Post Reform Personal Data Protection In The European Union

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GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union

Author : Mariusz Krzysztofek
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403532718
Total Pages : 330 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union by : Mariusz Krzysztofek

Download or read book GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union written by Mariusz Krzysztofek and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2021-04-07 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GDPR: Personal Data Protection in the European Union Mariusz Krzysztofek Personal data protection has become one of the central issues in any understanding of the current world system. In this connection, the European Union (EU) has created the most sophisticated regime currently in force with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) (EU) 2016/679. Following the GDPR’s recent reform – the most extensive since the first EU laws in this area were adopted and implemented into the legal orders of the Member States – this book offers a comprehensive discussion of all principles of personal data processing, obligations of data controllers, and rights of data subjects, providing a thorough, up-to-date account of the legal and practical aspects of personal data protection in the EU. Coverage includes the recent Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) judgment on data transfers and new or updated data protection authorities’ guidelines in the EU Member States. Among the broad spectrum of aspects of the subject covered are the following: – right to privacy judgments of the CJEU and the European Court of Human Rights; – scope of the GDPR and its key definitions, key principles of personal data processing; – legal bases for the processing of personal data; – direct and digital marketing, cookies, and online behavioural advertising; – processing of personal data of employees; – sensitive data and criminal records; – information obligation & privacy notices; – data subjects rights; – data controller, joint controllers, and processors; – data protection by design and by default, data security measures, risk-based approach, records of personal data processing activities, notification of a personal data breach to the supervisory authority and communication to the data subject, data protection impact assessment, codes of conduct and certification; – Data Protection Officer; – transfers of personal data to non-EU/EEA countries; and – privacy in the Internet and surveillance age. Because the global scale and evolution of information technologies have changed the data processing environment and brought new challenges, and because many non-EU jurisdictions have adopted equivalent regimes or largely analogous regulations, the book will be of great usefulness worldwide. Multinational corporations and their customers and contractors will benefit enormously from consulting and using this book, especially in conducting case law, guidelines and best practices formulated by European data protection authorities. For lawyers and academics researching or advising clients on this area, this book provides an indispensable source of practical guidance and information for many years to come.

Post-reform Personal Data Protection in the European Union

Author : Mariusz Krzysztofek
Publisher : Kluwer Law International
ISBN 13 : 9789041162373
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (623 download)

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Book Synopsis Post-reform Personal Data Protection in the European Union by : Mariusz Krzysztofek

Download or read book Post-reform Personal Data Protection in the European Union written by Mariusz Krzysztofek and published by Kluwer Law International. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: About the Author --Introduction --Subject Matter and Objectives of the General Data Protection Regulation and Summary of Changes Introduced By It; The Context of Personal Data Protection in the European Union --Definitions of the Right to Privacy; Protection of Personal Data as One Aspect of This Right; Legal Foundations of the Right to Privacy in European Union Law; Scope of the Right to Privacy in European Union Case Law --Scope of Protection of Personal Data and Key Definitions --Key Principles of Personal Data Processing --Legal Bases for the Processing of Personal Data --Sensitive Data --The Obligation to Provide Information on Data Processing --The Rights of Access, Rectification and Objection (SAR - Subject Access Requests) --Data Controller and Data Processor: Their Respective Obligations and Relations; Data Protection by Design and by Default; Data Security; Notification of a Personal Data Breach; Data Protection Officer; Codes of Conduct and Certification --Transferring Personal Data to Non-EU/EEA Countries --Privacy in the Internet Age; Technology and Threats to Privacy --Bibliography.

GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679

Author : Mariusz Krzysztofek
Publisher : Kluwer Law International B.V.
ISBN 13 : 9403505958
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (35 download)

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Book Synopsis GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 by : Mariusz Krzysztofek

Download or read book GDPR: General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 written by Mariusz Krzysztofek and published by Kluwer Law International B.V.. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Personal data protection has become one of the central issues in any understanding of the current world system. In this connection, the European Union (EU) has created the most sophisticated regime currently in force with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2016. This book on this major data protection reform offers a comprehensive discussion of all principles of personal data processing, obligations of data controllers and rights of data subjects. This is the core of the personal data protection regime. GDPR is applicable directly in all Member States, providing for a unification of data protection rules within the EU. However, it poses a problem in enabling international trade and data transfers outside the EU between economies which have different data protection models in place. Among the broad spectrum of aspects of the subject covered are the following: – summary of the changes introduced by the GDPR; – new territorial scope; – key principles of personal data processing; – legal bases for the processing of personal data; – marketing, cookies and profiling; – new information clauses; – new Subject Access Requests (SARs), including the ‘right to be forgotten’ on the Internet, the right to data portability and the right to object to profiling; – new data protection by design and by default; – benefits from implementing a data protection certificate; and – data transfers outside the EU, including BCRs, SCCs and special features of EU–US arrangements. This book references many rulings of European courts, as well as interpretations and guidelines formulated by European data protection authorities, examples and best practices, making it of great practical value to lawyers and business leaders. Because of the increase in legal certainty in this area guaranteed by the GDPR, multinational corporations and their customers and contractors will benefit enormously from consulting and using this book. For practitioners and academics, researching or advising clients on this area, and government policy advisors, this book provides an indispensable source of guidance and information for many years to come.

