Pulpit And Nation

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Pulpit and Nation

Author : Spencer W. McBride
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 0813939577
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Pulpit and Nation by : Spencer W. McBride

Download or read book Pulpit and Nation written by Spencer W. McBride and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2017-01-12 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Pulpit and Nation, Spencer McBride highlights the importance of Protestant clergymen in early American political culture, elucidating the actual role of religion in the founding era. Beginning with colonial precedents for clerical involvement in politics and concluding with false rumors of Thomas Jefferson’s conversion to Christianity in 1817, this book reveals the ways in which the clergy’s political activism—and early Americans’ general use of religious language and symbols in their political discourse—expanded and evolved to become an integral piece in the invention of an American national identity. Offering a fresh examination of some of the key junctures in the development of the American political system—the Revolution, the ratification debates of 1787–88, and the formation of political parties in the 1790s—McBride shows how religious arguments, sentiments, and motivations were subtly interwoven with political ones in the creation of the early American republic. Ultimately, Pulpit and Nation reveals that while religious expression was common in the political culture of the Revolutionary era, it was as much the calculated design of ambitious men seeking power as it was the natural outgrowth of a devoutly religious people.

Into the Pulpit

Author : Elizabeth H. Flowers
Publisher : Univ of North Carolina Press
ISBN 13 : 0807869988
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (78 download)

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Book Synopsis Into the Pulpit by : Elizabeth H. Flowers

Download or read book Into the Pulpit written by Elizabeth H. Flowers and published by Univ of North Carolina Press. This book was released on 2012-04-09 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The debate over women's roles in the Southern Baptist Convention's conservative ascendance is often seen as secondary to theological and biblical concerns. Elizabeth Flowers argues, however, that for both moderate and conservative Baptist women--all of whom had much at stake--disagreements that touched on their familial roles and ecclesial authority have always been primary. And, in the turbulent postwar era, debate over their roles caused fierce internal controversy. While the legacy of race and civil rights lingered well into the 1990s, views on women's submission to male authority provided the most salient test by which moderates were identified and expelled in a process that led to significant splits in the Church. In Flowers's expansive history of Southern Baptist women, the "woman question" is integral to almost every area of Southern Baptist concern: hermeneutics, ecclesial polity, missionary work, church-state relations, and denominational history. Flowers's analysis, part of the expanding survey of America's religious and cultural landscape after World War II, points to the South's changing identity and connects religious and regional issues to the complicated relationship between race and gender during and after the civil rights movement. She also shows how feminism and shifting women's roles, behaviors, and practices played a significant part in debates that simmer among Baptists and evangelicals throughout the nation today.

Race, Religion, and the Pulpit

Author : Julia Marie Robinson
Publisher : Wayne State University Press
ISBN 13 : 0814340377
Total Pages : 216 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (143 download)

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Book Synopsis Race, Religion, and the Pulpit by : Julia Marie Robinson

Download or read book Race, Religion, and the Pulpit written by Julia Marie Robinson and published by Wayne State University Press. This book was released on 2015-04-15 with total page 216 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: During the Great Migration of African Americans from the South to the cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West, the local black church was essential in the making and reshaping of urban areas. In Detroit, there was one church and one minister in particular that demonstrated this power of the pulpit—Second Baptist Church of Detroit (“Second,” as many members called it) and its nineteenth pastor, the Reverend Robert L. Bradby. In Race, Religion, and the Pulpit: Rev. Robert L. Bradby and the Making of Urban Detroit, author Julia Marie Robinson explores how Bradby’s church became the catalyst for economic empowerment, community building, and the formation of an urban African American working class in Detroit. Robinson begins by examining Reverend Bradby’s formative years in Ontario, Canada; his rise to prominence as a pastor and community leader at Second Baptist in Detroit; and the sociohistorical context of his work in the early years of the Great Migration. She goes on to investigate the sometimes surprising nature of relationships between Second Baptist, its members, and prominent white elites in Detroit, including Bradby’s close relationship to Ford Motor Company and Henry Ford. Finally, Robinson details Bradby’s efforts as a “race leader” and activist, roles that were tied directly to his theology. She looks at the parts the minister played in such high-profile events as the organizing of Detroit’s NAACP chapter, the Ossian Sweet trial of the mid-1920s, the Scottsboro Boys trials in the 1930s, and the controversial rise of the United Auto Workers in Detroit in the 1940s. Race, Religion, and the Pulpit presents a full and nuanced picture of Bradby’s life that has so far been missing from the scholarly record. Readers interested in the intersections of race and religion in American history, as well as anyone with ties to Detroit’s Second Baptist Church, will appreciate this thorough volume.

