Powertrain

Download Powertrain full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. Read online Powertrain ebook anywhere anytime directly on your device. Fast Download speed and no annoying ads. We cannot guarantee that every ebooks is available!

Vehicle Powertrain Systems

Author : David Crolla
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119961025
Total Pages : 563 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Vehicle Powertrain Systems by : David Crolla

Download or read book Vehicle Powertrain Systems written by David Crolla and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-12-30 with total page 563 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The powertrain is at the heart of vehicle design; the engine – whether it is a conventional, hybrid or electric design – provides the motive power, which is then managed and controlled through the transmission and final drive components. The overall powertrain system therefore defines the dynamic performance and character of the vehicle. The design of the powertrain has conventionally been tackled by analyzing each of the subsystems individually and the individual components, for example, engine, transmission and driveline have received considerable attention in textbooks over the past decades. The key theme of this book is to take a systems approach – to look at the integration of the components so that the whole powertrain system meets the demands of overall energy efficiency and good drivability. Vehicle Powertrain Systems provides a thorough description and analysis of all the powertrain components and then treats them together so that the overall performance of the vehicle can be understood and calculated. The text is well supported by practical problems and worked examples. Extensive use is made of the MATLAB(R) software and many example programmes for vehicle calculations are provided in the text. Key features: Structured approach to explaining the fundamentals of powertrain engineering Integration of powertrain components into overall vehicle design Emphasis on practical vehicle design issues Extensive use of practical problems and worked examples Provision of MATLAB(R) programmes for the reader to use in vehicle performance calculations This comprehensive and integrated analysis of vehicle powertrain engineering provides an invaluable resource for undergraduate and postgraduate automotive engineering students and is a useful reference for practicing engineers in the vehicle industry

Electric Powertrain

Author : John G. Hayes
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119063647
Total Pages : 564 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Electric Powertrain by : John G. Hayes

Download or read book Electric Powertrain written by John G. Hayes and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2018-02-05 with total page 564 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The why, what and how of the electric vehicle powertrain Empowers engineering professionals and students with the knowledge and skills required to engineer electric vehicle powertrain architectures, energy storage systems, power electronics converters and electric drives. The modern electric powertrain is relatively new for the automotive industry, and engineers are challenged with designing affordable, efficient and high-performance electric powertrains as the industry undergoes a technological evolution. Co-authored by two electric vehicle (EV) engineers with decades of experience designing and putting into production all of the powertrain technologies presented, this book provides readers with the hands-on knowledge, skills and expertise they need to rise to that challenge. This four-part practical guide provides a comprehensive review of battery, hybrid and fuel cell EV systems and the associated energy sources, power electronics, machines, and drives. Introduces and holistically integrates the key EV powertrain technologies. Provides a comprehensive overview of existing and emerging automotive solutions. Provides experience-based expertise for vehicular and powertrain system and sub-system level study, design, and optimization. Presents many examples of powertrain technologies from leading manufacturers. Discusses the dc traction machines of the Mars rovers, the ultimate EVs from NASA. Investigates the environmental motivating factors and impacts of electromobility. Presents a structured university teaching stream from introductory undergraduate to postgraduate. Includes real-world problems and assignments of use to design engineers, researchers, and students alike. Features a companion website with numerous references, problems, solutions, and practical assignments. Includes introductory material throughout the book for the general scientific reader. Contains essential reading for government regulators and policy makers. Electric Powertrain: Energy Systems, Power Electronics and Drives for Hybrid, Electric and Fuel Cell Vehicles is an important professional resource for practitioners and researchers in the battery, hybrid, and fuel cell EV transportation industry. The resource is a structured, holistic textbook for the teaching of the fundamental theories and applications of energy sources, power electronics, and electric machines and drives to engineering undergraduate and postgraduate students.

