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Author : Žiga Ivanic
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 115 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (568 download)
Download or read book Predicting the Behavior of a Lean-burn Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept written by Žiga Ivanic and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 115 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) and highway drive cycles.
Author : Jennifer Ann Topinka
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (546 download)
Download or read book Knock Behavior of a Lean-burn Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept written by Jennifer Ann Topinka and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experiments to identify the knock trends of lean gasoline-air mixtures, and such mixtures enhanced with hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), were performed on a single-cylinder research engine with boosting capability. The experimental method used to investigate knock trends consisted of determining the octane number (ON) of the primary reference fuel (mixture of isooctane and n-heptane) supplied to the engine that just produced audible knock. All tests were completed at 1500 rpm, MBT spark timing, with coolant temperature at fully warmed-up conditions and intake air temperature at 200 C. Various relative air-fuel ratio (lambda) sweeps were performed, while holding different parameters constant. First, testing with primary reference fuels investigated knock limits of lean operation; selected tests were then repeated with H2 and CO-enhancement. These mixtures simulated 15% and 30% of the engine's gasoline being reformed in a plasmatron fuel.reformer. Experimental results show that leaner operation does not decrease the knock tendency of an engine under conditions where a fixed output torque is maintained; rather it slightly increases the octane requirement. The onset of knock does decrease with lean operation when the intake pressure is held constant, but engine torque is then reduced. When H2 and CO are added to the mixture, the knock susceptibility is reduced, as illustrated by a decrease in the measured octane number of the primary reference fuel resulting in knock. Experiments conducted with the addition of H2 show similar trends, but to a lesser degree. Therefore, both H2 and CO act as octane enhancers when added to a hydrocarbon-air mixture. The extent to which H2 and CO improve the knock resistance of a mixture can be estimated by finding the bond-weighted octane number for the mixture of fuels. To substantiate these. results, a chemical kinetic ignition model was used to predict autoigntion of the end-gas for various conditions and fuel-air mixtures. Predicted model trends of knock onset partially agree with experimental observations. A comprehensive isooctane chemistry mechanism was used to demonstrate that H2 and CO-enhancement are effective in lengthening the ignition delay, and thereby reduce knock tendency.
Download or read book Knock Behavior of a Lean-burn Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept written by and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: By Jennifer A. Topinka.
Author : Joshua Arlen Goldwitz
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 102 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (568 download)
Download or read book Combustion Optimization in a Hydrogen-enhanced Lean Burn SI Engine written by Joshua Arlen Goldwitz and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 102 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) An inductive ignition system in conjunction with a high tumble-motion inlet configuration leads to the highest levels of combustion performance. Furthermore, hydrogen enhancement affects a nearly constant absolute improvement in the lean misfire limit regardless of baseline combustion behavior. Conversely, the amount of improvement in the point of peak engine NIMEP output is inversely related to the level of baseline performance.
Author : Edward Joseph Tully
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (518 download)
Download or read book Lean-burn Characteristics of a Gasoline Engine Enriched with Hydrogen from a Plasmatron Fuel Reformer written by Edward Joseph Tully and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 23 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (684 download)
Download or read book Lean-burn Hydrogen Spark-ignited Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 23 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Fuel cells are considered as the ideal power source for future vehicles, due to their high efficiency and low emissions. However, extensive use of fuel cells in light-duty vehicles is likely to be years away, due to their high manufacturing cost. Hydrogen-fueled, spark-ignited, homogeneous-charge engines offer a near-term alternative to fuel cells. Hydrogen in a spark-ignited engine can be burned at very low equivalence ratios, so that NO[sub x] emissions can be reduced to less than 10 ppm without catalyst. HC and CO emissions may result from oxidation of engine oil, but by proper design are negligible (a few ppm). Lean operation also results in increased indicated efficiency due to the thermodynamic properties of the gaseous mixture contained in the cylinder. The high effective octane number of hydrogen allows the use of a high compression ratio, further increasing engine efficiency. In this paper, a simplified engine model is used for predicting hydrogen engine efficiency and emissions. The model uses basic thermodynamic equations for the compression and expansion processes, along with an empirical correlation for heat transfer, to predict engine indicated efficiency. A friction correlation and a supercharger/turbocharger model are then used to calculate brake thermal efficiency. The model is validated with many 1345 experimental points obtained in a recent evaluation of a hydrogen research engine. The experimental data are used to adjust the empirical constants in the heat release rate and heat transfer correlation. The adjusted engine model predicts pressure traces, indicated efficiency and NO, emissions with good accuracy over the range of speed, equivalence ratio and manifold pressure experimentally covered.