One Nation, Indivisible

Author : Celene Ibrahim
Publisher : Wipf and Stock Publishers
ISBN 13 : 1532645724
Total Pages : 220 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (326 download)

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Book Synopsis One Nation, Indivisible by : Celene Ibrahim

Download or read book One Nation, Indivisible written by Celene Ibrahim and published by Wipf and Stock Publishers. This book was released on 2019-03-15 with total page 220 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Comprised of the wisdom of over fifty scholars, preachers, poets, and artists, this anthology is born of the conviction that open-hearted engagement across our differences is a prerequisite for healthy civic life today. The collection offers inspiration to faith leaders, social-justice activists, and secular readers alike, while simultaneously providing an accessible window onto lived Islam. Taken as a whole, One Nation, Indivisible highlights principles and practices of anti-racism work, and its contributors argue for a robust vision of American pluralism. While most of the contributors reside in the United States, through their stories of encounter, they bring a global perspective and encourage us all, wherever we may be, to find ways of traversing our otherwise isolating enclaves.

Preaching to a Divided Nation

Author : Matthew D. Kim
Publisher : Baker Books
ISBN 13 : 1493436708
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (934 download)

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Book Synopsis Preaching to a Divided Nation by : Matthew D. Kim

Download or read book Preaching to a Divided Nation written by Matthew D. Kim and published by Baker Books. This book was released on 2022-08-09 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We live in angry times. No matter where we go, what we watch, or how we communicate, our culture is rife with division and polarization. Unfortunately, Christians appear to be caught up in the same animosity as the culture at large. While our faith calls us to Christian unity, the hard fact remains: our churches are tragically divided across class, ethnic, gender, and political lines. As these social chasms grow--both inside and outside the church--the role of the preacher becomes paramount. This book issues a prophetic call to pastors to use the influence of their pulpits to promote reconciliation and unity in their churches and communities. Two scholar-practitioners who are experts in homiletics and reconciliation present a practical, 7-step model that empowers faithful leaders to bring healing and peace to their fractured churches and world. The book includes questions for reflection, salient illustrations, and an accountability covenant. It also includes useful appendixes on preaching themes, preaching texts, and sample sermons from three leading preachers: Ralph Douglas West, Rich Villodas, and Sandra Maria Van Opstal.

The New England Pulpit and the American Revolution

Author : Alice Mary Baldwin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781936577330
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (773 download)

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Book Synopsis The New England Pulpit and the American Revolution by : Alice Mary Baldwin

Download or read book The New England Pulpit and the American Revolution written by Alice Mary Baldwin and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Pulpit, Mosque and Nation

Author : Elisabeth Özdalga
Publisher : EUP
ISBN 13 : 9781474488211
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (882 download)

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Book Synopsis Pulpit, Mosque and Nation by : Elisabeth Özdalga

Download or read book Pulpit, Mosque and Nation written by Elisabeth Özdalga and published by EUP. This book was released on 2023-08-16 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the formation of the Republic in 1923, Friday sermons (hutbe) have been an important platform that allows the state to engage and communicate with the Turkish people. Sermon topics vary from religious and ethical issues to matters concerning family, women, health, education, business and the environment. Even if politics, in the name of secularism, has been banned from mosques and sermons, questions of how to be a good citizen and honour the Turkish nation have been of utmost importance. With an all-pervading sermon theme of social, national and political unity, Elisabeth Özdalga explores how long-standing religious rituals are utilised and mobilised in the formation of modern political loyalties and national identities.

John Witherspoon's American Revolution

Author : Gideon Mailer
Publisher : UNC Press Books
ISBN 13 : 1469628198
Total Pages : 440 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (696 download)

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Book Synopsis John Witherspoon's American Revolution by : Gideon Mailer

Download or read book John Witherspoon's American Revolution written by Gideon Mailer and published by UNC Press Books. This book was released on 2016-11-23 with total page 440 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1768, John Witherspoon, Presbyterian leader of the evangelical Popular party faction in the Scottish Kirk, became the College of New Jersey's sixth president. At Princeton, he mentored constitutional architect James Madison; as a New Jersey delegate to the Continental Congress, he was the only clergyman to sign the Declaration of Independence. Although Witherspoon is often thought to be the chief conduit of moral sense philosophy in America, Mailer's comprehensive analysis of this founding father's writings demonstrates the resilience of his evangelical beliefs. Witherspoon's Presbyterian evangelicalism competed with, combined with, and even superseded the civic influence of Scottish Enlightenment thought in the British Atlantic world. John Witherspoon's American Revolution examines the connection between patriot discourse and long-standing debates--already central to the 1707 Act of Union--about the relationship among piety, moral philosophy, and political unionism. In Witherspoon's mind, Americans became different from other British subjects because more of them had been awakened to the sin they shared with all people. Paradoxically, acute consciousness of their moral depravity legitimized their move to independence by making it a concerted moral action urged by the Holy Spirit. Mailer's exploration of Witherspoon's thought and influence suggests that, for the founders in his circle, civic virtue rested on personal religious awakening.

