Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children

Download Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309376882
Total Pages : 397 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (93 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children by : National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

Download or read book Mental Disorders and Disabilities Among Low-Income Children written by National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-10-28 with total page 397 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Children living in poverty are more likely to have mental health problems, and their conditions are more likely to be severe. Of the approximately 1.3 million children who were recipients of Supplemental Security Income (SSI) disability benefits in 2013, about 50% were disabled primarily due to a mental disorder. An increase in the number of children who are recipients of SSI benefits due to mental disorders has been observed through several decades of the program beginning in 1985 and continuing through 2010. Nevertheless, less than 1% of children in the United States are recipients of SSI disability benefits for a mental disorder. At the request of the Social Security Administration, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children compares national trends in the number of children with mental disorders with the trends in the number of children receiving benefits from the SSI program, and describes the possible factors that may contribute to any differences between the two groups. This report provides an overview of the current status of the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, and the levels of impairment in the U.S. population under age 18. The report focuses on 6 mental disorders, chosen due to their prevalence and the severity of disability attributed to those disorders within the SSI disability program: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorder, intellectual disability, learning disabilities, and mood disorders. While this report is not a comprehensive discussion of these disorders, Mental Disorders and Disability Among Low-Income Children provides the best currently available information regarding demographics, diagnosis, treatment, and expectations for the disorder time course - both the natural course and under treatment.

Psychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities & Reading Disorders

Download Psychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities & Reading Disorders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : McGraw-Hill Companies
ISBN 13 : 9780070538450
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (384 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities & Reading Disorders by : Alan O. Ross

Download or read book Psychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities & Reading Disorders written by Alan O. Ross and published by McGraw-Hill Companies. This book was released on 1976 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Improving Adult Literacy Instruction

Download Improving Adult Literacy Instruction PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : National Academies Press
ISBN 13 : 0309219590
Total Pages : 504 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (92 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Improving Adult Literacy Instruction by : National Research Council

Download or read book Improving Adult Literacy Instruction written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2012-04-26 with total page 504 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A high level of literacy in both print and digital media is required for negotiating most aspects of 21st-century life, including supporting a family, education, health, civic participation, and competitiveness in the global economy. Yet, more than 90 million U.S. adults lack adequate literacy. Furthermore, only 38 percent of U.S. 12th graders are at or above proficient in reading. Improving Adult Literacy Instruction synthesizes the research on literacy and learning to improve literacy instruction in the United States and to recommend a more systemic approach to research, practice, and policy. The book focuses on individuals ages 16 and older who are not in K-12 education. It identifies factors that affect literacy development in adolescence and adulthood in general, and examines their implications for strengthening literacy instruction for this population. It also discusses technologies for learning that can assist with multiple aspects of teaching, assessment,and accommodations for learning. There is inadequate knowledge about effective instructional practices and a need for better assessment and ongoing monitoring of adult students' proficiencies, weaknesses, instructional environments, and progress, which might guide instructional planning. Improving Adult Literacy Instruction recommends a program of research and innovation to validate, identify the boundaries of, and extend current knowledge to improve instruction for adults and adolescents outside school. The book is a valuable resource for curriculum developers, federal agencies such as the Department of Education, administrators, educators, and funding agencies.

Advising Preservice Teachers Through Narratives From Students With Disabilities

Download Advising Preservice Teachers Through Narratives From Students With Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799873617
Total Pages : 235 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Advising Preservice Teachers Through Narratives From Students With Disabilities by : Cassidy, Kimberly Dianne

Download or read book Advising Preservice Teachers Through Narratives From Students With Disabilities written by Cassidy, Kimberly Dianne and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-10-22 with total page 235 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The lives of students with disabilities need to be told in ways that inform preservice teachers about the work involved to legally and morally meet the needs of these students. Hearing the positive and negative experiences of students with disabilities from elementary through college can inform preservice teachers as well as potentially prevent them from repeating some of the same mistakes. The richness of the personal stories of these students and how their experiences can shape the future for students like them offers teachable moments for professors and preservice teachers to use in classrooms. Advising Preservice Teachers Through Narratives From Students With Disabilities heralds the stories of students with disabilities as they trace their journey from the PK-12 setting into university and adult life and addresses aspects that any new teacher must know in order to meet the needs of today's PK-12 classrooms. Covering topics such as social justice, virtual learning, and faculty convenience, it is ideal for preservice teachers, practicing teachers, administrators, professors, researchers, academicians, and students.

Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification

Download Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119313848
Total Pages : 647 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (193 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification by : Vincent C. Alfonso

Download or read book Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification written by Vincent C. Alfonso and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-04-03 with total page 647 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Practical, up-to-date guidance on identifying Specific Learning Disability Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification provides accessible, authoritative guidance on specific learning disability (SLD), with the most up-to-date information on assessment, identification, interventions, and more. Contributions by leading experts examine multiple theoretical orientations and various identification approaches for dyslexia, dyscalculia, dysgraphia, and other common SLDs. Emphasizing real-world utility, this book provides important information for professionals who work with children and youth at risk; many of the SLD identification practices can be put to work immediately, and the expert coverage offers many strategies and interventions for student support in the classroom. This new second edition has been updated to align with the most current understanding of SLD manifestations, diagnostic assessment, and evidence-based interventions, and includes new material covering nonverbal learning disability, speech-language impairment, general learning difficulties, and differentially diagnosing SLD from other conditions. Early SLD identification and the right kind of help can raise the trajectory of a child's life. This book provides in-depth information to facilitate accurate identification and appropriate intervention to help you help the children in your care. Understand how SLD manifests in academic performance Learn theory- and research-based approaches to SLD identification Examine the latest information about new aspects of SLD determination Utilize appropriate and effective intervention strategies for student support If a child's learning disability is caught early, and the correct type of support is provided, that child gets the chance to develop the skills that lead to achievement in school and beyond. As a high-incidence disorder, SLD affects 10-15 percent of the general population, making successful identification an essential skill for those who work with children. Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification provides authoritative guidance and practical methods that can help you start changing children's lives today.

Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities

Download Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Guilford Press
ISBN 13 : 9780898626445
Total Pages : 351 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (264 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities by : Byron P. Rourke

Download or read book Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities written by Byron P. Rourke and published by Guilford Press. This book was released on 1985-02-15 with total page 351 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Building upon earlier attempts to create a scientific basis for subtypes of learning disabili~ties, this volume continues to examine the extent to which various subtyping schemes are valid. Like its predecessor, Neuropsychology of Learning Disabilities: Essentials of Subtype Analysis, it seeks to define such subtypes within an explicitly neuropsychol~ogical framework. Following an insightful over~view of the dimensions and clinical applications of validity to learning disability subtypes, it reports on a wide-ranging series of investigations designed to designate the content, concurrent, predictive, construct, and clinical validity of various subtyping efforts.

Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries

Download Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : RTI Press
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 50 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries by : Anne M. Hayes

Download or read book Learning disabilities screening and evaluation guide for low- and middle-income countries written by Anne M. Hayes and published by RTI Press. This book was released on 2018-04-29 with total page 50 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Learning disabilities are among the most common disabilities experienced in childhood and adulthood. Although identifying learning disabilities in a school setting is a complex process, it is particularly challenging in low- and middle-income countries that lack the appropriate resources, tools, and supports. This guide provides an introduction to learning disabilities and describes the processes and practices that are necessary for the identification process. It also describes a phased approach that countries can use to assess their current screening and evaluation services, as well as determine the steps needed to develop, strengthen, and build systems that support students with learning disabilities. This guide also provides intervention recommendations that teachers and school administrators can implement at each phase of system development. Although this guide primarily addresses learning disabilities, the practices, processes, and systems described may be also used to improve the identification of other disabilities commonly encountered in schools.

Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities

Download Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 113656067X
Total Pages : 542 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (365 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities by : Stephen J. Ceci

Download or read book Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities written by Stephen J. Ceci and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-01-11 with total page 542 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recognized as the definitive reference in the field, this book addresses a broad range of biologically based disorders that affect children's learning and development. Leading authorities review the genetics of each disorder; its course and outcome; associated developmental, cognitive, and psychosocial challenges; and what clinicians and educators need to know about effective approaches to assessment and intervention. Coverage encompasses numerous lower-incidence neurodevelopmental disabilities as well as more frequently diagnosed learning and behavior problems with a genetic component.

Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities

Download Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1135877947
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (358 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities by : S. J. Ceci

Download or read book Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities written by S. J. Ceci and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2014-05-22 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: First Published in 1986. This is the companion volume to the Handbook of Cognitive, Social, and Neuropsychological Aspects of Learning Disabilities-Vol. 1. As such, it is a continuation of the theme and approach taken in the first volume. There are four thematic sections, comprised of three to four chapters each, dealing with cognitive (micro-level and macro-level), social, and neurological characteristics of learning-disabled individuals.

