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Preparing For The Next Financial Crisis
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Book Synopsis Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis by : Olivier de Bandt
Download or read book Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis written by Olivier de Bandt and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-12-29 with total page 370 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ramifications of the Global Financial Crisis, which erupted in 2007, continue to surprise not only the general public but also finance professionals, economists, and journalists. Faced with this challenge, Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis goes back to basics. The authors ask: what do theory and empirical observations tell us about the causes and the consequences of financial crisis and instability? In what has become an increasingly complex financial world, what lessons can we learn from economic policies, which have been implemented, and research, which has developed extremely rapidly in recent years, so as not to repeat past mistakes? In this comprehensive review of the literature, which is both complete and balanced, the authors highlight the points of consensus among economists and policymakers. They assess the capacity of economic policies and institutions in limiting the cost of financial instability. In conclusion, they ask if the financial system has become safer, in the light especially of the Covid-19 Global Crisis. Ten years after the GFC crisis, this is a timely review of the reform agenda, the progress made, and the areas where further changes need to be made to address new risks and challenges.
Book Synopsis Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis by : Esa Jokivuolle
Download or read book Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis written by Esa Jokivuolle and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-11-16 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book uses perspectives of finance and banking to offer predictions on future financial crises, and how we can prepare for them.
Book Synopsis Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis by : Esa Jokivuolle
Download or read book Preparing for the Next Financial Crisis written by Esa Jokivuolle and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book uses perspectives of finance and banking to offer predictions on future financial crises, and how we can prepare for them
Download or read book Aftershock written by David Wiedemer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-07-07 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A practical guide to preparing for the next phase of the financial meltdown From the authors who were the first to predict Phase I of our current economic downturn-in their landmark 2006 book, America's Bubble Economy-comes their insightful sequel discussing their predictions for the next phase of the Bubble Economy. It may seem like the worst has come and gone, but it hasn't. With their proven track record of accurate predictions-which most financial professionals and economists missed-the authors explain how and why the next phase of the financial meltdown is about to hit. Things are not going back to how they were before. Instead, we are moving through uncharted territory, with new challenges and opportunities that few people can anticipate. Written in a straightforward and accessible style, Aftershock shows readers how to seek safety and profits in these dynamic economic conditions. Discusses how to protect assets, businesses, and jobs before and during the second wave of financial meltdown Provides clear and accurate advice on how to profit from the collapsing bubbles Offer focused guidance regarding real estate, which will continue to be a pressing concern for many The authors' first book was chosen by Kiplinger's as one of the 30 Best Business Books of 2006, and its accuracy has been hailed by Paul Farrell of Dow Jones MarketWatch when he said "America's Bubble Economy's Predictions, though ignored, were accurate." Don't miss out on these time tested author's proven advice for how to mange your money during the coming financial meltdown.
Book Synopsis In Good Times Prepare for Crisis by : Ira Lieberman
Download or read book In Good Times Prepare for Crisis written by Ira Lieberman and published by Brookings Institution Press. This book was released on 2018-10-09 with total page 554 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sovereign debt crises are a little like the weather: One can get ready to endure them and maybe take some steps to lessen their impact, but so far it hasn't been possible to prevent them. Like the weather, they just keep happening. That's the overriding thesis of this book tracing the major debt crises of the past century, starting with the Great Depression and running through the recent Great Recession. Written by a former World Bank expert on debt crises, this book discusses best practices for how such crises can be resolved. As the painful experience of the past decade reminded everyone, frequent debt crises and defaults do great damage to economies and cause vast personal hardship. But resolving them has proven difficult—both economically and politically—and has taken time, almost always requiring a lender of last resort such as a country's central bank or the International Monetary Fund. Too often, efforts to end debt crises have been little more than a palliative, and the debt overhang from one crisis contributes to the next, as illustrated by the ongoing saga in Greece. Both private and sovereign debts have increased substantially since the 2008 crisis, with inadequate deleveraging. This debt overhang leaves countries vulnerable and with limited maneuverability to address the next crisis. This book does not pretend to describe how debt crises can be prevented. But it does draw useful lessons from recent crises that can help economists, bankers, policymakers, and others resolve the inevitable future crises with the least possible damage.