Vehicular Engine Design

Author : Kevin Hoag
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 321137762X
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (113 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Vehicular Engine Design by : Kevin Hoag

Download or read book Vehicular Engine Design written by Kevin Hoag and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-02-05 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The mechanical engineering curriculum in most universities includes at least one elective course on the subject of reciprocating piston engines. The majority of these courses today emphasize the application of thermodynamics to engine ef?ciency, performance, combustion, and emissions. There are several very good textbooks that support education in these aspects of engine development. However, in most companies engaged in engine development there are far more engineers working in the areas of design and mechanical development. University studies should include opportunities that prepare engineers desiring to work in these aspects of engine development as well. My colleagues and I have undertaken the development of a series of graduate courses in engine design and mechanical development. In doing so it becomes quickly apparent that no suitable te- book exists in support of such courses. This book was written in the hopes of beginning to address the need for an engineering-based introductory text in engine design and mechanical development. It is of necessity an overview. Its focus is limited to reciprocating-piston internal-combustion engines – both diesel and spa- ignition engines. Emphasis is speci?cally on automobile engines, although much of the discussion applies to larger and smaller engines as well. A further intent of this book is to provide a concise reference volume on engine design and mechanical development processes for engineers serving the engine industry. It is intended to provide basic information and most of the chapters include recent references to guide more in-depth study.

The Automotive Transmission Book

Author : Robert Fischer
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319052632
Total Pages : 355 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis The Automotive Transmission Book by : Robert Fischer

Download or read book The Automotive Transmission Book written by Robert Fischer and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-05-11 with total page 355 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book presents essential information on systems and interactions in automotive transmission technology and outlines the methodologies used to analyze and develop transmission concepts and designs. Functions of and interactions between components and subassemblies of transmissions are introduced, providing a basis for designing transmission systems and for determining their potentials and properties in vehicle-specific applications: passenger cars, trucks, buses, tractors and motorcycles. With these fundamentals the presentation provides universal resources for both state-of-the-art and future transmission technologies, including systems for electric and hybrid electric vehicles.

Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles

Author : Haoran Hu
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 : 1468601377
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (686 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles by : Haoran Hu

Download or read book Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles written by Haoran Hu and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2021-04-14 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Powertrains for commercial vehicles have evolved since the late nineteenth-century invention of the ICE. In the revised second edition of Advanced Hybrid Powertrains for Commercial Vehicles, the authors explore commercial powertrains through history from the ICE through the introduction of the hybrid powertrain in commercial vehicles. Readers are given an understanding of the ICE as well as the classification of commercial vehicle hybrid powertrains, the variety of energy storage systems, fuel-cell hybrid powertrain systems, and commercial vehicle electrification. The authors review the legislation of vehicle emissions and the regulation necessary to promote the production of fuel-efficient vehicles.

Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future

Author : Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 100385690X
Total Pages : 445 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (38 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future by : Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE)

Download or read book Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future written by Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE) and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2023-12-04 with total page 445 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transport sector continues to shift towards alternative powertrains, particularly with the UK Government’s focus on ending the sale of petrol and diesel passenger cars by 2030 and increasing support for alternatives. Despite this announcement, the internal combustion could continue to play a significant role both in the passenger car market through the use of hybrids and sustainable low carbon fuels including hydrogen, as well as a key role in other sectors such as heavy-duty vehicles and off-highway applications across the globe. The contributions presented at the International Conference on Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future 2023 (London, UK, 29- 30 November 2023) focus on the internal combustion engine’s role in net-zero transport as well as covering developments in the wide range of propulsion systems available (electric, hydrogen internal combustion engines and fuel cells, sustainable fuels etc) and their associated powertrains. To achieve a sustainable future for transport across the globe we will need to deploy all technologies and so, to help understand how these might fit together, life-cycle analysis of future powertrain systems and energy will also be included. Powertrain Systems for a Sustainable Future provides a forum for engine, fuels, e-machine, fuel cell and powertrain experts to look closely at developments in powertrain technology required to meet the demands of the net-zero future and global competition in all sectors of the road transportation, off-highway, marine and stationary power industries.

