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Proof Of Concept Experiments Of Hydrogen Generation By Solar Water Splitting By Using Iii Nitride Alloys
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Book Synopsis Proof-of-Concept Experiments of Hydrogen Generation by Solar Water Splitting by Using III-Nitride Alloys by : Takahiro Toma
Download or read book Proof-of-Concept Experiments of Hydrogen Generation by Solar Water Splitting by Using III-Nitride Alloys written by Takahiro Toma and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Presently, most of the energy is generated from fossil fuel, which results in CO2 emissions and not infinite. In order for achieving sustainable life, renewable source of energy must be found and developed. Solar water splitting is one of the candidates, as this process only requires the use of solar energy and inexhaustible water available on the earth. Moreover, exclusive by-product of the use of hydrogen technology is water. Enormous efforts have been used to pursue the use of various technologies to achieve efficient solar water splitting. However, this solar water splitting technology is still far from other dominant energy sources attributed to the difficult requirements for obtaining working electrode with desirable properties. The desired properties of the working electrodes require the need of high corrosive resistance, suitable band gap, and appropriate band edge positions for enabling the water splitting process. To address this limitation, InGaN alloy is investigated as one of the key materials for achieving electrodes suitable for solar water splitting. Band positions of the InGaN in the context of the hydrogen and oxygen redox potential are found as suitable, and band gap energy of this alloy can be adjusted by varying the In-content. In addition, InGaN has high corrosion resistivity due to the small lattice constant of the alloy, due to the stability of this alloy in aqueous solution from the strong inter-atomic bonding. Nevertheless, there has been very few research works performed on this InGaN alloy for solar water splitting experiments. In this thesis, basic principle of the solar water splitting is presented with current research on GaN and InGaN for the photo-electrode in the PEC cell. Preliminary experimental demonstrations of the solar water splitting process by employing the III-Nitride alloys are also presented, and the results showed promising nitride semiconductors alloys for solar water splitting applications.
Book Synopsis Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports by :
Download or read book Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports written by and published by . This book was released on 1981 with total page 1370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
Book Synopsis Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting by : Zhebo Chen
Download or read book Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting written by Zhebo Chen and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-08-28 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book outlines many of the techniques involved in materials development and characterization for photoelectrochemical (PEC) – for example, proper metrics for describing material performance, how to assemble testing cells and prepare materials for assessment of their properties, and how to perform the experimental measurements needed to achieve reliable results towards better scientific understanding. For each technique, proper procedure, benefits, limitations, and data interpretation are discussed. Consolidating this information in a short, accessible, and easy to read reference guide will allow researchers to more rapidly immerse themselves into PEC research and also better compare their results against those of other researchers to better advance materials development. This book serves as a “how-to” guide for researchers engaged in or interested in engaging in the field of photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. PEC water splitting is a rapidly growing field of research in which the goal is to develop materials which can absorb the energy from sunlight to drive electrochemical hydrogen production from the splitting of water. The substantial complexity in the scientific understanding and experimental protocols needed to sufficiently pursue accurate and reliable materials development means that a large need exists to consolidate and standardize the most common methods utilized by researchers in this field.