Book Synopsis What to Do with Your Money When Crisis Hits by : Michelle Singletary
Download or read book What to Do with Your Money When Crisis Hits written by Michelle Singletary and published by Houghton Mifflin. This book was released on 2021 with total page 231 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A direct, incisive guide for consumers to know how to protect and handle their money in the face of a financial crisis
Download or read book Financial Crises written by Gerard Caprio and published by Rowman & Littlefield. This book was released on 2005-12-06 with total page 300 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Throughout the 1990s, numerous financial crises rocked the world financial sector. The Asian bubble burst, for example; Argentina and Brazil suffered currency crises; and the post-Soviet economy bottomed out in Russia. In Financial Crises, a distinguished group of economists and policy analysts examine and draw lessons from attempts to recover from past crises. They also consider some potential hazards facing the world economy in the 21st century and discuss ways to avoid them and minimize the severity of any future downturn. This important new volume emerges from the seventh annual conference on emerging markets finance, cosponsored and organized by the World Bank and the Brookings Institution. In the book, noted experts address the following questions: How effective were post-crisis policies in Latin America, Eastern Europe, and East and Central Asia? Where do international financial markets stand ten years after the worldwide debt crisis? How can the provision of financial services resume vigorously, yet safely? What are the viable policy options for reducing systemic financial vulnerability? What will the next emerging-market financial crisis look like? Will lessons learned from past experiences help to avoid future disasters? How can nations reform their pension systems to deal with retirement challenges in the 21st century?
Book Synopsis The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, Authorized Edition by : Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission
Download or read book The Financial Crisis Inquiry Report, Authorized Edition written by Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission and published by Public Affairs. This book was released on 2011-01-27 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Examines the causes of the financial crisis that began in 2008 and reveals the weaknesses found in financial regulation, excessive borrowing, and breaches in accountability.
Book Synopsis The Road to Ruin by : James Rickards
Download or read book The Road to Ruin written by James Rickards and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2016-11-15 with total page 354 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The bestselling author of The Death of Money and Currency Wars reveals the global elites' dark effort to hide a coming catastrophe from investors in The Road to Ruin, now a National Bestseller. A drumbeat is sounding among the global elites. The signs of a worldwide financial meltdown are unmistakable. This time, the elites have an audacious plan to protect themselves from the fallout: hoarding cash now and locking down the global financial system when a crisis hits. Since 2014, international monetary agencies have been issuing warnings to a small group of finance ministers, banks, and private equity funds: the U.S. government’s cowardly choices not to prosecute J.P. Morgan and its ilk, and to bloat the economy with a $4 trillion injection of easy credit, are driving us headlong toward a cliff. As Rickards shows in this frightening, meticulously researched book, governments around the world have no compunction about conspiring against their citizens. They will have stockpiled hard assets when stock exchanges are closed, ATMs shut down, money market funds frozen, asset managers instructed not to sell securities, negative interest rates imposed, and cash withdrawals denied. If you want to plan for the risks ahead, you will need Rickards’s cutting-edge synthesis of behavioral economics, history, and complexity theory. It’s a guidebook to thinking smarter, acting faster, and living with the comforting knowledge that your wealth is secure. The global elites don’t want this book to exist. Their plan to herd us like sheep to the slaughter when a global crisis erupts—and, of course, to maintain their wealth—works only if we remain complacent and unaware. Thanks to The Road to Ruin, we don’t need to be. "If you are curious about what the financial Götterdämmerung might look like you’ve certainly come to the right place... Rickards believes -- and provides tantalizing snippets of private conversations with those who dwell in the very eye-in-the-pyramid -- that the current world monetary and financial system is on the verge of insolvency and that the world financial elites already have a successor system for which they are laying the groundwork." --Ralph Benko, Forbes
