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Properties Of X Ray Emission From Natural And Rocket Triggered Lightning As Measured By The Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array Tera
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Book Synopsis Properties of X-ray Emission from Natural and Rocket Triggered Lightning as Measured by the Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA) by : Ziad Saleh
Download or read book Properties of X-ray Emission from Natural and Rocket Triggered Lightning as Measured by the Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (TERA) written by Ziad Saleh and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page 286 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Fundamentals of Lightning by : Vladimir A. Rakov
Download or read book Fundamentals of Lightning written by Vladimir A. Rakov and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2016-04-07 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presents the current state of the art in lightning science, for advanced undergraduate and graduate students on a single-semester course.
Book Synopsis X-ray Emission from Thunderstorms and Lightning by :
Download or read book X-ray Emission from Thunderstorms and Lightning written by and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: How lightning is initiated in the relatively low electric fields inside thunderclouds and how it can then propagate for tens of kilometers through virgin air are two of the great unsolved problems in the atmospheric sciences. Until very recently it was believed that lightning was entirely a conventional discharge, involving only low-energy (a few eV) electrons. This picture changed completely a few years ago with the discovery of intense x-ray emission from both natural cloud-to-ground lightning and rocket-triggered lightning. This energetic emission cannot be produced by a conventional discharge, and so the presence of x-rays strongly implies that runaway breakdown plays a role in lightning processes. During runaway breakdown, electrons are accelerated through air to nearly the speed of light by strong electric fields. These runaway electrons then emit bremsstrahlung x-rays and gamma-rays during collisions with air. Indeed, the x-ray and gamma-ray emission produced by runaway breakdown near the tops of thunderstorms is bright enough to be seen from outer space, 600 km away. As a result, the physics used for decades to describe thunderstorm electrification and lightning discharges is incomplete and needs to be revisited.
Book Synopsis Lightning Propagation and Ground Attachment Processes from Multiple-station Electric Field and X-ray Measurements by : Joseph Sean Howard
Download or read book Lightning Propagation and Ground Attachment Processes from Multiple-station Electric Field and X-ray Measurements written by Joseph Sean Howard and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: ABSTRACT: The Multiple Station Experiment/Thunderstorm Energetic Radiation Array (MSE/TERA) network operating at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing in Camp Blanding, FL has been used to examine the close RF electric and magnetic field and X-ray environment of cloud-to-ground lightning over a period from 2005 to 2007. Data were obtained for 18 natural and 9 rocket-triggered flashes that are thought to have terminated within or very near the network. The experimental system consisted of electric field sensors (bandwidth of 0.2 Hz to 3 MHz), magnetic field sensors (10 Hz to 3 MHz), dE/dt sensors (DC to 25 MHz), and Xray sensors (primary type had rise and fall times of 0.17 microseconds and 0.9 microseconds, respectively) spread around an area of about 0.5 km2, with the exact number of sensors varying from year to year. For rocket-triggered flashes, the channel-base-current was also measured (DC to 8 MHz). A subset of these measurements, consisting of eight dE/dt sensors and eight X-ray sensors, provided the network with time-of-arrival (TOA) location capabilities. This TOA network, which is the focal point of the present analyses, was used to investigate the spatial and temporal relationship between leader X-ray sources and electric-field-change sources as well as the role of post-leader processes in the production of X rays. The dE/dt portion of the TOA system was also 16 used to track and identify low-altitude processes occurring during the leader phase, attachment process, and return stroke with a higher degree of accuracy than previously possible with similar systems. A comparison of the collected waveforms, combined with these source locations, is used to obtain new insights into some of the more perplexing aspects of lightning, such as the step-formation process, leader propagation near ground, and the attachment process.
Book Synopsis X-ray and Gamma-ray Observations from Lightning by : Meagan Marie Schaal
Download or read book X-ray and Gamma-ray Observations from Lightning written by Meagan Marie Schaal and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this dissertation, we show that the energetic electrons that produce x-rays exhibit a characteristic energy less than 3 MeV for the natural and rocket-triggered leaders investigated. Furthermore, the spectra from 47 leaders were determined using data from NaI detectors to show the variability of the average source energy. Energetic electron luminosity, total energy, and energetic electron per meter from 28 different leaders from 12 triggered flashes were also compared to their return stroke currents. It was found that the electron luminosity increases exponentially with return stroke current up to about 10 kA and was roughly constant for currents greater than 10 kA. The maximum luminosity in this report was measured to be on the order of 1017 electrons/s, which is less than the value found from theoretical calculations. Additionally, we investigate x-ray emission from individual lightning leader bursts to determine if energetic electrons at the source are emitted isotropically or with some degree of anisotropy. We find that at least 8 out of 18 x-ray bursts show a statistically significant first-order anisotropy, and are inconsistent with isotropic emission. The level of anisotropy of the runaway electrons is important because it provides, in principle, information on the electric field near the lightning leader tip. Finally we investigate the structure of x-ray emissions from downward rocket-triggered leaders using a pinhole-type x-ray camera (XCAM). Five out of 12 leaders, from 2011, produced XCAM images showing the leader propagating downward with x-ray emission. Particularly, two of these five leaders displayed unique x-ray emission patterns (compact and diffuse). These two distinct x-ray emission patterns illustrate the variability of the emission pattern of lightning leaders. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we show that the diffuse x-ray source must originate from a diffuse source of energetic electrons and that compact x-ray sources originate from compact electron sources. Furthermore, we show one "chaotic" dart and one dart-stepped leader that displays a narrow electron source. The maximum x-ray source region radius and maximum electric charge contained within the x-ray source region were also found.