Book Synopsis III-nitride Nanostructured Photo-electrodes for Enhanced Solar-powered Hydrogen Generation by : Zohaib Ahmed Syed
Download or read book III-nitride Nanostructured Photo-electrodes for Enhanced Solar-powered Hydrogen Generation written by Zohaib Ahmed Syed and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Development of a New Hybrid Photochemical/electrocatalytic Water Splitting Reactor for Hydrogen Production by : Ehsan Baniasadi
Download or read book Development of a New Hybrid Photochemical/electrocatalytic Water Splitting Reactor for Hydrogen Production written by Ehsan Baniasadi and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Solar-driven water splitting combines several attractive features for sustainable energy utilization. The conversion of solar energy to a type of storable energy has crucial importance. An alternative method to hydrogen production by solar energy without consumption of additional reactants is a hybrid system which combines photochemical and electro-catalytic reactions. The originality of this research lies in the engineering development of a novel photo-catalytic water splitting reactor for sustainable hydrogen production, and verification of new methods to enhance system efficiency. The scope of this thesis is to present a thorough understanding of complete photocatalytic water splitting system performance under realistic working conditions. In this dissertation, an experimental apparatus for hydrogen and oxygen production is designed and built at UOIT to simulate processes encountered in photo-catalytic and electro-catalytic water splitting systems. The hybridization of this system is investigated, and scale-up analysis is performed based on experimental data using a systematic methodology. The hydrogen production rate of approximately 0.6 mmol h-1 corresponds to a quantum efficiency of 75% is measured through illumination of zinc sulfide suspensions in a dual-cell reactor. Utilization of ZnS and CdS photo-catalysts to simultaneously enhance quantum yield and exergy efficiency is performed. The production rate is increased by almost 30% as compared with ZnS performance. In the next step, an oxygen production reactor is experimentally investigated to simulate processes encountered in electro-catalytic water splitting systems for hydrogen production. In this research, the effects of ohmic, concentration and activation losses on the efficiency of hydrogen production by water electrolysis are experimentally investigated. The electrochemical performance of the system is examined by controlling the current density, temperature, space, height, and electrolyte concentration. The experimental results show that there exists an optimum working condition of water electro-catalysis at each current density, which is determined by the controlling parameters. A predictive mathematical model based on experimental data is developed, and the optimized working conditions are determined. The oxygen evolving half-cell is also analyzed for different complete systems including photo-catalytic and electro-catalytic water splitting. An electrochemical model is developed to evaluate the over-potential losses in the oxygen evolving reaction and the effects of key parameters are analyzed. The transient diffusion of hydroxide ions through the membrane and bulk electrolyte is modeled and simulated for improved system operation. In addition, a new seawater electrolysis technique to produce hydrogen is developed and analyzed from energy and exergy points of view. In this regard, the anolyte feed after oxygen evolution to the cathode compartment for hydrogen production is examined. An inexpensive and efficient molybdenum-oxo catalyst with a turn-over frequency of 1,200 is examined for the hydrogen evolving reaction. The electrolyte flow rate and current density are parametrically studied to determine the effects on both bulk and surface precipitate formation. The mixing electrolyte volume and electrolyte flow rate are found to be significant parameters as they affect cathodic precipitation. Furthermore, a new hybrid system for hydrogen production via solar energy is developed and analyzed. In order to decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen without the net consumption of additional reactants, a steady stream of reacting materials must be maintained in consecutive reaction processes, to avoid reactant replenishment or additional energy input to facilitate the reaction. Supramolecular complexes [{(bpy)2Ru(dpp)}2RhBr2](PF6)5 are employed as the photo-catalysts, and an external electric power supply is used to enhance the photochemical reaction. A light-driven proton pump is used to increase the photochemical efficiency of both O2 and H2 production reactions. The maximum energy conversion of the system can be improved up to 14% by incorporating design modification that yields a corresponding 25% improvement in exergy efficiency. Moreover, a photocatalytic water splitting system is designed and analyzed for continuous operation on a large pilot-plant scale. A Compound Parabolic Concentrator (CPC) is presented for the sunlight-driven hydrogen production system. Energy and exergy analyses and related parametric studies are performed, and the effect of various parameters are analyzed, including catalyst concentration, flow velocity, light intensity, reactor surface absorptivity, and ambient temperature. Two methods of photo-catalytic water splitting and solar methanol steam reforming are investigated as two potential solar-based methods of catalytic hydrogen production. The exergy efficiency, exergy destruction, environmental impact and sustainability index are investigated for these systems, as well as exergoenvironmental analyses. The results show that a trade-off exists in terms of exergy efficiency improvement and CO2 reduction of the photo catalytic hydrogen production system. The exergo-economic study reveals the maximum hydrogen exergy price of 2.12, 0.85, and 0.47 $ kg-1 for production capacities of 1, 100, and 2000 ton day-1, respectively. These results are well below the DOE 2012 target and confirm the viability of this technology.
Book Synopsis Light, Water, Hydrogen by : CRAIG GRIMES
Download or read book Light, Water, Hydrogen written by CRAIG GRIMES and published by Springer. This book was released on 2011-06-06 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book covers the field of solar production of hydrogen by water photo-splitting (photoelectrolysis) using semiconductor photoanodes. The emphasis of the discussion is on the use of nanotechnology in the field. The theories behind photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical processes responsible for hydrogen production are given in detail. This provides a state-of-the-art review of the semiconductor materials and methods used for improving the efficiency of the processes. The book also gives an account of the techniques used for making the nanostructures.
