Productive Impacts Of Improved Service Access And Livelihood Support In Ethiopia

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Productive impacts of improved service access and livelihood support in Ethiopia

Author : Prifti, E., Bhalla, G., Grinspun, A.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251336210
Total Pages : 96 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Productive impacts of improved service access and livelihood support in Ethiopia by : Prifti, E., Bhalla, G., Grinspun, A.

Download or read book Productive impacts of improved service access and livelihood support in Ethiopia written by Prifti, E., Bhalla, G., Grinspun, A. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2021-04-28 with total page 96 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Integrated Nutrition Social Cash Transfer (IN-SCT) pilot project was embedded within Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme phase 4 (PSNP4). The PSNP4 programme supports food insecure households through two components: a cash transfer component that requires the recipient to participate in public work activities or to comply with soft conditionalities on access to social and health services; and a livelihood support component. This evaluation report presents the impacts of PSNP/IN-SCT on productive outcomes ranging from crop and livestock production to labour supply, non-farm businesses, use of inputs and the like. The report is part of a wider evaluation study that brings together IFPRI, the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) at University of Sussex and Cornell University. While these organizations set up the study design and focused their analyses of impacts on outcomes related to food security, hygiene, access to health services and nutritional status, FAO has contributed by analysing the productive impacts of the programme. This paper is being published in the context of a partnership between FAO, IFAD and the Universidad de los Andes (UNIANDES) and its Centro de Estudios en Desarrollo Económico (CEDE) based in Bogotá, Colombia.

Strengthening coherence between social protection and agriculture

Author : Kebede, G.D., Bhalla, G., Grinspun, A., Nyang, S., Prifti, E.
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9251344620
Total Pages : 41 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (513 download)

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Book Synopsis Strengthening coherence between social protection and agriculture by : Kebede, G.D., Bhalla, G., Grinspun, A., Nyang, S., Prifti, E.

Download or read book Strengthening coherence between social protection and agriculture written by Kebede, G.D., Bhalla, G., Grinspun, A., Nyang, S., Prifti, E. and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2021-05-28 with total page 41 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Integrated Nutrition Social Cash Transfer (IN-SCT) pilot project was embedded within Ethiopia’s Productive Safety Net Programme phase 4 (PSNP4). The PSNP4 programme supports food insecure households through two components: a cash transfer component that requires the recipient to participate in public work activities or to comply with soft conditionalities on access to social and health services; and a livelihood support component. This evaluation report presents the impacts of PSNP/IN-SCT on productive outcomes ranging from crop and livestock production to labour supply, non-farm businesses, use of inputs and the like. The report is part of a wider evaluation study that brings together IFPRI, the Institute of Development Studies (IDS) at University of Sussex and Cornell University. While these organizations set up the study design and focused their analyses of impacts on outcomes related to food security, hygiene, access to health services and nutritional status, FAO has contributed by analysing the productive impacts of the programme. This paper is being published in the context of a partnership between FAO, IFAD and the Universidad de los Andes (UNIANDES) and its Centro de Estudios en Desarrollo Económico (CEDE) based in Bogotá, Colombia.

Impacts of productive safety net program on the livelihoods of rural households

Author : Tsegaye Denberie
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3668644616
Total Pages : 105 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (686 download)

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Book Synopsis Impacts of productive safety net program on the livelihoods of rural households by : Tsegaye Denberie

Download or read book Impacts of productive safety net program on the livelihoods of rural households written by Tsegaye Denberie and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2018-02-26 with total page 105 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2018 in the subject Agrarian Studies, grade: B+, University of Gondar (Collage of Agriculture and rural Transformation), course: Agricultural Economics, language: English, abstract: This study evaluated the impact of productive safety net program on the livelihood of rural households of Libo Kemkem woreda. Towards this end, data were collected from 210 randomly selected households of which 119 were program participants and 91 were non-program participant’s selected from four Kebeles of the woreda, where the productive safety net program was implemented. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and econometric analysis. Results from descriptive statistics revealed that among program participants and non participants, the total annual income has increased averagely by 14467.2 birr and 11469.2 birr. The average livestock holding was 3.7230 TLU and 1.4878 TLU for participant and non-participant households, respectively. Thus, the program enables them to through avoidance of forced disposal in response to shock (increase) their livestock holdings. Applying a propensity score matching technique, it was found that the program has significantly increased participating households’ total income by 59.1%, livestock asset by 14.09% and consumption expenditure by 22.61% compared to non-participating households. The estimated results also revealed that, households in the program has better access to credit, small land size and better access on agricultural extension, access to aid and less access to irrigation. Finally, physical and biological conservation measures should be widely incorporated, access to extension service for the utilization of new technologies and for policy concern. Generally both households increase their livelihood activities respectively interms of livelihood.