Author : Ferran Alberto Ayala
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 205 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (151 download)
Download or read book Combustion Lean Limits Fundamentals and Their Application to a SI Hydrogen-enhanced Engine Concept written by Ferran Alberto Ayala and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 205 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: (Cont.) This can be done by increasing turbulence, effectively decreasing its microscale structure or by increasing the laminar flame speed through hydrogen enhancement. Hydrogen enhancement using reformate shows diminishing returns at high loads and high compression ratios due to the detrimental effect of high pressures on laminar flame speed. As suggested by the model, reducing the engine's baseline combustion variability during flame initiation can also extend the lean limit. These conclusions are confirmed through experimental results.
Author : Kurt Lawrence Kornbluth
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 340 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment of Landfill Gas for Enhanced Combustion in Internal-combustion Reciprocating Engines written by Kurt Lawrence Kornbluth and published by . This book was released on 2008 with total page 340 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Robert R. Adt
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 544 pages
Book Rating : 4.E/5 ( download)
Download or read book Hydrogen Engine Performance Analysis Project written by Robert R. Adt and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 544 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Tobias Andersson
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 30 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (186 download)
Download or read book Hydrogen Addition for Improved Lean Burn Capability on Natural Gas Engine written by Tobias Andersson and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (81 download)
Download or read book Investigating Hydrogen Enhanced Combustion in a Sustainability Context written by and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since their invention, internal combustion engines have played a major role in the social and economic development of many countries by allowing people and goods to move from one place to another for longer distances and in shorter times. However, the negative environmental impacts of the widespread use of internal combustion engines in private and commercial vehicles have reached alarming values, with future prospects being much worse. In addition, fuel consumption and the dependency on oil imports of many countries have increased sharply in the past years as vehicle populations and use increased. The current trends are clearly unsustainable and thus new technologies are to be sought that can reduce both engine tailpipe emissions and fuel consumption. Hydrogen enhanced combustion has the potential of doing this. For this reason three engines - a carburetted petrol engine, a fuel injection petrol engine and a diesel engine - have been tested to investigate the effects of adding small amounts of hydrogen to the air intake of the engines on performance and HC, CO and CO2 emissions. The engines were tested at different engine speeds and loads to simulate normal on-the-road operating conditions. The hydrogen was produced from the electrolysis of a solution of distilled water and sodium hydroxide using two different electrolyser designs. Both the hydrogen and oxygen that were produced by electrolysis were added to the engine's intake during the tests. The results show that the addition of hydrogen-oxygen is most effective in stabilizing and enhancing the combustion of lean air-fuel mixtures inside the petrol injected engine, allowing for lower HC, CO and CO2 emissions. Thus hydrogen enhanced combustion could play a role in stabilizing lean burn petrol engines. However, it also transpired that a major drawback of the technology is the energy input required to produce the hydrogen, which in most cases was higher than the increase in output resulting from the more efficient combustion. Thus system optimization and alternative means of energy input would be required to ensure that a net positive effect is achieved.