Book Synopsis Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Electromagnetic Fields and Energetic Particles Associated with Thunderstorms and Lightning by : Shahab Arabshahi
Download or read book Theoretical and Experimental Investigations of the Electromagnetic Fields and Energetic Particles Associated with Thunderstorms and Lightning written by Shahab Arabshahi and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Despite more than 250 years after Benjamin Franklin's kite experiment, lightning is still one of the mysteries of nature. We still do not understand how lightning works at the most basic level. Traditionally, lightning used to be studied using classical electrodynamics. However, in the last decade or so, the observation of many high energy phenomena associated with lightning and thunderclouds (e.g., X-rays from lightning leaders, TGFs, X-ray and gamma-ray glows from thunderstorms, etc.), started a new path in studying lightning and thunderstorms. It is suggested that energetic radiation in our atmosphere is the result of bremsstrahlung scattering of energetic electrons, called "runaway electrons", from air molecules and atoms. There are three main mechanisms for the production and propagation of runaway electrons; thermal (cold) runaway electron production, Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanches (RREAs), and relativistic feedback mechanism. Depending on the voltage difference of the runaway zone and the existence of an energetic seed particle, one of these mechanisms is at work.We have performed theoretical, modeling, and experimental studies of all three runaway electron mechanisms. The Relativistic Runaway Electron Avalanche process seeded by Extensive Air Showers (RREA-EAS) has long been suggested to be responsible for the production of Compact Intracloud Discharges (CIDs). We developed a fluid model based on RREA-EAS and simulated the production of CIDs. We compared our simulation results with observational data from the Lightning Observatory in Gainesville, FL and showed that one can find the fields which can produce Narrow Bipolar Pulses, but these fields are not realistic for thunderclouds and the required energy of EAS is too high. Our results do not support the RREA-EAS hypothesis, as it relates to CIDs. A high-energy spectrometer (ARIS-S) for the detection of energetic radiation from leaders in lightning was designed, constructed and deployed at the International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT). X-ray pulses from rocket-triggered lightning events were collected and the results produced the world's first detailed measurement of X-ray spectrum from lightning. Our analysis showed that the spectrum of X-rays from leaders is much too soft to be consistent with RREA and the cold (thermal) runaway mechanism is a viable candidate for the production mechanism of runaway electrons at leader tips of lightning. Finally, in order to determine the importance of the discharge currents caused by the runaway electrons and the role of relativistic feedback, we successfully designed, developed, and tested a balloon payload for the in situ measurement of energetic electrons and gamma-ray photons from inside thunderstorms including many other environmental measurements (e.g., GPS location, acceleration, orientation, etc.). In 2013 we successfully measured the fair weather background radiation profile as a function of height. The fair weather data agreed well with theoretical predictions. In the summer of 2014 we had five balloon launches with four of them measured gamma-ray glows from thunderstorms and at least one of them entered the runaway electron source region. We also observed two events, on two separate balloon launches, with hour-scale long excess radiation. Furthermore, we analyzed our data in accordance with the Kennedy Space Center Lightning Mapping Array (KSC LMA) data and showed that by combining them we can get a great insight regarding the electric field at the source of the gamma-ray glows and runaway electron avalanches.