The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and its Linkages

Author : Daniel O. Gilligan, John Hoddinott, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and its Linkages by : Daniel O. Gilligan, John Hoddinott, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse

Download or read book The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and its Linkages written by Daniel O. Gilligan, John Hoddinott, and Alemayehu Seyoum Taffesse and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active civil war: Evidence from Ethiopia

Author : Abay, Kibrom A.
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 57 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active civil war: Evidence from Ethiopia by : Abay, Kibrom A.

Download or read book Near-real-time welfare and livelihood impacts of an active civil war: Evidence from Ethiopia written by Abay, Kibrom A. and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-03-01 with total page 57 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethiopia is currently embroiled in a large-scale civil war that has continued for more than a year. Using unique High-Frequency Phone Survey (HFPS) data, which spans several months before and after the outbreak of the war, this paper provides fresh evidence on the ex durante impacts of the conflict on the food security and livelihood activities of affected households. We use difference-in-differences estimation to compare trends in the outcomes of interest across affected and unaffected regions (households) and before and after the outbreak of the civil war. Seven months into the conflict, we find that the outbreak of the civil war increased the probability of moderate to severe food insecurity by 38 percentage points. Using the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data (ACLED) on households’ exposure to violent conflict, we show that exposure to one additional battle leads to 1 percentage point increase in the probability of moderate to severe food insecurity. The conflict has reduced households’ access to food through supply chain disruptions while also curtailing non-farm livelihood activities. Non-farm and wage related activities were the most affected by the conflict while farming activities were relatively more resilient. Similarly, economic activities in urban areas were much more affected than those in rural areas. These substantial impact estimates, which are likely to be underestimates of the true average effects on the population, constitute novel evidence on the near-real-time impacts of an on-going civil conflict, providing direct evidence on how violent conflict disrupts the functioning of market supply chains and livelihoods activities. Our work highlights the potential of HFPS to monitor active and large-scale conflicts, especially in contexts where conventional data sources are not immediately available.

The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and Its Linkages

Author : Daniel O. Gilligan
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (137 download)

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Book Synopsis The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and Its Linkages by : Daniel O. Gilligan

Download or read book The Impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Net Programme and Its Linkages written by Daniel O. Gilligan and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper assesses the impact of Ethiopia's Productive Safety Nets Programme (PSNP), the largest social protection program in sub-Saharan Africa outside of South Africa. Using Propensity Score Matching techniques, we find that the programme has little impact on participants on average, due in part to transfer levels that fell far below program targets. Beneficiary households that received at least half of the intended transfers experienced a significant improvement in food security by some measures. However, participants with access to both the PSNP and packages of agricultural support are more likely to be food secure, to borrow for productive purposes, use improved agricultural technologies, and operate non-farm own business activities. For these households, there is no evidence of disincentive effects in terms of labour supply or private transfers. However, beneficiaries did not experience faster asset growth.

Effects of Urban Productive Safety Net Program in Addis Ababa City Administration

Author : Andualem Melaku
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 334668573X
Total Pages : 120 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (466 download)

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Book Synopsis Effects of Urban Productive Safety Net Program in Addis Ababa City Administration by : Andualem Melaku