Author : Kitipong Rattanapaibule
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 186 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (673 download)
Download or read book Performance Predictions of a Hydrogen-enhanced Natural Gas HCCI Engine written by Kitipong Rattanapaibule and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 186 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jason Brian Greenwood
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781124907178
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (71 download)
Download or read book Hydrogen Enrichment for the Extension of the Lean Limit and Enhanced Combustion in an Alcohol-fueled Spark-ignition Engine written by Jason Brian Greenwood and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An investigation was made to determine the effects of hydrogen enrichment in the lean combustion regime for ethanol and to determine if it could extend the lean operating limit for both ethanol and methanol. In this study, a 0.745 liter 2-cylinder Kawasaki engine was modified to operate with both alcohol and hydrogen fuels. Hydrogen concentrations of 0%, 15%, and 30% by volume hydrogen in the primary fuel were fumigated into the intake before the throttle; the engine was operated at 2000 RPM and part throttle. Data were collected to calculate NO and HC emissions, power, exhaust gas temperature, thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency, brake-specific fuel consumption, and flame development and rapid burning angles. It was shown that hydrogen enrichment demonstrated an ability to not only decrease NO emissions, but also stabilize and accelerate the combustion process in the lean combustion regime. At a given equivalence ratio, hydrogen addition decreased NO emissions; this decrease was attributed to a change in dominate NO production mechanism(s) under lean operating conditions. Hydrogen enabled a marginal extension of the lean operating limit (LOL) for both fuels, with the potential of further extending the LOL if the stability criteria are changed. Hydrogen enrichment at both 15% and 30% by volume reduced engine-out NO emissions near the lean operating limit by more than 95% relative to stoichiometric ethanol operation while both the COV and HC emissions were kept low, making it a potentially competitive alternative to NO reduction through traditional three-way catalytic after-treatment. Power, thermal efficiency, and volumetric efficiency were not significantly affected by hydrogen addition at a given equivalence ratio; however, if hydrogen addition is used to decrease the lean operating limit, decreases in power and thermal efficiency were observed. Power in the lean combustion regime decreased by between 31 and 37% when compared to stoichiometric operation without hydrogen.
Download or read book Lean Combustion in Automotive Engines written by and published by . This book was released on 1976 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An examination was made of the feasibility, practicability, performance, fuel economy, and emissions of the concept of the addition of hydrogen to gasoline for use as an automobile fuel. The specific hydrogen addition concepts evaluated included onboard storage of hydrogen as a bottled gas, as a cryogenic liquid, and as a regenerable gas in a metal hydride storage system, and the onboard generation of hydrogen by the reformation of gasoline in a fuel reformer (or gas generator). Both partial oxidation and steam reforming fuel reformers were considered. For perspective, comparisons were made of the hydrogen addition concept with the conventional spark ignition engine baseline and other lean engine concepts, e.g., advanced lean carbureted engines and stratified charge engines. Hydrogen addition via fuel reformation was found to be a feasible method of achieving ultralean engine operation.
Author : Udo Gerke
Publisher : Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3736924992
Total Pages : 232 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (369 download)
Download or read book Numerical Analysis of Mixture Formation and Combustion in a Hydrogen Direct-Injection Internal Combustion Engine written by Udo Gerke and published by Cuvillier Verlag. This book was released on 2008-02-05 with total page 232 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The present work investigates the mixture formation and combustion process of a direct-injection (DI) hydrogen internal combustion engine by means of three-dimensional numerical simulation. The study specifies details on the validity of turbulence models, combustion models as well as aspects on the definition of hydrogen-air burning velocities with respect to hydrogen IC engine applications. Results of homogeneous, stratified and multi-injection engine operation covering premixed, partially premixed and non-premixed combustion of hydrogen are presented. Results of the numerical simulations are validated using data of experimental analysis from parallel works, employing a one-cylinder research engine and a research engine with optical access. As a fundamental contribution to combustion modelling of hydrogen IC engines, a new correlation for laminar burning velocities of hydrogen-air mixtures at engine-relevant conditions is derived from measurements of premixed outwards propagating flames conducted in a single-cylinder compression machine. Numerical results of the direct-injection mixture formation give a detailed understanding of