Book Synopsis Preparing For Pandemics: Lessons From The Global Financial Crisis And Covid-19 by : David Longworth
Download or read book Preparing For Pandemics: Lessons From The Global Financial Crisis And Covid-19 written by David Longworth and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2022-06-08 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In far too many cases, recommendations of forensic reports on previous pandemics were ignored. Substantial weaknesses in the preparation by public health authorities and governments increased the health and economic costs of the COVID-19 pandemic relative to what they would have been if pre-existing recommendations had been followed and a wider set of plans had been put into place. We discuss parallels between the lack of preparation of financial system regulators prior to the global financial crisis and the lack of preparation by public health authorities and governments prior to COVID-19. These parallels relate to: required stocks (of capital or equipment), data collection and sharing, lending facilities, stress testing and war games, early warning indicators and systems, contagion from abroad, operational risks, a system-wide approach (including effects on the real economy), models incorporating the heterogeneity of individuals, and effects on less-regulated parts of the system. The recent COVID-19 crisis has demonstrated that, apart from the direct economic consequences from illness and death from the virus, the main costs have been due to the varying degrees of preventative measures taken by the public, firms, and governments that directly impacted health, as well as social, economic, and financial activity. We make recommendations for carrying out post mortems on the COVID-19 experience, planning for future pandemics, and establishing transparent and accountable governance systems. We then propose the use of regular, combined health, economic, and financial stress tests and exercises/war games in preparing for future pandemics and other major environmental shocks.
Book Synopsis How to Prepare for Recession and Inflation During the Coming Financial Crisis by : The Beardy Prepper
Download or read book How to Prepare for Recession and Inflation During the Coming Financial Crisis written by The Beardy Prepper and published by . This book was released on 2019-12-02 with total page 251 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A severe financial crisis is coming...recession is just around the corner...are you prepared?Severe problems have existed within the national and global economy for some time, but these problems are escalating both in terms of severity and magnitude.A feeling of 'impending doom' exists, and a mentality that something bad is about to happen is common to many people.The question is...how can you prepare for the coming crisis and ensure that your money and wealth are protected for you, and your family's benefit?That key question is what this book aims to address"Financial chaos gives birth to dynasty"I originally wrote this book for my close family and friends. At events and gatherings I was increasingly waxing lyrical about the poor state of our economy and that I believed the problems extended not just superficially, but to the very core of the way our financial and economic system was organised.I always emphasised that a 'reset' was coming soon, and I would casually explain to those listening what I was trying to do to prepare myself and my immediate family for what I feel is inevitable - a financial crisis the like of which we have never experienced. What I always found was that no matter the background of the individuals I was talking to - whatever their educational attainment or employment, whether rich or less well off, everyone shared a certain uneasiness about our current economy and were eager to hear my thoughts and how I was preparing.They convinced me to write it down so it could be shared more widely - and this book is the result.I hope you find it useful and I hope that at the very least it prompts you to look at the areas of your existence where you are totally dependent on large political and financial organisations, and where you therefore have great vulnerability, but also, a great opportunity to improve your resilience when the next financial crisis occurs. In this book I have laid out what I am doing, and what I am going to do. What you get from it and what you implement is entirely up to you - the point of this book is to increase your independence and resilience, not to merely substitute one form of dependence for another. So think, think hard and critically about the information I provide here and come to your own conclusions - and most of all Good Luck.
Download or read book Aftershock written by John David Wiedemer and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2014-03-31 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Explores how to protect assets, businesses, and jobs before and during the coming second wave of the financial meltdown with clear and accurate advice on how to profit from the collapsing bubbles.