Download or read book Effects of Urban Productive Safety Net Program in Addis Ababa City Administration written by Andualem Melaku and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2022-08-02 with total page 120 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Master's Thesis from the year 2021 in the subject Economics - Other, grade: 3.5, Ethiopian Civil Service University, language: English, abstract: The aim of this study is to assess the effects of urban productive safety net program on the livelihood of the ultrapoor in Addis Ababa City Administration, with particular focus on Kolfe Keranio Sub-City. Specifically, the study focuses on the socio-economic status of the graduate-households before and after joining UPSNP and, challenges facing the graduate-households in the process of attaining sustainable IGA's. Furthermore, on opportunities gained benefiting from UPSNP and to assess attitudes of the communities towards the graduates/program. Within these, mixed approaches were employed to gather data. Moreover, a stratified sampling method was administered in order to maintain equal chances to women and men. To this end, a cross-sectional survey was employed to collect data from 179 graduate-household heads. Structured interviews, focus group discussions, key informant interviews as well as observation of the researcher were also adopted in order to gather qualitative data. The finding of the research reveals that UPSNP has not brought a significant change on the livelihood of the graduate-households. No convincing difference was observed among households before and after joining UPSNP, although, very few households confirmed they have seen positive effects. The investigation has also ascertained the existence of so many challenges affecting the process of IGA's from the households side and government side as well as nation-wide obstacles such as inflation/food price rise/ and house rent increment, since the majority of the graduate-households dwell in rental houses. The interpretation also confirmed the presence of special opportunities for the graduate-households being beneficiary of the program. And, almost all the communities have positive attitude towards the graduate-household and the program. Furthermore, the researcher recommended that special credit access should be facilitated to support and boosts the IGA's. Eventually, work places should be allotted before grant, problem of housing and inflation should be taken careful attention to solve and additional components other than the support component should be facilitated.

Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda

Author : Constance Newman
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 48 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda by : Constance Newman

Download or read book Gender, Poverty, and Nonfarm Employment in Ghana and Uganda written by Constance Newman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2000 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For women in Ghana and Uganda, nonfarm activities play an important role in yielding the lowest - and the most rapidly declining - rural poverty rates. In both countries rural poverty declined fastest for female heads of household engaged in nonfarm work (which tended to be a secondary activity). But patterns vary between the two countires.

Farming Systems and Poverty

Author : John A. Dixon
Publisher : Food & Agriculture Org.
ISBN 13 : 9789251046272
Total Pages : 424 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (462 download)

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Book Synopsis Farming Systems and Poverty by : John A. Dixon

Download or read book Farming Systems and Poverty written by John A. Dixon and published by Food & Agriculture Org.. This book was released on 2001 with total page 424 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A joint FAO and World Bank study which shows how the farming systems approach can be used to identify priorities for the reduction of hunger and poverty in the main farming systems of the six major developing regions of the world.

The state of agricultural extension services in Ethiopia and their contribution to agricultural productivity

Author : Berhane, Guush
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 33 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis The state of agricultural extension services in Ethiopia and their contribution to agricultural productivity by : Berhane, Guush

Download or read book The state of agricultural extension services in Ethiopia and their contribution to agricultural productivity written by Berhane, Guush and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2018-05-10 with total page 33 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We document the state of the extension system in Ethiopia and review the empirical evidence on the links between the key extension services provided, adoption of modern inputs, and agricultural productivity. In particular, we take stock of the provision of agricultural extension services, synthesize the evidence on the performance of the system, and suggest ways that it might contribute to accelerating agricultural growth and poverty reduction in the years ahead.

The State of Social Safety Nets 2018

Author : The World Bank
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464812551
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 by : The World Bank

Download or read book The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 written by The World Bank and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2018-03-23 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The State of Social Safety Nets 2018 Report examines global trends in the social safety net/social assistance coverage, spending, and program performance based on the World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and Equity (ASPIRE) updated database. The report documents the main social safety net programs that exist globally and their use to alleviate poverty and to build shared prosperity. The 2018 report expands on the 2015 edition, both in administrative and household survey data coverage. A distinct mark of this report is that, for the first time, it tells the story of what happens with SSN/SA programs spending and coverage over time, when the data allow us to do so. This 2018 edition also features two special themes †“ Social Assistance and Ageing, focusing on the role of old-age social pensions, and Adaptive Social Protection, focusing on what makes SSN systems/programs adaptive to various shocks.

Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Agricultural Systems

Author : Jurg Fuhrer
Publisher : CABI
ISBN 13 : 178064289X
Total Pages : 307 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (86 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Agricultural Systems by : Jurg Fuhrer

Download or read book Climate Change Impact and Adaptation in Agricultural Systems written by Jurg Fuhrer and published by CABI. This book was released on 2014-06-18 with total page 307 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The focus of this book is future global climate change and its implications for agricultural systems which are the main sources of agricultural goods and services provided to society. These systems are either based on crop or livestock production, or on combinations of the two, with characteristics that differ between regions and between levels of management intensity. In turn, they also differ in their sensitivity to projected future changes in climate, and improvements to increase climate-resilience need to be tailored to the specific needs of each system. The book will bring together a series of chapters that provide scientific insights to possible implications of projected climate changes for different important types of crop and livestock systems, and a discussion of options for adaptive and mitigative management.

Innovative Water Resource Use and Management for Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Anthology

Author : Chanie, Paulos
Publisher : OSSREA
ISBN 13 : 9994455753
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (944 download)

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Book Synopsis Innovative Water Resource Use and Management for Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Anthology by : Chanie, Paulos

Download or read book Innovative Water Resource Use and Management for Poverty Reduction in Sub-Saharan Africa: An Anthology written by Chanie, Paulos and published by OSSREA. This book was released on 2014-04-03 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Like in many parts of the world, water resources in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have been pivotal for human survival, economic growth, social development, and practicing certain religion and cultural ethos. However, in spite of the intrinsic values of water, its use and management in sub-Saharan Africa has not been without limitations. The demand for water resources is increasing mainly due to rapid population growth, industrialization and urbanization and dealing with water-related issues has been complex and challenging for sustainable growth. Whilst there are various efforts by national governments, non-government organizations and communities to effectively and efficiently utilize and manage water resources, there are few comprehensive studies in sub- Saharan Africa that show the impact of the efforts on poverty reduction. Although certain reports indicate that many SSA countries lack clear vision on how water use can be harnessed with pro-poor growth and how poor communities can be capacitated to use water for poverty reduction, there are little exhaustive studies that clearly show familiar and innovative water use and management interventions followed by communities, national governments and other stakeholders, and demonstrate the challenges and successes of the same. Cognizant of the knowledge gap, in 2012 OSSREA launched a research project on ordinary and innovative water use and management patterns and practices in SSA, with a view to generate new knowledge on unexploited opportunities that could enhance the contribution of water resources to poverty reduction. This anthology documents various issues including water use and management in agriculture especially in irrigation projects in Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe; water harvesting in Kenya and Uganda; the role of local water use institutions in Ethiopia; and water source maintenance and protection in Uganda.

Honduras: The impact of COVID-19 and other shocks, and policy implications: Final report

Author : Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio
Publisher : Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 109 pages
Book Rating : 4./5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Honduras: The impact of COVID-19 and other shocks, and policy implications: Final report by : Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio

Download or read book Honduras: The impact of COVID-19 and other shocks, and policy implications: Final report written by Diaz-Bonilla, Eugenio and published by Intl Food Policy Res Inst. This book was released on 2022-09-12 with total page 109 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Two previous reports (Díaz Bonilla, Laborde and Piñeiro, 2021, and Diaz-Bonilla, Flores, Paz, Piñeiro, and Zandstra, 2021) covered the evolution and impacts of the pandemic on food systems in Honduras until the time of their writings (which together cover from the start of the pandemic in early 2020 until October 2021). This third report concludes the assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food systems in Honduras, recapitulating the previous ones and updating the analysis until the end of May 2022. This country and its food systems, however, have been also affected by other events since the pandemic started in early 2020, such as the tropical storms Eta and Iota in November 2020. Subsequently, in 2021 the strong world economic rebound due to expansionary fiscal and monetary policies in the USA and other countries, generated strains on value chains, leading to increases in transportation costs and the prices of food, energy and fertilizers. In the case of agricultural products, those increases were compounded by adverse climate events in some important producing areas, particularly in South America. Finally, the Russian-Ukraine Conflict (RUC) on February 24, 2022, has added further pressures on prices of energy, fertilizers, and some food products (such as wheat and vegetable oils). Therefore, the specific impact of the pandemic on food systems in Honduras has been interacting with the other developments mentioned. From the point of view of policymakers, they need to respond to the overall impact of the conditions affecting the population, whatever the converging main causes may be. Therefore, this final report, while emphasizing those aspects linked to the pandemic will also discuss the overall conditions in Honduras, affected by those many factors. This report is structured as follows. First, it summarizes the main policy responses, costs, and financing related to the COVID-19 shock. Second, it brings up to date the evolution of the pandemic, using different indicators. Third, it updates the evolution of key economic and nutritional variables. Fourth, there is a brief discussion of the implications of RUC for food systems. Fifth, the report continues with a more specific analysis of the evolution of some food value chains that are central to food consumption in Honduras. The next section discusses policy considerations for health, poverty and nutrition, and food value chains, in light of the updated analysis. A final section concludes.