Personal Data Protection and Legal Developments in the European Union

Author : Tzanou, Maria
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1522594914
Total Pages : 375 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Personal Data Protection and Legal Developments in the European Union by : Tzanou, Maria

Download or read book Personal Data Protection and Legal Developments in the European Union written by Tzanou, Maria and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2020-06-12 with total page 375 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In the age of technological advancement, including the emergence of artificial intelligence, big data, and the internet of things, the need for privacy and protection has risen massively. This phenomenon has led to the enforcement of two major legal directives in the European Union (EU) that aim to provide vigorous protection of personal data. There is a need for research on the repercussions and developments that have materialized with these recent regulations and how the rest of the world has been affected. Personal Data Protection and Legal Developments in the European Union is an essential reference source that critically discusses different aspects of the GDPR and the Law Enforcement Directive as well as recent jurisprudential developments concerning data privacy in the EU and its member states. It also addresses relevant recent case law of the Court of Justice of the EU, the European Court of Human Rights, and national courts. Featuring research on topics such as public transparency, medical research data, and automated decision making, this book is ideally designed for law practitioners, data scientists, policymakers, IT professionals, politicians, researchers, analysts, academicians, and students working in the areas of privacy, data protection, big data, information technology, and human rights law.

Handbook on European data protection law

Author : Council of Europe
Publisher : Council of Europe
ISBN 13 : 9287198497
Total Pages : 402 pages
Book Rating : 4.2/5 (871 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook on European data protection law by : Council of Europe

Download or read book Handbook on European data protection law written by Council of Europe and published by Council of Europe. This book was released on 2018-04-15 with total page 402 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The rapid development of information technology has exacerbated the need for robust personal data protection, the right to which is safeguarded by both European Union (EU) and Council of Europe (CoE) instruments. Safeguarding this important right entails new and significant challenges as technological advances expand the frontiers of areas such as surveillance, communication interception and data storage. This handbook is designed to familiarise legal practitioners not specialised in data protection with this emerging area of the law. It provides an overview of the EU’s and the CoE’s applicable legal frameworks. It also explains key case law, summarising major rulings of both the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights. In addition, it presents hypothetical scenarios that serve as practical illustrations of the diverse issues encountered in this ever-evolving field.

Reforming European Data Protection Law

Author : Serge Gutwirth
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9401793859
Total Pages : 406 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (17 download)

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Book Synopsis Reforming European Data Protection Law by : Serge Gutwirth

Download or read book Reforming European Data Protection Law written by Serge Gutwirth and published by Springer. This book was released on 2014-11-17 with total page 406 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book on privacy and data protection offers readers conceptual analysis as well as thoughtful discussion of issues, practices, and solutions. It features results of the seventh annual International Conference on Computers, Privacy, and Data Protection, CPDP 2014, held in Brussels January 2014. The book first examines profiling, a persistent core issue of data protection and privacy. It covers the emergence of profiling technologies, on-line behavioral tracking, and the impact of profiling on fundamental rights and values. Next, the book looks at preventing privacy risks and harms through impact assessments. It contains discussions on the tools and methodologies for impact assessments as well as case studies. The book then goes on to cover the purported trade-off between privacy and security, ways to support privacy and data protection, and the controversial right to be forgotten, which offers individuals a means to oppose the often persistent digital memory of the web. Written during the process of the fundamental revision of the current EU data protection law by the Data Protection Package proposed by the European Commission, this interdisciplinary book presents both daring and prospective approaches. It will serve as an insightful resource for readers with an interest in privacy and data protection.