the interrelation between injection timing and the degree of mixture homogenisation. A favourable agreement between the computed fuel concentration and results of Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) measurements is reported for various injection timings. Different two-equation turbulence models, a Shear Stress Transport (SST) model and a k-ε model based on Renormalisation Group (RNG) theory as well as a Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) are discussed. The impact of the models on the level of turbulent kinetic energy proves to be of major importance. State-of-the-art turbulent combustion models on the basis of turbulent flame speed closure (TFC) and on the basis of a flame surface density approach, the Extended Coherent Flame Model (ECFM), are examined. The models are adapted to hydrogen internal combustion engines and are interfaced to the established three-dimensional flow field solver ANSYS CFX within the framework of the international research project HyICE. Two different approaches are investigated as input for the laminar burning velocities of hydrogen. Firstly, flame speed data are computed with a kinetic mechanism. Secondly, an existing experimentally derived laminar flame speed correlation is extended to rich air/fuel equivalence ratios (λ 1) and is compared to measurements conducted within the present work. In general, the TFC-models show a satisfying agreement for DI operating points compared to experimental data, when mixing computations are conducted with the SST turbulence model. Also, port fuel injection (PFI) operating points demonstrate a good performance with these models, however, the constant model prefactor (multiplier for the closure of turbulent flame speed) has to be defined individually for PFI and DI computations. This effect might be caused by the dissimilar sources of turbulence for the two engine types (PFI and DI) which cannot be adequately predicted by the turbulence models. Combustion computations on the basis of mixture results obtained by the RNG-model generally underrate the level of turbulence intensity for stratified operation points, effecting too weak rates of heat release. The ECFM combustion model shows a satisfying predictability for the PFI case using a constant model prefactor. Computations of DI operating points with this model, however, require a readjustment of the prefactor for each operating point in order to match experimental results. Regarding turbulent combustion, the hydrogen laminar flame speed is recognised to be the crucial quantity for the employed modelling approaches. Since direct-injection hydrogen engines in the stratified case engender a wide range of equivalence ratios, fundamental data for the laminar flame speed has to be provided as a model input within the entire boundaries of ignition limits. A lack of experimental data of laminar flame speed at engine-relevant conditions (high pressure, high temperature) is noticed. In order to perform a detailed study on hydrogen burning velocities, a single-cylinder compression machine is selected to conduct flame speed measurements of hydrogen-air mixtures at ignition temperatures and pressures up to T = 700 K and p = 45 bar, considering air/fuel equivalence ratios between λ = 0.4 and 2.8. Flame front velocities are acquired by means of optical methods using OH-chemiluminescence and thermodynamic, multi-zone evaluation of pressure traces. In comparison to data of laminar flame speed derived from reaction mechanisms and flame speed correlations found in literature, the experimental results show increased burning velocities due to flame front wrinkling caused by hydrodynamic and thermo-diffusive instabilities. a href="http://ec.europa.eu/research/transport/news/article_5199_en.html" EU Transport Research
Author : Michael Günther
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319697609
Total Pages : 381 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)
Download or read book Knocking in Gasoline Engines written by Michael Günther and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-11-21 with total page 381 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book includes the papers presented at the conference discussing approaches to prevent or reliably control knocking and other irregular combustion events. The majority of today’s highly efficient gasoline engines utilize downsizing. High mean pressures produce increased knocking, which frequently results in a reduction in the compression ratio at high specific powers. Beyond this, the phenomenon of pre-ignition has been linked to the rise in specific power in gasoline engines for many years. Charge-diluted concepts with high compression cause extreme knocking, potentially leading to catastrophic failure. The introduction of RDE legislation this year will further grow the requirements for combustion process development, as residual gas scavenging and enrichment to improve the knock limit will be legally restricted despite no relaxation of the need to reach the main center of heat release as early as possible. New solutions in thermodynamics and control engineering are urgently needed to further increase the efficiency of gasoline engines.
Author : Mirza Jamil Yusuf
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (329 download)
Download or read book Lean Burn Natural Gas Fueled Engines written by Mirza Jamil Yusuf and published by . This book was released on 1993 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