The Bully Pulpit

Author : Doris Kearns Goodwin
Publisher : Simon and Schuster
ISBN 13 : 1451673795
Total Pages : 912 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (516 download)

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Book Synopsis The Bully Pulpit by : Doris Kearns Goodwin

Download or read book The Bully Pulpit written by Doris Kearns Goodwin and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2013-11-05 with total page 912 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Pulitzer Prize–winning author and presidential historian Doris Kearns Goodwin’s dynamic history of Theodore Roosevelt, William H. Taft and the first decade of the Progressive era, that tumultuous time when the nation was coming unseamed and reform was in the air. Winner of the Carnegie Medal. Doris Kearns Goodwin’s The Bully Pulpit is a dynamic history of the first decade of the Progressive era, that tumultuous time when the nation was coming unseamed and reform was in the air. The story is told through the intense friendship of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft—a close relationship that strengthens both men before it ruptures in 1912, when they engage in a brutal fight for the presidential nomination that divides their wives, their children, and their closest friends, while crippling the progressive wing of the Republican Party, causing Democrat Woodrow Wilson to be elected, and changing the country’s history. The Bully Pulpit is also the story of the muckraking press, which arouses the spirit of reform that helps Roosevelt push the government to shed its laissez-faire attitude toward robber barons, corrupt politicians, and corporate exploiters of our natural resources. The muckrakers are portrayed through the greatest group of journalists ever assembled at one magazine—Ida Tarbell, Ray Stannard Baker, Lincoln Steffens, and William Allen White—teamed under the mercurial genius of publisher S.S. McClure. Goodwin’s narrative is founded upon a wealth of primary materials. The correspondence of more than four hundred letters between Roosevelt and Taft begins in their early thirties and ends only months before Roosevelt’s death. Edith Roosevelt and Nellie Taft kept diaries. The muckrakers wrote hundreds of letters to one another, kept journals, and wrote their memoirs. The letters of Captain Archie Butt, who served as a personal aide to both Roosevelt and Taft, provide an intimate view of both men. The Bully Pulpit, like Goodwin’s brilliant chronicles of the Civil War and World War II, exquisitely demonstrates her distinctive ability to combine scholarly rigor with accessibility. It is a major work of history—an examination of leadership in a rare moment of activism and reform that brought the country closer to its founding ideals.

Beyond the Pulpit

Author : Lisa J. Shaver
Publisher : University of Pittsburgh Pre
ISBN 13 : 0822977427
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Beyond the Pulpit by : Lisa J. Shaver

Download or read book Beyond the Pulpit written by Lisa J. Shaver and published by University of Pittsburgh Pre. This book was released on 2012-01-22 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the formative years of the Methodist Church in the United States, women played significant roles as proselytizers, organizers, lay ministers, and majority members. Although women’s participation helped the church to become the nation’s largest denomination by the mid-nineteenth century, their official roles diminished during that time. In Beyond the Pulpit, Lisa Shaver examines Methodist periodicals as a rhetorical space to which women turned to find, and make, self-meaning. In 1818, Methodist Magazine first published “memoirs” that eulogized women as powerful witnesses for their faith on their deathbeds. As Shaver observes, it was only in death that a woman could achieve the status of minister. Another Methodist publication, the Christian Advocate, was America’s largest circulated weekly by the mid-1830s. It featured the “Ladies’ Department,” a column that reinforced the canon of women as dutiful wives, mothers, and household managers. Here, the church also affirmed women in the important rhetorical and evangelical role of domestic preacher. Outside the “Ladies Department,” women increasingly appeared in “little narratives” in which they were portrayed as models of piety and charity, benefactors, organizers, Sunday school administrators and teachers, missionaries, and ministers’ assistants. These texts cast women into nondomestic roles that were institutionally sanctioned and widely disseminated. By 1841, the Ladies’ Repository and Gatherings of the West was engaging women in discussions of religion, politics, education, science, and a variety of intellectual debates. As Shaver posits, by providing a forum for women writers and readers, the church gave them an official rhetorical space and the license to define their own roles and spheres of influence. As such, the periodicals of the Methodist church became an important public venue in which women’s voices were heard and their identities explored.