Download or read book Financial Shock written by Mark Zandi and published by FT Press. This book was released on 2008-07-09 with total page 283 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “The obvious place to start is the financial crisis and the clearest guide to it that I’ve read is Financial Shock by Mark Zandi. ... it is an impressively lucid guide to the big issues.” – The New York Times “In Financial Shock, Mr. Zandi provides a concise and lucid account of the economic, political and regulatory forces behind this binge.” – The Wall Street Journal “Aggressive builders, greedy lenders, optimistic home buyers: Zandi succinctly dissects the mortgage mess from start to (one hopes) finish.” – U.S. News and World Report “A more detailed look at the crisis comes from economist Mark Zandi, co-founder of Moody's Economy.com. His “Financial Shock” delves deeply into the history of the mortgage market, the bad loans, the globalization of trashy subprime paper and how homebuilders ran amok. Zandi's analysis is eye-opening. ... he paints an impressive, more nuanced picture.” – Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine “If you wonder how it could be possible for a subprime mortgage loan to bring the global financial system and the U.S. economy to its knees, you should read this book. No one is better qualified to provide this insight and advice than Mark Zandi.” –Larry Kudlow, Host, CNBC’s Kudlow & Company “Every once in a while a book comes along that’s so important, it commands recognition. This is one of them. Zandi provides a rilliant blow-by-blow account of how greed, stupidity, and recklessness brought the first major economic crises of the 21st entury and the most serious since the Great Depression.” –Bernard Baumohl,Managing Director, The Economic Outlook Group and best-selling author, The Secrets of Economic Indicators “Throughout the financial crisis Mark Zandi has played two important roles. He has insightfully analyzed its causes and thoughtfully recommended steps to alleviate it. This book continues those tasks and adds a third–providing a comprehensive and comprehensible explanation of the issues that is accessible to the general public and extremely useful to those who specialize in the area.” –Barney Frank, Chairman, House Financial Services Committee The subprime crisis created a gigantic financial catastrophe. What happened? How did it happen? How can we prevent similar crises from happening again? Mark Zandi answers all these critical questions–systematically, carefully, and in plain English. Zandi begins with a fast-paced overview and then illuminates the deepest causes, from the psychology of homeownership to Alan Greenspan’s missteps. You’ll see the home “flippers” at work and the real estate agents who cheered them on. You’ll learn how Internet technology and access to global capital transformed the mortgage industry, helping irresponsible lenders drive out good ones. Zandi demystifies the complex financial engineering that enabled lenders to hide deepening risks, shows how global investors eagerly bought in, and explains how flummoxed regulators failed to prevent disaster, despite crucial warning signs. Most important, Zandi offers indispensable advice for investors who must recognize emerging bubbles, policymakers who must improve oversight, and citizens who must survive whatever comes next. Liar’s loans, flippers, predatory lenders, delusional homebuilders How the housing market came unhinged, and the whirlwind came together Alan Greenspan’s trillion-dollar bet Betting on the boom, ignoring the bubble The subprime market goes global Worldwide investors get a piece of the action–and reap the results Wall Street’s alchemists: conjuring up Frankenstein New financial instruments and their hidden contents Back to the future: risk management for the 21st century Respecting the “animal spirits” that drive even the most sophisticated markets
Book Synopsis Bring on the Crash! by : Richard Stooker
Download or read book Bring on the Crash! written by Richard Stooker and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2011-08-18 with total page 240 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Crash or Slow Loss of Value, You Must Protect Your Wealth from the Government The U.S. dollar is on the verge of catastrophe. For the first time in history, the debt of the most powerful government on Earth, leading the world's largest economy, has been downgraded by Standard & Poor's to Double AA from a perfect Triple AAA. The political grandstanding of the Republicans and Democrats over the debt ceiling made many Americans and others around the world doubt our leadership. And many feel the final deal between doesn't go far enough to reduce US government spending. US government debt now equals the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). That's like you or I owing an entire year of our incomes to Mastercard and Visa. The 2007-2009 financial crisis appears to have been the first step toward a deflationary depression that could destroy the savings of three generations of Americans. We've technically been "recovering" since March 2009, but despite all government and Fed actions to stimulate the US economy, unemployment stubbornly remains over 9%. That is, unless the government's massive cash creation unleashes a wave of hyperinflation. The US dollar has recently hit new record lows against the Japanese yen