Stability Analysis and Control of Powertrain for New Energy Vehicles

Author : Donghai Hu
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811650519
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (116 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Stability Analysis and Control of Powertrain for New Energy Vehicles by : Donghai Hu

Download or read book Stability Analysis and Control of Powertrain for New Energy Vehicles written by Donghai Hu and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-09-13 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book introduces the application of nonlinear dynamics theory for driving system of electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle respectively. It establishes the dynamic models for driving system of electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle under various working conditions. And the nonlinear dynamics theory is applied to the qualitative analysis and quantitative calculation for the models. The theoretical analysis results are applied to guide the optimization of control strategies. In the end of each chapter, corresponding simulations or experiments are provided to verify the corresponding instances which are carefully selected. This book will give some guidance to readers when they deal with nonlinear dynamics problems of vehicles in the future and provide theoretical bases for the further study of the nonlinear dynamics for driving system of electric vehicle and hybrid electric vehicle. The book is written for engineer of electric vehicle and hybrid vehicle, teachers and students majoring in automobile and automation.

A Simulative Approach to Predict Energy Consumption of Future Powertrain Configurations for the Year 2040

Author : Tobias Stoll
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3658421681
Total Pages : 245 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (584 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis A Simulative Approach to Predict Energy Consumption of Future Powertrain Configurations for the Year 2040 by : Tobias Stoll

Download or read book A Simulative Approach to Predict Energy Consumption of Future Powertrain Configurations for the Year 2040 written by Tobias Stoll and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-07-29 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book deals with the simulative prediction of efficiency and CO2-emissions of future powertrain systems for the year 2040. For this purpose, a suitable simulation environment is first created. This is followed by a technology extrapolation of all relevant powertrain systems, for example: combustion engines, electric drives, fuel cells as well as all relevant additional components. These components are then used to build 57 vehicle variants for the simulation. Finally, extensive simulations of the vehicle variants are carried out, evaluated and compared. Comprehensive tables of results are available for all simulated vehicle variants. The evaluations are of interest to anyone concerned with energy consumption and CO2-emissions of future vehicles.

Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport

Author : Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMe
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000552047
Total Pages : 385 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport by : Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMe

Download or read book Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport written by Institution of Mechanical Engineers (IMe and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-12-23 with total page 385 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transport sector continues to shift towards alternative powertrains, particularly with the UK Government’s announcement to end the sale of petrol and diesel passenger cars by 2030 and increasing support for alternatives. Despite this announcement, the internal combustion continues to play a significant role both in the passenger car market through the use of hybrids and sustainable low carbon fuels, as well as a key role in other sectors such as heavy-duty vehicles and off-highway applications across the globe. Building on the industry-leading IC Engines conference, the 2021 Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport conference (7-8 December 2021, London, UK) focussed on the internal combustion engine’s role in Net-Zero transport as well as covered developments in the wide range of propulsion systems available (electric, fuel cell, sustainable fuels etc) and their associated powertrains. To achieve the net-zero transport across the globe, the life-cycle analysis of future powertrain and energy was also discussed. Powertrain Systems for Net-Zero Transport provided a forum for engine, fuels, e-machine, fuel cell and powertrain experts to look closely at developments in powertrain technology required, to meet the demands of the net-zero future and global competition in all sectors of the road transportation, off-highway and stationary power industries.

Future Powertrain Technologies

Author : Stephan Rinderknecht
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039437534
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (394 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Future Powertrain Technologies by : Stephan Rinderknecht

Download or read book Future Powertrain Technologies written by Stephan Rinderknecht and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2020-12-17 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Among the various factors greatly influencing the development process of future powertrain technologies, the trends in climate change and digitalization are of huge public interest. To handle these trends, new disruptive technologies are integrated into the development process. They open up space for diverse research which is distributed over the entire vehicle design process. This book contains recent research articles which incorporate results for selecting and designing powertrain topology in consideration of the vehicle operating strategy as well as results for handling the reliability of new powertrain components. The field of investigation spans from the identification of ecologically optimal transformation of the existent vehicle fleet to the development of machine learning-based operating strategies and the comparison of complex hybrid electric vehicle topologies to reduce CO2 emissions.