Turn the Pulpit Loose

Author : P. Pope-Levison
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1349633402
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (496 download)

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Book Synopsis Turn the Pulpit Loose by : P. Pope-Levison

Download or read book Turn the Pulpit Loose written by P. Pope-Levison and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-04-30 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Turn the Pulpit Loose features the lives and words of eighteen women evangelists including Sojourner Truth and Evangeline Booth, and lesser-known figures such as Jarena Lee (an African Methodist from the early 1800s) and Uldine Utley (a child evangelist in the early 1900s) who helped to shape American religious life from the nation’s infancy to the present. Highlighting substantial primary sources – sermons, articles, diaries, letters, speeches, and autobiographies – Priscilla Pope-Levison weaves together fascinating narratives of each woman’s life: her conversion and calling to preach, her primary evangelistic method, and her reflections about women in general. This anthology, complete with photographs of each evangelist, is an indispensable resource for a wide range of academic fields, including religion, history, women's studies, and literature.

Pulpit, Press, and Politics

Author : Scott McLaren
Publisher : University of Toronto Press
ISBN 13 : 1442619783
Total Pages : 259 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (426 download)

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Book Synopsis Pulpit, Press, and Politics by : Scott McLaren

Download or read book Pulpit, Press, and Politics written by Scott McLaren and published by University of Toronto Press. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 259 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When American Methodist preachers first arrived in Upper Canada in the 1790s, they brought with them more than an alluring religious faith. They also brought saddlebags stuffed with books published by the New York Methodist Book Concern – North America’s first denominational publisher – to sell along their preaching circuits. Pulpit, Press, and Politics traces the expansion of this remarkable transnational market from its earliest days to the mid-nineteenth century, a period of intense religious struggle in Upper Canada marked by fiery revivals, political betrayals, and bitter church schisms. The Methodist Book Concern occupied a central place in all this conflict as it powerfully shaped and subverted the religious and political identities of Canadian Methodists, particularly in the wake of the American Revolution. The Concern bankrolled the bulk of Canadian Methodist preaching and missionary activities, enabled and constrained evangelistic efforts among the colony’s Native groups, and clouded Methodist dealings with the British Wesleyans and other religious competitors north of the border. Even more importantly, as Methodists went on to assume a preeminent place in Upper Canada’s religious, cultural, and educational life, their ongoing reliance on the Methodist Book Concern played a crucial role in opening the way for the lasting acceptance and widespread use of American books and periodicals across the region.

American Gospel

Author : Jon Meacham
Publisher : Random House Trade Paperbacks
ISBN 13 : 0812976665
Total Pages : 449 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (129 download)

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Book Synopsis American Gospel by : Jon Meacham

Download or read book American Gospel written by Jon Meacham and published by Random House Trade Paperbacks. This book was released on 2007-03-20 with total page 449 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NEW YORK TIMES BESTSELLER • Pulitzer Prize-winning author Jon Meacham reveals how the Founding Fathers viewed faith—and how they ultimately created a nation in which belief in God is a matter of choice. At a time when our country seems divided by extremism, American Gospel draws on the past to offer a new perspective. Meacham re-creates the fascinating history of a nation grappling with religion and politics–from John Winthrop’s “city on a hill” sermon to Thomas Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence; from the Revolution to the Civil War; from a proposed nineteenth-century Christian Amendment to the Constitution to Martin Luther King, Jr.’s call for civil rights; from George Washington to Ronald Reagan. Debates about religion and politics are often more divisive than illuminating. Secularists point to a “wall of separation between church and state,” while many conservatives act as though the Founding Fathers were apostles in knee britches. As Meacham shows in this brisk narrative, neither extreme has it right. At the heart of the American experiment lies the God of what Benjamin Franklin called “public religion,” a God who invests all human beings with inalienable rights while protecting private religion from government interference. It is a great American balancing act, and it has served us well. Meacham has written and spoken extensively about religion and politics, and he brings historical authority and a sense of hope to the issue. American Gospel makes it compellingly clear that the nation’s best chance of summoning what Lincoln called “the better angels of our nature” lies in recovering the spirit and sense of the Founding. In looking back, we may find the light to lead us forward. Praise for American Gospel “In his American Gospel, Jon Meacham provides a refreshingly clear, balanced, and wise historical portrait of religion and American politics at exactly the moment when such fairness and understanding are much needed. Anyone who doubts the relevance of history to our own time has only to read this exceptional book.”—David McCullough, author of 1776 “Jon Meacham has given us an insightful and eloquent account of the spiritual foundation of the early days of the American republic. It is especially instructive reading at a time when the nation is at once engaged in and deeply divided on the question of religion and its place in public life.”—Tom Brokaw, author of The Greatest Generation