and Swiss franc, despite massive interventions by the central banks of those two countries. China has divested itself of 97% of its holdings of short-term US Treasury bills. That happened by March 2011, well before the current downgrade. China still owns many billions of US dollars of long-term Treasury bonds and is clearly worried about the future. They are making a big show of supporting Europe's economy, so they have an alternative to the US dollar. What is wrong with us when the biggest Communistic country on Earth has to lecture us on how to manage our currency? How much longer will China, Japan and international bankers continue to buy U.S. Treasury bonds to finance our swelling budget? If these countries began selling US dollars instead of buying, the hyperinflation would bankrupt America We - and Europeans - are also threatened by the debt problems of Europe. Greece nearly went up in flames over austerity measures forced on that country. Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland are also in bad shape. How long will France and German taxpayers continue to support them? If the euro breaks up, that will create more financial instability for the entire world. Gold recently hit a record high of $1,813 per ounce. I can't tell you exactly what is going to happen in the treacherous foreign exchange and financial markets in the future. Maybe another recession - the double dip some have been predicting since April 2009. Maybe deflation leading to a horrific depression. Maybe hyperinflation. Maybe a total collapse of the world's financial markets and infrastructure. All I know for sure -- and every day's headlines confirm this -- is that the future for the US dollar, euro and other fiat currencies looks dark and ugly. Bring on the Crash! offers a 3 part process to protect yourself and your family from these dangers. Whether you have $2,000 or $2 million, this volume contains the resources you need to make sure you weather the coming storm. This 3 step process is a comprehensive plan to survive almost all financial emergencies. And if we never fall through the thin economic ice the United States is now skating on, you'll still benefit from diversifying your retirement portfolio. 31,000 words. Therefore, hit the Buy button now.
Book Synopsis All the Devils Are Here by : Bethany McLean
Download or read book All the Devils Are Here written by Bethany McLean and published by Penguin. This book was released on 2011-08-30 with total page 416 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Hell is empty, and all the devils are here." -Shakespeare, The Tempest As soon as the financial crisis erupted, the finger-pointing began. Should the blame fall on Wall Street, Main Street, or Pennsylvania Avenue? On greedy traders, misguided regulators, sleazy subprime companies, cowardly legislators, or clueless home buyers? According to Bethany McLean and Joe Nocera, two of America's most acclaimed business journalists, the real answer is all of the above-and more. Many devils helped bring hell to the economy. And the full story, in all of its complexity and detail, is like the legend of the blind men and the elephant. Almost everyone has missed the big picture. Almost no one has put all the pieces together. All the Devils Are Here goes back several decades to weave the hidden history of the financial crisis in a way no previous book has done. It explores the motivations of everyone from famous CEOs, cabinet secretaries, and politicians to anonymous lenders, borrowers, analysts, and Wall Street traders. It delves into the powerful American mythology of homeownership. And it proves that the crisis ultimately wasn't about finance at all; it was about human nature. Among the devils you'll meet in vivid detail: • Angelo Mozilo, the CEO of Countrywide, who dreamed of spreading homeownership to the masses, only to succumb to the peer pressure-and the outsized profits-of the sleaziest subprime lending. • Roland Arnall, a respected philanthropist and diplomat, who made his fortune building Ameriquest, a subprime lending empire that relied on blatantly deceptive lending practices. • Hank Greenberg, who built AIG into a Rube Goldberg contraption with an undeserved triple-A rating, and who ran it so tightly that he was the only one who knew where all the bodies were buried. • Stan O'Neal of Merrill Lynch, aloof and suspicious, who suffered from "Goldman envy" and drove a proud old firm into the ground by promoting cronies and pushing out his smartest lieutenants. • Lloyd Blankfein, who helped turn Goldman Sachs from a culture that famously put clients first to one that made clients secondary to its own bottom line. • Franklin Raines of Fannie Mae, who (like his predecessors) bullied regulators into submission and let his firm drift away from its original, noble mission. • Brian Clarkson of Moody's, who aggressively pushed to increase his rating agency's market share and stock price, at the cost of its integrity. • Alan Greenspan, the legendary maestro of the Federal Reserve, who ignored the evidence of a growing housing bubble and turned a blind eye to the lending practices that ultimately brought down Wall Street-and inflicted enormous pain on the country. Just as McLean's The Smartest Guys in the Room was hailed as the best Enron book on a crowded shelf, so will All the Devils Are Here be remembered for finally making sense of the meltdown and its consequences.