Book Synopsis Calibrated, Multiband Radiometric Measurements of the Optical Radiation from Lightning by : Mason G. Quick
Download or read book Calibrated, Multiband Radiometric Measurements of the Optical Radiation from Lightning written by Mason G. Quick and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Calibrated, multiband radiometric measurements of the optical radiation emitted by rocket-triggered lightning (RTL) have been made in the ultraviolet (UV, 200-360 nm), the visible and near infrared (VNIR, 400-1000 nm), and the long wave infrared (LWIR, 8-12 æm) spectral bands. Measurements were recorded from a distance of 198 m at the University of Florida International Center for Lightning Research and Testing (ICLRT) during the summers of 2011 and 2012. The ICLRT provided time-correlated measurements of the current at the base of the RTL channels. Following the onset of a return stroke, the dominant mechanism for the initial rise of the UV and VNIR waveforms was the geometrical growth of the channel in the field-of-view of the sensors. The UV emissions peaked about 0.7 æs after the current peak, with a peak spectral power emitted by the source per unit length of channel of 10 ± 7 kW/(nm-m) in the UV. The VNIR emissions peaked 0.9 æs after the current peak, with a spectral power of at 7 ± 4 kW/(nm-m). The LWIR emissions peaked 30-50 æs after the current peak, and the mean peak spectral power was 940 ± 380 mW/(nm-m), a value that is about 4 orders of magnitude lower than the other spectral band emissions. In some returns strokes the LWIR peak coincides with a secondary maximum in the VNIR band that occurs during a steady decrease in channel current. Examples of the optical waveforms in each spectral band are shown as a function of time and are discussed in the context of the current measured at the channel base. Source power estimates in the VNIR band have a mean and standard deviation of 2.5 ± 2.2 MW/m and are in excellent agreement with similar estimates of the emission from natural subsequent strokes that remain in a pre-existing channel which have a mean and standard deviation of 2.3 ± 3.4 MW/m. The peak optical power emitted by RTL in the UV and VNIR bands are observed to be proportional to the square of the peak current at the channel base. The same trend was found for natural lightning using peak currents estimates provided by the National Lightning Detection Network. Ratios of the optical power to the electromagnetic power emitted at the time of peak current suggest the radiative efficiency in the VNIR band is a few percent during the early onset of a return stroke. The majority of return strokes in RTL are found to emit most of their optical energy during the initial impulse phase.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1987-05 with total page 952 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Download or read book Lightning written by Vladimir A. Rakov and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2007-01-08 with total page 1485 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lightning: Physics and Effects is the first book that covers essentially all aspects of lightning, including lightning physics, lightning protection and the interaction of lightning with a variety of objects and systems as well as with the environment. It is written in a style that will be accessible to the technical non-expert and is addressed to anyone interested in lightning and its effects. This will include physicists, engineers working in the power, communications, computer and aviation industries, meteorologists, atmospheric chemists, foresters, ecologists, physicians working in the area of electrical trauma and architects. This comprehensive reference volume contains over 300 illustrations, 70 tables containing quantitative information and a bibliography of more than 6000 references.
Book Synopsis The Sun, the Earth, and Near-earth Space by : John A. Eddy
Download or read book The Sun, the Earth, and Near-earth Space written by John A. Eddy and published by Government Printing Office. This book was released on 2009 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: " ... Concise explanations and descriptions - easily read and readily understood - of what we know of the chain of events and processes that connect the Sun to the Earth, with special emphasis on space weather and Sun-Climate."--Dear Reader.
Book Synopsis Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists by :
Download or read book Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists written by and published by . This book was released on 1970-12 with total page 104 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists is the premier public resource on scientific and technological developments that impact global security. Founded by Manhattan Project Scientists, the Bulletin's iconic "Doomsday Clock" stimulates solutions for a safer world.
Book Synopsis Climate Intervention by : National Research Council
Download or read book Climate Intervention written by National Research Council and published by National Academies Press. This book was released on 2015-06-23 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The growing problem of changing environmental conditions caused by climate destabilization is well recognized as one of the defining issues of our time. The root problem is greenhouse gas emissions, and the fundamental solution is curbing those emissions. Climate geoengineering has often been considered to be a "last-ditch" response to climate change, to be used only if climate change damage should produce extreme hardship. Although the likelihood of eventually needing to resort to these efforts grows with every year of inaction on emissions control, there is a lack of information on these ways of potentially intervening in the climate system. As one of a two-book report, this volume of Climate Intervention discusses albedo modification - changing the fraction of incoming solar radiation that reaches the surface. This approach would deliberately modify the energy budget of Earth to produce a cooling designed to compensate for some of the effects of warming associated with greenhouse gas increases. The prospect of large-scale albedo modification raises political and governance issues at national and global levels, as well as ethical concerns. Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth discusses some of the social, political, and legal issues surrounding these proposed techniques. It is far easier to modify Earth's albedo than to determine whether it should be done or what the consequences might be of such an action. One serious concern is that such an action could be unilaterally undertaken by a small nation or smaller entity for its own benefit without international sanction and regardless of international consequences. Transparency in discussing this subject is critical. In the spirit of that transparency, Climate Intervention: Reflecting Sunlight to Cool Earth was based on peer-reviewed literature and the judgments of the authoring committee; no new research was done as part of this study and all data and information used are from entirely open sources. By helping to bring light to this topic area, this book will help leaders to be far more knowledgeable about the consequences of albedo modification approaches before they face a decision whether or not to use them.