Religion and the American Nation

Author : John Frederick Wilson
Publisher : University of Georgia Press
ISBN 13 : 9780820322896
Total Pages : 132 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (228 download)

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Book Synopsis Religion and the American Nation by : John Frederick Wilson

Download or read book Religion and the American Nation written by John Frederick Wilson and published by University of Georgia Press. This book was released on 2003 with total page 132 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This lively survey ranges across several centuries of change in the ways historians have thought and written about religion in America. In particular, John F. Wilson is concerned with how historians have perceived religion's relationship to the political organization of our country. He begins by establishing the genesis of religion as a specialized area of American history in the nineteenth century, and then discusses religious history's development through the early 1970s. Along the way he considers topics ranging from the "long shadow" the Puritans have cast over our comprehension of religion in American history to the ascendancy of such institutions as the University of Chicago as systematizing forces in religious scholarship. Wilson then discusses how scholars, since the early 1970s, have sought to ground their accounts of American religious trends and events in ways that either avoid or transcend references to Puritanism. The rise of comparative religious histories, Wilson notes, has been the welcome outcome. Moving into the present, Wilson explores a range of behaviors, if not beliefs, that might be understood as religious aspects of American life, and looks at how the spiritual or religious dimensions of American cultural life have been expressed in gnosticism, the mass media, and consumerism. One commentator, Wilson notes, suggested that there are no longer any religions as such in America today, but only religious "brands." Wilson himself sees America as a place where there is room for Old World traditions and new spiritual initiatives, a modern nation remarkably hospitable to ancient preoccupations.

The Pulpit of the American Revolution: Or, The Political Sermons of the Period of 1776

Author : John Wingate Thornton
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 560 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Pulpit of the American Revolution: Or, The Political Sermons of the Period of 1776 by : John Wingate Thornton

Download or read book The Pulpit of the American Revolution: Or, The Political Sermons of the Period of 1776 written by John Wingate Thornton and published by . This book was released on 1860 with total page 560 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Claiming Theology in the Pulpit

Author : Burton Z. Cooper
Publisher : Westminster John Knox Press
ISBN 13 : 9780664227029
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (27 download)

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Book Synopsis Claiming Theology in the Pulpit by : Burton Z. Cooper

Download or read book Claiming Theology in the Pulpit written by Burton Z. Cooper and published by Westminster John Knox Press. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Encapsulating years of experience integrating critical theological thinking with the preaching task,Claiming Theology in the Pulpitwill be a welcomed resource to both preachers and students. Through the use of a theological profile, Burton Cooper and John McClure help preachers become more aware of not only the broad theological traditions of the church but of their own particular theological appropriations. Part One lays out the eight categories of the theological profile, offering a worksheet for readers to identify in summary fashion their own theological position. Part Two suggests specific ways that preachers can use the profile as a tool to become more theologically intentional in their preaching.

Patriotism and Piety

Author : Jonathan J. Den Hartog
Publisher : University of Virginia Press
ISBN 13 : 081393642X
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (139 download)

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Book Synopsis Patriotism and Piety by : Jonathan J. Den Hartog

Download or read book Patriotism and Piety written by Jonathan J. Den Hartog and published by University of Virginia Press. This book was released on 2015-01-12 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In Patriotism and Piety, Jonathan Den Hartog argues that the question of how religion would function in American society was decided in the decades after the Constitution and First Amendment established a legal framework. Den Hartog shows that among the wide array of politicians and public figures struggling to define religion’s place in the new nation, Federalists stood out—evolving religious attitudes were central to Federalism, and the encounter with Federalism strongly shaped American Christianity. Den Hartog describes the Federalist appropriations of religion as passing through three stages: a "republican" phase of easy cooperation inherited from the experience of the American Revolution; a "combative" phase, forged during the political battles of the 1790s–1800s, when the destiny of the republic was hotly contested; and a "voluntarist" phase that grew in importance after 1800. Faith became more individualistic and issue-oriented as a result of the actions of religious Federalists. Religious impulses fueled party activism and informed governance, but the redirection of religious energies into voluntary societies sapped party momentum, and religious differences led to intraparty splits. These developments altered not only the Federalist Party but also the practice and perception of religion in America, as Federalist insights helped to create voluntary, national organizations in which Americans could practice their faith in interdenominational settings. Patriotism and Pietyfocuses on the experiences and challenges confronted by a number of Federalists, from well-known leaders such as John Adams, John Jay, Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, and Timothy Dwight to lesser-known but still important figures such as Caleb Strong, Elias Boudinot, and William Jay.