Book Synopsis Bring on the Crash by : Richard Stooker
Download or read book Bring on the Crash written by Richard Stooker and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2011-08-17 with total page 163 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
NOTE: This book is all-original and all-unique content.
The U.S. dollar is on the verge of catastrophe.
For the first time in history, the debt of the most powerful government on Earth, leading the world’s largest economy, has been downgraded by Standard & Poor’s to Double AA from a perfect Triple AAA.
The political grandstanding of the Republicans and Democrats over the debt ceiling made many Americans and others around the world doubt our leadership. And many feel the final deal between doesn’t go far enough to reduce US government spending.
US government debt now equals the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP). That's like you or I owing an entire year of our incomes to Mastercard and Visa.
The 2007-2009 financial crisis appears to have been the first step toward a deflationary depression that could destroy the savings of three generations of Americans. We’ve technically been “recovering” since March 2009, but despite all government and Fed actions to stimulate the US economy, unemployment stubbornly remains over 9%.
That is, unless the government’s massive cash creation unleashes a wave of hyperinflation.
The US dollar has recently hit new record lows against the Japanese yen and Swiss franc, despite massive interventions by the central banks of those two countries.
China has divested itself of 97% of its holdings of short-term US Treasury bills. That happened by March 2011, well before the current downgrade.
China still owns many billions of US dollars of long-term Treasury bonds and is clearly worried about the future. They are making a big show of supporting Europe’s economy, so they have an alternative to the US dollar. What is wrong with us when the biggest Communistic country on Earth has to lecture us on how to manage our currency?
How much longer will China, Japan and international bankers continue to buy U.S. Treasury bonds to finance our swelling budget?
If these countries began selling US dollars instead of buying, the hyperinflation would bankrupt America
We – and Europeans – are also threatened by the debt problems of Europe. Greece nearly went up in flames over austerity measures forced on that country. Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland are also in bad shape. How long will France and German taxpayers continue to support them? If the euro breaks up, that will create more financial instability for the entire world.
Gold recently hit a record high of $1,813 per ounce.
I can't tell you exactly what is going to happen in the treacherous foreign exchange and financial markets in the future. Maybe another recession - the double dip some have been predicting since April 2009. Maybe deflation leading to a horrific depression. Maybe hyperinflation. Maybe a total collapse of the world's financial markets and infrastructure.
All I know for sure -- and every day's headlines confirm this -- is that the future for the US dollar, euro and other fiat currencies looks dark and ugly.
Bring on the Crash! offers a 3 part process to protect yourself and your family from these dangers.
Whether you have $2,000 or $2 million, this volume contains the resources you need to make sure you weather the coming storm.
This 3 step process is a comprehensive plan to survive almost all financial emergencies the US dollar is now facing.
And if we never fall through the thin economic ice the United States is now skating on, you'll still benefit from diversifying your retirement portfolio.
Book Synopsis Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications by : Mr.Stijn Claessens
Download or read book Financial Crises Explanations, Types, and Implications written by Mr.Stijn Claessens and published by International Monetary Fund. This book was released on 2013-01-30 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper reviews the literature on financial crises focusing on three specific aspects. First, what are the main factors explaining financial crises? Since many theories on the sources of financial crises highlight the importance of sharp fluctuations in asset and credit markets, the paper briefly reviews theoretical and empirical studies on developments in these markets around financial crises. Second, what are the major types of financial crises? The paper focuses on the main theoretical and empirical explanations of four types of financial crises—currency crises, sudden stops, debt crises, and banking crises—and presents a survey of the literature that attempts to identify these episodes. Third, what are the real and financial sector implications of crises? The paper briefly reviews the short- and medium-run implications of crises for the real economy and financial sector. It concludes with a summary of the main lessons from the literature and future research directions.