Working Today for a Better Tomorrow in Ethiopia

Author : Emily Weedon Chapman
Publisher : World Bank Publications
ISBN 13 : 1464820201
Total Pages : 254 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (648 download)

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Book Synopsis Working Today for a Better Tomorrow in Ethiopia by : Emily Weedon Chapman

Download or read book Working Today for a Better Tomorrow in Ethiopia written by Emily Weedon Chapman and published by World Bank Publications. This book was released on 2024-03-06 with total page 254 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ethiopia has long prioritized creating more and better jobs as core to its sustainable and inclusive development. However, steady growth in the gross domestic product and gains in agricultural productivity in recent decades have not translated into better opportunities nor increased earnings for much of the population. The 2021 Labor Force Survey data reveal labor trends since 1999 and underscore these realities. Moreover, COVID-19 and other shocks have reinforced the disconnect between positive macroeconomic trends at a national level and stagnant incomes at the household level. Working Today for a Better Tomorrow in Ethiopia: Jobs for Poor and Vulnerable Households outlines how Ethiopia can leverage its social safety net programs to help poor and vulnerable workers earn more in today’s labor market. The government’s latest development planning policies focus on private sector growth and structural transformation to create more and better jobs. While these long-term reforms take hold, the jobs agenda also must include near-term measures to improve worker productivity in and connect people to jobs that already exist. Complementing cash transfers with capital, training, and other services can help workers earn more in their current work, diversify into new types of employment, or connect to available wage jobs.These investments can have an immediate impact for poor people in Ethiopia while also contributing to sustainable and inclusive development.

Extreme Events in the Developing World

Author : Emma Rosa Mary Archer
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2832507271
Total Pages : 210 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Extreme Events in the Developing World by : Emma Rosa Mary Archer

Download or read book Extreme Events in the Developing World written by Emma Rosa Mary Archer and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2022-11-25 with total page 210 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Strengthening the resiliency of dryland forest-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan

Author : Steven Lawry
Publisher : CIFOR
ISBN 13 : 6023870066
Total Pages : 59 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (238 download)

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Book Synopsis Strengthening the resiliency of dryland forest-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan by : Steven Lawry

Download or read book Strengthening the resiliency of dryland forest-based livelihoods in Ethiopia and South Sudan written by Steven Lawry and published by CIFOR. This book was released on 2015-08-20 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This literature review explores how political, economic and resource management policies and programs can reduce forest degradation and increase the contribution of forest goods and services to sustainable livelihood strategies. In Ethiopia, studies indicate that forest dependency is strong throughout the country, but the importance of forest income varies across different regions and wealth categories. Research suggests that improving forest product market governance is key to strengthening forest livelihood resiliency. Recent experiments with forest governance devolution have shown mixed results in terms of improving forest conditions and livelihoods. Smallholder land certification has met with considerable success, whereas participatory forest management schemes have positive ecological outcomes but fall short in terms of livelihood gains. In South Sudan, civil war has limited the depth and scope of research on dryland forests and livelihoods. Food security analyses indicate that the importance of forest income varies by region and season. Markets are poorly developed and forest governance systems are weak in many parts of the country. Key threats to forest livelihoods in both countries include: shifting climatic conditions, large-scale population movements, large-scale land acquisitions and weakened governance institutions; and in South Sudan, continuing violent conflict. In Ethiopia, research and policy reform should focus on the relationship between forest rights devolution, livelihoods, forest management practices and forest conditions as well as on the impacts of demographic change on forest-based livelihoods, forest management and forest cover. In South Sudan, research should focus on documenting the impacts of conflict on forest-based livelihoods with an view to structuring humanitarian aid programs in ways that mitigate the negative impacts.