Book Synopsis Hydrogen Generation from Thermochemical Water-splitting Process Using Thermally Stabilized Redox Materials by : Vinod Singh Amar
Download or read book Hydrogen Generation from Thermochemical Water-splitting Process Using Thermally Stabilized Redox Materials written by Vinod Singh Amar and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 510 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Using YIG material, 100 thermochemical cycles were performed under nonisothermal (1-25 cycles) at [1050-1150oC] and under isothermal (26-100 cycles) conditions at [1100oC ]producing a steady average [H2] volume generation of 18.52 mL/g/cycle and 10.83 mL/g/cycle, respectively, which is the successful outcome of this investigation. For the first time, when 20 isothermal water-splitting cycles were performed at [1100oC] using [NiFe2O4] immobilized YSZ fiber board structures, an average [H2] volume generation of 231.26 mL/cycle/g of redox material was observed. From the experimental investigations using Li and Ni based ferrites, cumulative H2 volume of 238.54 mL/g. was observed at [500-800oC] in ten thermochemical cycles performed at isothermal and non-isothermal conditions.
Book Synopsis Heterogeneous Hydrolysis with Zinc Vapor Under a Temperature Gradient for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production by : Matthew D. Lindemer
Download or read book Heterogeneous Hydrolysis with Zinc Vapor Under a Temperature Gradient for Efficient Solar Hydrogen Production written by Matthew D. Lindemer and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Thermochemical cycles driven by concentrated sunlight are a promising method of producing hydrogen in a renewable manner. One such cycle that has received considerable attention is the two-step Zn/ZnO thermochemical cycle. The current work focuses on the hydrolysis step of the cycle wherein water vapor is reduced by Zn to produce hydrogen. A novel approach in which the oxidation reaction is conducted heterogeneously under an axial temperature gradient has been suggested as a promising method for quickly and reliably splitting water using a relatively low percentage of inert carrier gas in the mixture. Sim- ulations and experiments were conducted in order to gain insight into the oxidation of Zn with water vapor, to help identify optimal reactor design and operating parameters, and to demonstrate proof-of-concept for this approach. ☐ A thermodynamic model of the complete Zn/ZnO thermochemical cycle was used along with a simplified model of a non-isothermal heterogeneous hydrolysis reactor in order to highlight the effect of different hydrolysis conditions on the overall solar-to-chemical exergy efficiency, as well as the potential for heat recovery during hydrolysis. The effects of the reactor’s temperature profile and mass transfer were also investigated using the model to highlight the potential for Zn condensation during the reaction. ☐ A laboratory-scale reactor was also developed in order to demonstrate the heteroge- neous hydrolysis under cooling conditions, and to quantify the Zn to ZnO conversion under different temperature ranges, and combinations of inert gas, steam, and Zn flow rates. The reactor is a tube furnace with a series of interior quartz tubes that form separate Zn evap- oration and heterogenous reaction zones. A wet chemical method was used to determine the respective amounts of ZnO that was deposited by the reaction as well as any Zn that condensed in the reaction tube. ☐ A numerical model was also developed which accounts for the effects of incompressible fluid flow, mass transfer, reaction kinetics, as well as the accumulation of solid ZnO deposits in order to form a basis for predicting the transient behavior of a single reaction channel in heterogeneous hydrolysis reactor utilizing Zn vapor. The lattice Boltzmann method was used for this model because of its simplicity in handling of moving boundaries with complex shapes as well as the ease and efficiency of implementing the algorithm in a parallel computing environment. A parametric study was conducted in order to characterize the performance of the reactor channel for different non-dimensional parameters.
