum, either as a mandatory or as an elective course. It consists of three parts: a general introduction to clinical reasoning education, application of the CBCR method, and cases that can used by educators to try out this method.
Book Synopsis Comparative Constitutional Reasoning by : András Jakab
Download or read book Comparative Constitutional Reasoning written by András Jakab and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 867 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: To what extent is the language of judicial opinions responsive to the political and social context in which constitutional courts operate? Courts are reason-giving institutions, with argumentation playing a central role in constitutional adjudication. However, a cursory look at just a handful of constitutional systems suggests important differences in the practices of constitutional judges, whether in matters of form, style, or language. Focusing on independently-verified leading cases globally, a combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis offers the most comprehensive and systematic account of constitutional reasoning to date. This analysis is supported by the examination of eighteen legal systems around the world including the European Court of Human Rights and the European Court of Justice. Universally common aspects of constitutional reasoning are identified in this book, and contributors also examine whether common law countries differ to civil law countries in this respect.
Book Synopsis Official GRE Quantitative Reasoning Practice Questions by : Educational Testing Service
Download or read book Official GRE Quantitative Reasoning Practice Questions written by Educational Testing Service and published by McGraw Hill Professional. This book was released on 2014-08-15 with total page 353 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: 150 REAL GRE Quantitative Reasoning questions--direct from the test maker! The best way to prepare for the Quantitative Reasoning measure of the GRE revised General Test is with real GRE test questions--and that is what you will find in this unique guide! Specially created for you by ETS, it offers 150 actual Quantitative Reasoning questions with complete explanations. Plus, this guide includes a review of math topics likely to appear on the Quantitative Reasoning measure. Only ETS can show you exactly what to expect on the test. So for in-depth practice and accurate test preparation for the Quantitative Reasoning measure, this guide is your best choice! Look inside to find: Real GRE Quantitative Reasoning test questions arranged by content and question type--to help you build your test-taking skills. Plus, mixed practice sets. Answers and explanations for every question! GRE Math Review covering math topics you need to know for the test. ETS's own test-taking strategies: Valuable hints and tips to help you do your best on the test. Official information on the GRE Quantitative Reasoning measure: The facts about the test content, structure, scoring, and more--straight from ETS.
Book Synopsis Qualitative Research from Start to Finish, First Edition by : Robert K. Yin
Download or read book Qualitative Research from Start to Finish, First Edition written by Robert K. Yin and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 2011-09-26 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively, practical text presents a fresh and comprehensive approach to doing qualitative research. The book offers a unique balance of theory and clear-cut choices for customizing every phase of a qualitative study. A scholarly mix of classic and contemporary studies from multiple disciplines provides compelling, field-based examples of the full range of qualitative approaches. Readers learn about adaptive ways of designing studies, collecting data, analyzing data, and reporting findings. Key aspects of the researcher's craft are addressed, such as fieldwork options, the five phases of data analysis (with and without using computer-based software), and how to incorporate the researcher's “declarative” and “reflective” selves into a final report. Ideal for graduate-level courses, the text includes:* Discussions of ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, feminist research, and other approaches.* Instructions for creating a study bank to get a new study started.* End-of-chapter exercises and a semester-long, field-based project.* Quick study boxes, research vignettes, sample studies, and a glossary.* Previews for sections within chapters, and chapter recaps.* Discussion of the place of qualitative research among other social science methods, including mixed methods research.
Book Synopsis The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning by : Keith J. Holyoak, Ph.D.
Download or read book The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning written by Keith J. Holyoak, Ph.D. and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2012-04-19 with total page 865 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Oxford Handbook of Thinking and Reasoning brings together the contributions of many of the leading researchers in thinking and reasoning to create the most comprehensive overview of research on thinking and reasoning that has ever been available. Each chapter includes a bit of historical perspective on the topic, and concludes with some thoughts about where the field seems to be heading.
Book Synopsis Nonmonotonic Reasoning by : Grigoris Antoniou
Download or read book Nonmonotonic Reasoning written by Grigoris Antoniou and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 1997 with total page 310 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nonmonotonic reasoning provides formal methods that enable intelligent systems to operate adequately when faced with incomplete or changing information. In particular, it provides rigorous mechanisms for taking back conclusions that, in the presence of new information, turn out to be wrong and for deriving new, alternative conclusions instead. Nonmonotonic reasoning methods provide rigor similar to that of classical reasoning; they form a base for validation and verification and therefore increase confidence in intelligent systems that work with incomplete and changing information. Following a brief introduction to the concepts of predicate logic that are needed in the subsequent chapters, this book presents an in depth treatment of default logic. Other subjects covered include the major approaches of autoepistemic logic and circumscription, belief revision and its relationship to nonmonotonic inference, and briefly, the stable and well-founded semantics of logic programs.