The Emergence of Personal Data Protection as a Fundamental Right of the EU

Author : Gloria González Fuster
Publisher : Springer Science & Business
ISBN 13 : 3319050230
Total Pages : 274 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Emergence of Personal Data Protection as a Fundamental Right of the EU by : Gloria González Fuster

Download or read book The Emergence of Personal Data Protection as a Fundamental Right of the EU written by Gloria González Fuster and published by Springer Science & Business. This book was released on 2014-04-28 with total page 274 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the coming into being in European Union (EU) law of the fundamental right to personal data protection. Approaching legal evolution through the lens of law as text, it unearths the steps that led to the emergence of this new right. It throws light on the right’s significance, and reveals the intricacies of its relationship with privacy. The right to personal data protection is now officially recognised as an EU fundamental right. As such, it is expected to play a critical role in the future European personal data protection legal landscape, seemingly displacing the right to privacy. This volume is based on the premise that an accurate understanding of the right’s emergence is crucial to ensure its correct interpretation and development. Key questions addressed include: How did the new right surface in EU law? How could the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights claim to render ‘more visible’ an invisible right? And how did EU law allow for the creation of a new right while ensuring consistency with existing legal instruments and case law? The book first investigates the roots of personal data protection, studying the redefinition of privacy in the United States in the 1960s, as well as pioneering developments in European countries and in international organisations. It then analyses the EU’s involvement since the 1970s up to the introduction of legislative proposals in 2012. It grants particular attention to changes triggered in law by language and, specifically, by the coexistence of languages and legal systems that determine meaning in EU law. Embracing simultaneously EU law’s multilingualism and the challenging notion of the untranslatability of words, this work opens up an inspiring way of understanding legal change. This book will appeal to legal scholars, policy makers, legal practitioners, privacy and personal data protection activists, and philosophers of law, as well as, more generally, anyone interested in how law works.

EU Personal Data Protection in Policy and Practice

Author : Bart Custers
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9462652821
Total Pages : 249 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (626 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Personal Data Protection in Policy and Practice by : Bart Custers

Download or read book EU Personal Data Protection in Policy and Practice written by Bart Custers and published by Springer. This book was released on 2019-02-28 with total page 249 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this book, the protection of personal data is compared for eight EU member states,namely France, Germany, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Romania, Italy, Sweden andthe Netherlands. The comparison of the countries is focused on government policiesfor the protection of personal data, the applicable laws and regulations, implementationof those laws and regulations, and supervision and enforcement. Although the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) harmonizes the protectionof personal data across the EU as of May 2018, its open norms in combination withcultural differences between countries result in differences in the practical implementation,interpretation and enforcement of personal data protection. With its focus on data protection law in practice, this book provides indepth insightsinto how different countries deal with data protection issues. The knowledge and bestpractices from these countries provide highly relevant material for legal professionals,data protection officers, policymakers, data protection authorities and academicsacross Europe. Bart Custers is Associate Professor and Director of Research at the Center for Law andDigital Technologies of the Leiden Law School at Leiden University, the Netherlands.Alan M. Sears, Francien Dechesne, Ilina Georgieva and Tommaso Tani are all affiliated tothat same organization, of which Professor Simone van der Hof is the General Director.

EU Data Protection and the GDPR

Author : Daniel J. Solove
Publisher : Aspen Publishing
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 238 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (861 download)

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Book Synopsis EU Data Protection and the GDPR by : Daniel J. Solove

Download or read book EU Data Protection and the GDPR written by Daniel J. Solove and published by Aspen Publishing. This book was released on 2023-12-29 with total page 238 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Buy a new version of this textbook and receive access to the Connected eBook on Casebook Connect, including lifetime access to the online ebook with highlight, annotation, and search capabilities. Access also includes an outline tool and other helpful resources. Connected eBooks provide what you need most to be successful in your law school classes. A clear, comprehensive, and cutting-edge introduction to the field of information privacy law with a focus on EU Data Protection and the GDPR. The volume is perfect as a stand-alone text for a seminar and as supplement to a course on EU law. It contains the latest cases and materials exploring issues of emerging technology, information privacy, OECD privacy guidelines, privacy protection in Europe, international transfers of data, and selected provisions of the GDPR. New to the 2nd Edition: Tighter editing and shorter chapters Full text of the GDPR Schrems II and the Data Privacy Framework

The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law

Author : Orla Lynskey
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198718233
Total Pages : 337 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (987 download)

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Book Synopsis The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law by : Orla Lynskey