Download or read book Spark Discharge written by YuriP. Raizer and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2017-11-13 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Spark Discharge is a first-of-its-kind text, providing a comprehensive and systematic description of the spark breakdown of long gas gaps. It discusses the nature of a long spark, physical peculiarities of relevant gas discharge processes, methods and results of experimental studies, and analytical and numerical models. The most important applications in high-voltage engineering are covered in a single volume. The straightforward presentation of complicated materials, the deep insight into the nature of the processes, and the simplified mathematical descriptions of the phenomena, make Spark Discharge an excellent textbook for students and an indispensable reference for researchers, physicists, and engineers.
Book Synopsis The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols by : Warren H. Finlay
Download or read book The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols written by Warren H. Finlay and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2001-07-06 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Mechanics of Inhaled Pharmaceutical Aerosols, An Introduction provides a unique and comprehensive treatment of the mechanics of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. The book covers a wide range of topics and many new perspectives are given by drawing on research from a variety of fields. Novel, in-depth expositions of the most common delivery devices are given, including nebulizers, dry powder inhalers and propellant metered dose inhalers. The behaviour of aerosols in the respiratory tract is explained in detail, with complete coverage of the fundamentals of current deposition models. The book begins by providing a comprehensive introduction to aspects of aerosol mechanics that are relevant to inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. It then gives an exhaustive pedagogical description of the behaviour of evaporating and condensing droplets (both aqueous and propellant-based), an introductory chapter on lung geometry and inhalation patterns, and coverage of relevant aspects of fluid mechanics in the lung. Finally, the book provides invaluable, detailed coverage on the mechanics of common pharmaceutical aerosol delivery systems and deposition in the respiratory tract. Throughout the book are many detailed numerical examples that apply the salient concepts to typical inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols. This book will be of interest to scientists and engineers involved in the research and development of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosol products. Experienced practitioners will find many new perspectives that will greatly enhance their understanding of this complex and rapidly growing field. For those delivering therapeutic agents to the lung, this book is a must-have. Students and academics will find this book an invaluable tool and for newcomers it is a worthy guide to the diverse fields that must be understood to work in the area of inhaled pharmaceutical aerosols.
Book Synopsis Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science by : Antonio Giulietti
Download or read book Progress in Ultrafast Intense Laser Science written by Antonio Giulietti and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2010-05-21 with total page 223 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume covers a range of topics from this interdisciplinary field, focusing on coherent responses of gaseous and condensed matter to ultrashort intense laser pulses, propagation of intense laser pulses, and laser-plasma interaction and its applications.
Book Synopsis The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars by : Robert M. Haberle
Download or read book The Atmosphere and Climate of Mars written by Robert M. Haberle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-06-29 with total page 613 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Humanity has long been fascinated by the planet Mars. Was its climate ever conducive to life? What is the atmosphere like today and why did it change so dramatically over time? Eleven spacecraft have successfully flown to Mars since the Viking mission of the 1970s and early 1980s. These orbiters, landers and rovers have generated vast amounts of data that now span a Martian decade (roughly eighteen years). This new volume brings together the many new ideas about the atmosphere and climate system that have emerged, including the complex interplay of the volatile and dust cycles, the atmosphere-surface interactions that connect them over time, and the diversity of the planet's environment and its complex history. Including tutorials and explanations of complicated ideas, students, researchers and non-specialists alike are able to use this resource to gain a thorough and up-to-date understanding of this most Earth-like of planetary neighbours.
Book Synopsis Lightning Electromagnetics by : Vernon Cooray
Download or read book Lightning Electromagnetics written by Vernon Cooray and published by IET. This book was released on 2012-06-12 with total page 975 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides the theory, mathematics and computational tools that are necessary to model each and every one of the processes associated with lightning discharges. This is essential information for a newcomer to the subject as well as for experienced scientists working in this field. Indeed, it is only through exercising various models and mathematical simulations that one can understand the basics mechanisms associated with the generation and interactions of the electric and magnetic fields of thunderclouds and lightning. This book would appeal to undergraduate and post graduate Physics and Engineering Students, Lightning Protection and EMC Engineers and those working within the areas of Electrical Engineering, Computer engineering and Physics. This book provides the rules and computations procedures to bridge this physical understanding with high level computational procedures to model each and every electromagnetic process, whether static or dynamic, and their effects and interactions. This book makes it possible for the reader to apply the knowledge gained from these books such as The Lightning Flash, IET 2003 and Lightning Protection, IET 2010 and obtain first hand experience through simulations on the processes generating the electromagnetic field of thunderclouds and lightning flashes and the effects of these electromagnetic fields. They will also experience how the results described in these books will emerge when Maxwell's equations are combined with basic laws conservation laws of nature and physics of electrical discharges. Uniquely, the information provided in this book is not limited to lightning scientists and lightning protection engineers alone. The procedures used to study the interaction of lightning electromagnetic fields with structures, power lines and telecommunication systems can also be used to study the interaction of the said components with electromagnetic fields generated by any radio transmitter.