The Nature of Learning Disabilities

Download The Nature of Learning Disabilities PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136484353
Total Pages : 441 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (364 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Nature of Learning Disabilities by : Kenneth A. Kavale

Download or read book The Nature of Learning Disabilities written by Kenneth A. Kavale and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 441 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The category of learning disabilities continues to be among the most contentious in special education. Much of the debate and dissent emanates from a lack of understanding about its basic nature. The failure to evolve a comprehensive and unified perspective about the nature of learning disabilities has resulted in the concept being lost. The loss is best illustrated through the failure to answer this seemingly simple question: What is a learning disability? Using historical, empirical, theoretical, conceptual, and philosophical analyses, this volume explores a number of problems and issues facing the field of learning disabilities. The chapters cover historical influences, definitional problems, primary characteristics, assessment practices, theoretical development, major themes, research and measurement models, and long-term outcomes. The goal is to explicate the nature of learning disabilities by analyzing what it was supposed to be, what it has become, and what it might be. A predominant theme running through this text is the necessity for the field of learning disabilities to regain integrity by recapturing its essence.

E-learning and Disability in Higher Education

Download E-learning and Disability in Higher Education PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 1136216510
Total Pages : 279 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (362 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis E-learning and Disability in Higher Education by : Jane K. Seale

Download or read book E-learning and Disability in Higher Education written by Jane K. Seale and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2013-10-08 with total page 279 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Most people working within the higher education sector understand the importance of making e-learning accessible to students with disabilities, yet it is not always clear exactly how this should be accomplished. E-Learning and Disability in Higher Education evaluates current accessibility practice and critiques the extent to which 'best' practices can be confidently identified and disseminated. This second edition has been fully updated and includes a focus on research that seeks to give 'voice' to disabled students in a way that provides an indispensible insight into their relationship with technologies and the institutions in which they study. Examining the social, educational, and political background behind making online learning accessible in higher and further education, E-Learning and Disability in Higher Education considers the roles and perspectives of the key stake-holders involved in e-learning: lecturers, professors, instructional designers, learning technologists, student support services, staff developers, and senior managers and administrators.

Pediatric Neurology

Download Pediatric Neurology PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN 13 : 0323033652
Total Pages : 2535 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (23 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Pediatric Neurology by : Kenneth F. Swaiman

Download or read book Pediatric Neurology written by Kenneth F. Swaiman and published by Elsevier Health Sciences. This book was released on 2006-01-01 with total page 2535 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Gold Standard in clinical child neurology presents the entire specialty in the most comprehensive, authoritative, and clearly written fashion. Its clinical focus, along with relevant science, throughout is directed at both the experienced clinician and the physician in training. New editor, Dr. Ferriero brings expertise in neonatal neurology to the Fourth Edition. New chapters: Pathophysiology of Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy, Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation, Pediatric Neurotransmitter Diseases, Neurophysiology of Epilepsy, Genetics of Epilepsy, Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Medicine, Neuropsychopharmacology, Pain and Palliative Care Management, Ethical Issues in Child Neurology

The Neuropsychology of Reading Disorders

Download The Neuropsychology of Reading Disorders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : School Neuropsych Press LLC
ISBN 13 : 9780970333704
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (337 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Neuropsychology of Reading Disorders by : Steven G. Feifer

Download or read book The Neuropsychology of Reading Disorders written by Steven G. Feifer and published by School Neuropsych Press LLC. This book was released on 2000 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Psychological Aspects of Functioning, Disability, and Health

Download Psychological Aspects of Functioning, Disability, and Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Publishing Company
ISBN 13 : 0826123465
Total Pages : 253 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (261 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Psychological Aspects of Functioning, Disability, and Health by : David B. Peterson, PhD, CRC, NCC

Download or read book Psychological Aspects of Functioning, Disability, and Health written by David B. Peterson, PhD, CRC, NCC and published by Springer Publishing Company. This book was released on 2010-07-19 with total page 253 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This represents the first textbook explicitly to join interpretation of the ICF with that of DSM-IV-TR in clinical cases. In fact, Professor Petersonís book reads as though it were a helpful crosswalk between the Classification and the DSM, which is innovative."--ICF Newsletter "Peterson isÖthe most qualified individual in the field of rehabilitation counseling and rehabilitation psychology to write this text...He thoroughly understands the ICF as a model with great utility for the field of rehabilitation counseling." --David A. Rosenthal, PhD, CRC Chairperson, Department of Rehabilitation Psychology and Special Education University of Wisconsin-Madison "This proposed text has significance for assisting in the needed universal conceptual framework for improving public policy and service delivery systems for individuals with mental health-related issues." --Susanne Bruyere, PhD Cornell University This textbook focuses on psychopathology as classified in the DSM-IV-TR, and discusses how it can be integrated into the ICF to assist mental health professionals while diagnosing and treating people with mental disorders. A perfect reference for students, the book serves as a natural bridge between the DSM-IV-TR and the ICF. Students will learn the utility of using the ICF's biopsychosocial approach for conceptualizing mental health functioning (body functions and structures), disability (activity limitations and participation restrictions), and contextual factors (environmental and personal factors). The ICF's collaborative approach presents students with a conceptual framework that guides the selection of appropriate interventions and informs the evaluation of treatment efficacy. Key Features: Develops knowledge and understanding of mental health functioning and disability based on the ICF and related diagnoses within the DSM-IV-TR Applies the ICF conceptual framework to planning mental health assessment and related interventions, and evaluating treatment outcomes Integrates diagnostic information from the DSM-IV-TR with the ICF's classification of functioning, disability, and health

Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders

Download Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : American Psychiatric Pub
ISBN 13 : 158562540X
Total Pages : 1250 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (856 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders by : Glen O. Gabbard

Download or read book Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders written by Glen O. Gabbard and published by American Psychiatric Pub. This book was released on 2014-05-05 with total page 1250 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The definitive treatment textbook in psychiatry, this fifth edition of Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders has been thoroughly restructured to reflect the new DSM-5® categories, preserving its value as a state-of-the-art resource and increasing its utility in the field. The editors have produced a volume that is both comprehensive and concise, meeting the needs of clinicians who prefer a single, user-friendly volume. In the service of brevity, the book focuses on treatment over diagnostic considerations, and addresses both empirically-validated treatments and accumulated clinical wisdom where research is lacking. Noteworthy features include the following: Content is organized according to DSM-5® categories to make for rapid retrieval of relevant treatment information for the busy clinician. Outcome studies and expert opinion are presented in an accessible way to help the clinician know what treatment to use for which disorder, and how to tailor the treatment to the patient. Content is restricted to the major psychiatric conditions seen in clinical practice while leaving out less common conditions and those that have limited outcome research related to the disorder, resulting in a more streamlined and affordable text. Chapters are meticulously referenced and include dozens of tables, figures, and other illustrative features that enhance comprehension and recall. An authoritative resource for psychiatrists, psychologists, and psychiatric nurses, and an outstanding reference for students in the mental health professions, Gabbard's Treatments of Psychiatric Disorders, Fifth Edition, will prove indispensable to clinicians seeking to provide excellent care while transitioning to a DSM-5® world.

Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification

Download Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 0470920602
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (79 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification by : Dawn P. Flanagan

Download or read book Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification written by Dawn P. Flanagan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2010-11-09 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Complete coverage on how SLD manifests in academic performance Expert advice on theory- and research-based approaches to SLD identification Conveniently formatted for rapid reference Quickly acquire the knowledge and skills you need to accurately identify specific learning disabilities Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification provides a brief overview examining the definitions and classification systems of—and methods for—identification of specific learning disabilities (SLDs). Focusing on descriptive efforts of the manifestations of SLDs in the academically critical areas of reading, writing, math, oral expression, and listening comprehension, this book features contributions by leading experts in the field, including Virginia Berninger, Steven Feifer, Jack Fletcher, Nancy Mather, Jack Naglieri, and more. Like all the volumes in the Essentials of Psychological Assessment series, each concise chapter features numerous callout boxes highlighting key concepts, bulleted points, and extensive illustrative material, as well as test questions that help you gauge and reinforce your grasp of the information covered. With multiple perspectives spanning several different theoretical orientations and offering various approaches to SLD identification that can be put into practice right away—from RTI methods to cognitive strengths and weaknesses approaches—this book offers important content for professionals who work with children and youth at risk for learning disabilities. With a Foreword by Cecil Reynolds, Essentials of Specific Learning Disability Identification presents rich and up-to-date information on models and methods of SLD identification.

Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading

Download Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 1483270211
Total Pages : 365 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (832 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading by : Francis J. Pirozzolo

Download or read book Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading written by Francis J. Pirozzolo and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2013-10-22 with total page 365 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Neuropsychological and Cognitive Processes in Reading explores reading and reading disabilities within the context of cognitive psychology and neuropsychology. Emphasis is on the roles of brain mechanisms in reading and reading disturbances. In the areas of perception and cognition, theoretical models of the reading process are used to highlight the various psychological processes involved in the act of skilled reading. Comprised of 12 chapters, this volume begins with an introduction to the fundamental processes of reading, giving particular attention to a psychological theory that builds on two concepts: that the basic processes of reading are few in number, and that they are separable from one another. A useful and testable information-processing model of reading that consists of three separable, fundamental processes - decoding, word meaning, and sentence comprehension - is described. Subsequent chapters deal with some of the external and internal factors involved in reading; a model of disorders of reading comprehension (the alexias); the neuropsychological test performance of brain-damaged and non-brain-damaged dyslexic children; and the problem of subtypes of learning disability. Eye movements and perceptual spans in reading are also discussed, along with reading comprehension and the problem of agrammatism. The final chapter analyzes the factors that influence recovery from alexia. This book will be of interest to neuropsychologists and those engaged in neurolinguistics, psycholinguistics, cognitive psychology, and educational psychology.