Book Synopsis Novel III-nitride Semiconductors for Solar Hydrogen Production by : Jonathan Benton
Download or read book Novel III-nitride Semiconductors for Solar Hydrogen Production written by Jonathan Benton and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Study of Hydrogen Generation by Photo-Electrochemical Water Splitting Using P-type GaN as Photo-Electrode by : 黃家燦
Download or read book The Study of Hydrogen Generation by Photo-Electrochemical Water Splitting Using P-type GaN as Photo-Electrode written by 黃家燦 and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Measurement of the Volume of Cream on Milk by : H. A. Harding
Download or read book The Measurement of the Volume of Cream on Milk written by H. A. Harding and published by . This book was released on 1921 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Hydrogen and Fuel Cells by : International Energy Agency
Download or read book Hydrogen and Fuel Cells written by International Energy Agency and published by Simon and Schuster. This book was released on 2004 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Hydrogen and fuel cells are vital technologies to ensure a secure and CO2-free energy future. Their development will take decades of extensive public and private effort to achieve technology breakthroughs and commercial maturity. Government research programs are indispensable for catalyzing the development process. This report maps the IEA countries' current efforts to research, develop and deploy the interlocking elements that constitute a "hydrogen economy", including CO2 capture and storage when hydrogen is produced out of fossil fuels. It provides an overview of what is being done, and by whom, covering an extensive complexity of national government R & D programs. The survey highlights the potential for exploiting the benefits of the international cooperation. This book draws primarily upon information contributed by IEA governments. In virtually all the IEA countries, important R & D and policy efforts on hydrogen and fuel cells are in place and expanding. Some are fully-integrated, government-funded programs, some are a key element in an overall strategy spread among multiple public and private efforts. The large amount of information provided in this publication reflects the vast array of technologies and logistics required to build the "hydrogen economy."--Publisher description.
Book Synopsis Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production by : Roel van de Krol
Download or read book Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production written by Roel van de Krol and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2011-11-09 with total page 322 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production describes the principles and materials challenges for the conversion of sunlight into hydrogen through water splitting at a semiconducting electrode. Readers will find an analysis of the solid state properties and materials requirements for semiconducting photo-electrodes, a detailed description of the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, in addition to the photo-electrochemical (PEC) cell. Experimental techniques to investigate both materials and PEC device performance are outlined, followed by an overview of the current state-of-the-art in PEC materials and devices, and combinatorial approaches towards the development of new materials. Finally, the economic and business perspectives of PEC devices are discussed, and promising future directions indicated. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production is a one-stop resource for scientists, students and R&D practitioners starting in this field, providing both the theoretical background as well as useful practical information on photoelectrochemical measurement techniques. Experts in the field benefit from the chapters on current state-of-the-art materials/devices and future directions.
Book Synopsis Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution by : Misook Kang
Download or read book Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution written by Misook Kang and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-06-17 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Energy crises and global warming pose serious challenges to researchers in their attempt to develop a sustainable society for the future. Solar energy conversion is a remarkable, clean, and sustainable way to nullify the effects of fossil fuels. The findings of photocatalytic hydrogen production (PCHP) by Fujishima and Honda propose that “water will be the coal for the future”. Hydrogen is a carbon-free clean fuel with a high specific energy of combustion. Titanium oxide (TiO2), graphitic-carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and cadmium sulfide (CdS) are three pillars of water splitting photocatalysts owing to their superior electronic and optical properties. Tremendous research efforts have been made in recent years to fabricate visible or solar-light, active photocatalysts. The significant features of various oxide, sulfide, and carbon based photocatalysts for cost-effective hydrogen production are presented in this Special Issue. The insights of sacrificial agents on the hydrogen production efficiency of catalysts are also presented in this issue.
Book Synopsis Solar Hydrogen Generation by : Krishnan Rajeshwar
Download or read book Solar Hydrogen Generation written by Krishnan Rajeshwar and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2008-02-21 with total page 329 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Given the backdrop of intense interest and widespread discussion on the prospects of a hydrogen energy economy, this book aims to provide an authoritative and up-to-date scientific account of hydrogen generation using solar energy and renewable sources such as water. While the technological and economic aspects of solar hydrogen generation are evolving, the scientific principles underlying various solar-assisted water splitting schemes already have a firm footing. This book aims to expose a broad-based audience to these principles. This book spans the disciplines of solar energy conversion, electrochemistry, photochemistry, photoelectrochemistry, materials chemistry, device physics/engineering, and biology.
Download or read book Nuclear Science Abstracts written by and published by . This book was released on 1967 with total page 984 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Molecular Solar Fuels by : Thomas John Wydrzynski
Download or read book Molecular Solar Fuels written by Thomas John Wydrzynski and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Written by experts, this book presents the latest knowledge and chemical prospects in developing hydrogen as a solar fuel.