Advances in Engine and Powertrain Research and Technology

Author : Tigran Parikyan
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3030918696
Total Pages : 417 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (39 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Advances in Engine and Powertrain Research and Technology by : Tigran Parikyan

Download or read book Advances in Engine and Powertrain Research and Technology written by Tigran Parikyan and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-03-29 with total page 417 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The book covers a wide range of applied research compactly presented in one volume, and shows innovative engineering solutions for automotive, marine and aviation industries, as well as power generation. While targeting primarily the audience of professional scientists and engineers, the book can also be useful for graduate students, and also for all those who are relatively new to the area and are looking for a single source with a good overview of the state-of-the-art as well as an up-to-date information on theories, numerical methods, and their application in design, simulation, testing, and manufacturing. The readers will find here a rich mixture of approaches, software tools and case studies used to investigate and optimize diverse powertrains, their functional units and separate machine parts based on different physical phenomena, their mathematical representation, solution algorithms, and experimental validation.

Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems for Future Transport 2019

Author : IMECHE
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000038262
Total Pages : 336 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems for Future Transport 2019 by : IMECHE

Download or read book Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems for Future Transport 2019 written by IMECHE and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2020-03-09 with total page 336 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the changing landscape of the transport sector, there are also alternative powertrain systems on offer that can run independently of or in conjunction with the internal combustion (IC) engine. This shift has actually helped the industry gain traction with the IC Engine market projected to grow at 4.67% CAGR during the forecast period 2019-2025. It continues to meet both requirements and challenges through continual technology advancement and innovation from the latest research. With this in mind, the contributions in Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems for Future Transport 2019 not only cover the particular issues for the IC engine market but also reflect the impact of alternative powertrains on the propulsion industry. The main topics include: • Engines for hybrid powertrains and electrification • IC engines • Fuel cells • E-machines • Air-path and other technologies achieving performance and fuel economy benefits • Advances and improvements in combustion and ignition systems • Emissions regulation and their control by engine and after-treatment • Developments in real-world driving cycles • Advanced boosting systems • Connected powertrains (AI) • Electrification opportunities • Energy conversion and recovery systems • Modified or novel engine cycles • IC engines for heavy duty and off highway Internal Combustion Engines and Powertrain Systems for Future Transport 2019 provides a forum for IC engine, fuels and powertrain experts, and looks closely at developments in powertrain technology required to meet the demands of the low carbon economy and global competition in all sectors of the transportation, off-highway and stationary power industries.

Alternative Powertrains and Extensions to the Conventional Powertrain

Author : Michael Hilgers
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3662655705
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.6/5 (626 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Alternative Powertrains and Extensions to the Conventional Powertrain by : Michael Hilgers

Download or read book Alternative Powertrains and Extensions to the Conventional Powertrain written by Michael Hilgers and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2022-12-14 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The aim of this work, consisting of 9 individual, self-contained booklets, is to describe commercial vehicle technology in a way that is clear, concise and illustrative. Compact and easy to understand, it provides an overview of the technology that goes into modern commercial vehicles. Starting from the customer's fundamental requirements, the characteristics and systems that define the design of the vehicles are presented knowledgeably in a series of articles, each of which can be read and studied on their own. This volume, "Alternative Powertrains and Supplements to the Conventional Powertrain", introduces alternatives and additions to the conventional powertrain of the commercial vehicle. The wide range of options is presented so as to be clearly understandable for those learning and working with them in a practical environment. Hybrid vehicles, electric powertrains and alternative fuels are discussed.

Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain

Author : Homer Rahnejat
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 1845699939
Total Pages : 1048 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (456 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain by : Homer Rahnejat

Download or read book Tribology and Dynamics of Engine and Powertrain written by Homer Rahnejat and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2010-09-30 with total page 1048 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Tribology, the science of friction, wear and lubrication, is one of the cornerstones of engineering’s quest for efficiency and conservation of resources. Tribology and dynamics of engine and powertrain: fundamentals, applications and future trends provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of the disciplines of dynamics and tribology using a multi-physics and multi-scale approach to improve automotive engine and powertrain technology. Part one reviews the fundamental aspects of the physics of motion, particularly the multi-body approach to multi-physics, multi-scale problem solving in tribology. Fundamental issues in tribology are then described in detail,from surface phenomena in thin-film tribology, to impact dynamics, fluid film and elastohydrodynamic lubrication means of measurement and evaluation. These chapters provide an understanding of the theoretical foundation for Part II which includes many aspects of the physics of motion at a multitude of interaction scales from large displacement dynamics to noise and vibration tribology, all of which affect engines and powertrains. Many chapters are contributed by well-established practitioners disseminating their valuable knowledge and expertise on specific engine and powertrain sub-systems. These include overviews of engine and powertrain issues, engine bearings, piston systems, valve trains, transmission and many aspects of drivetrain systems. The final part of the book considers the emerging areas of microengines and gears as well as nano-scale surface engineering. With its distinguished editor and international team of academic and industry contributors, Tribology and dynamics of engine and powertrain is a standard work for automotive engineers and all those researching NVH and tribological issues in engineering. Reviews fundamental aspects of physics in motion, specifically the multi-body approach to multi physics Describes essential issues in tribology from surface phenomena in thin film tribology to impact dynamics Examines specific engine and powertrain sub-systems including engine bearings, piston systems and value trains

Integrated Powertrains and Their Control

Author : Nicholas Vaughan
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 9781860583346
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (833 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Integrated Powertrains and Their Control by : Nicholas Vaughan

Download or read book Integrated Powertrains and Their Control written by Nicholas Vaughan and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2001-06-22 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An invaluable overview of the latest powertrain technology Integrated Powertrains and Their Control provides an overview of the latest in powertrain technology from an expert in the field. Based on current and ongoing research, this book updates the field's body of knowledge by highlighting new advances in design, modeling, and simulation as well as implementation considerations dictated by new and evolving legal requirements. Relevant to mechanical engineers in both research and industry, this book provides valuable insight and directions for future investigations.

Engines and Powertrains

Author : Ronald K Jurgen
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 : 0768096545
Total Pages : 147 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (68 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Engines and Powertrains by : Ronald K Jurgen

Download or read book Engines and Powertrains written by Ronald K Jurgen and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2010-11-29 with total page 147 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With production and planning for new electric vehicles gaining momentum worldwide, this book – the third in a series of five volumes on this subject – provides engineers and researchers with perspectives on the most current and innovative developments regarding electric and hybrid-electric vehicle technology, design considerations, and components. This book features 13 SAE technical papers, published from 2008 through 2010, that provide an overview of research on electric vehicle engines and powertrains. Topics include: Hybrid-electric vehicle transmissions and propulsion systems The development of a new 1.8-liter engine for hybrid vehicles Vehicle system control software validation The impact of hybrid-electric powertrains on chassis systems and vehicle dynamics High-torque density motors, and interior permanent magnet synchronous motors

Prototype Powertrain in Motorsport Endurance Racing

Author : Alberto Boretti
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 : 0768084512
Total Pages : 178 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (68 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!

Book Synopsis Prototype Powertrain in Motorsport Endurance Racing by : Alberto Boretti

Download or read book Prototype Powertrain in Motorsport Endurance Racing written by Alberto Boretti and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2018-08-01 with total page 178 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Racing continues to be the singular, preeminent source of powertrain development for automakers worldwide. Engineering teams rely on motorsports for the latest prototype testing and research. Endurance racing provides the harshest and most illuminating stage for system design validation of any motorsport competition. While advancements throughout the 20th Century brought about dramatic increases in engine power output, the latest developments from endurance racing may be more impactful for fuel efficiency improvements. Hybrid powertrains are a critical area of research for automakers and are being tested on the toughest of scales. Prototype Powertrain in Motorsport Endurance Racing brings together ten vital SAE technical papers and SAE Automotive Engineering magazine articles surrounding the advancements of hybrid powertrains in motorsports. The book also includes a history of endurance racing from the World Sports Car Championship through the 24 Hours of Le Mans to the World Endurance Championship written by the author. The goal is to provide the latest concepts being researched and tested on hybrid systems that will influence vehicles for years to come - appealing to engineers and enthusiasts alike.