Download or read book The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law written by Orla Lynskey and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2015 with total page 337 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Nearly two decades after the EU first enacted data protection rules, key questions about the nature and scope of this EU policy, and the harms it seeks to prevent, remain unanswered. The inclusion of a Right to Data Protection in the EU Charter has increased the salience of these questions, which must be addressed in order to ensure the legitimacy, effectiveness and development of this Charter right and the EU data protection regime more generally. The Foundations of EU Data Protection Law is a timely and important work which sheds new light on this neglected area of law, challenging the widespread assumption that data protection is merely a subset of the right to privacy. By positioning EU data protection law within a comprehensive conceptual framework, it argues that data protection has evolved from a regulatory instrument into a fundamental right in the EU legal order and that this right grants individuals more control over more forms of data than the right to privacy. It suggests that this dimension of the right to data protection should be explicitly recognized, while identifying the practical and conceptual limits of individual control over personal data. At a time when EU data protection law is sitting firmly in the international spotlight, this book offers academics, policy-makers, and practitioners a coherent vision for the future of this key policy and fundamental right in the EU legal order, and how best to realize it.

The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Author : Paul Voigt
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319579592
Total Pages : 383 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (195 download)

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Book Synopsis The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) by : Paul Voigt

Download or read book The EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) written by Paul Voigt and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-08-07 with total page 383 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides expert advice on the practical implementation of the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and systematically analyses its various provisions. Examples, tables, a checklist etc. showcase the practical consequences of the new legislation. The handbook examines the GDPR’s scope of application, the organizational and material requirements for data protection, the rights of data subjects, the role of the Supervisory Authorities, enforcement and fines under the GDPR, and national particularities. In addition, it supplies a brief outlook on the legal consequences for seminal data processing areas, such as Cloud Computing, Big Data and the Internet of Things.Adopted in 2016, the General Data Protection Regulation will come into force in May 2018. It provides for numerous new and intensified data protection obligations, as well as a significant increase in fines (up to 20 million euros). As a result, not only companies located within the European Union will have to change their approach to data security; due to the GDPR’s broad, transnational scope of application, it will affect numerous companies worldwide.

The Transfer of Personal Data from the European Union to the United Kingdom post-Brexit

Author : Leonie Wittershagen
Publisher : Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG
ISBN 13 : 3110988259
Total Pages : 390 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (19 download)

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Book Synopsis The Transfer of Personal Data from the European Union to the United Kingdom post-Brexit by : Leonie Wittershagen

Download or read book The Transfer of Personal Data from the European Union to the United Kingdom post-Brexit written by Leonie Wittershagen and published by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. This book was released on 2022-12-05 with total page 390 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The transfer of personal data to the UK raises a multitude of data protection law issues and opens up the view of the key challenges of global data exchange. The study contains an overall view of the regulations on third country transfers under the GDPR and the current state of regulation in the UK. It provides an assessment as to whether and to what extent the UK provides an adequate level of protection within the meaning of the GDPR for personal data transferred from the EU and whether the EU Commission's adequacy decision under the GDPR is compliant with the CJEU’s relevant case law. The examination of the UK’s data protection law as well as the regulations of the Investigatory Power Act and the extensive onward transfer practice to the USA form a main focus of the study. The alternative data transfer mechanisms and bases (Articles 46, 47 and 49 GDPR) are (also) examined with regard to their practicability for companies. The study also looks at relevant emerging developments and the wider context of the third country regimes of the EU’s data protection regime.

Emerging Challenges in Privacy Law

Author : Normann Witzleb
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107041678
Total Pages : 469 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Emerging Challenges in Privacy Law by : Normann Witzleb

Download or read book Emerging Challenges in Privacy Law written by Normann Witzleb and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2014-04-17 with total page 469 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Prominent privacy law experts, regulators and academics examine contemporary legal approaches to privacy from a comparative perspective.

Data Protection and Privacy Under Pressure

Author : Gert Vermeulen
Publisher : Maklu
ISBN 13 : 9046609103
Total Pages : 343 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (466 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection and Privacy Under Pressure by : Gert Vermeulen

Download or read book Data Protection and Privacy Under Pressure written by Gert Vermeulen and published by Maklu. This book was released on 2017-12-04 with total page 343 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the Snowden revelations, the adoption in May 2016 of the General Data Protection Regulation and several ground-breaking judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union, data protection and privacy are high on the agenda of policymakers, industries and the legal research community. Against this backdrop, Data Protection and Privacy under Pressure sheds light on key developments where individuals’ rights to data protection and privacy are at stake. The book discusses the persistent transatlantic tensions around various EU-US data transfer mechanisms and EU jurisdiction claims over non-EU-based companies, both sparked by milestone court cases. Additionally, it scrutinises the expanding control or surveillance mechanisms and interconnection of databases in the areas of migration control, internal security and law enforcement, and oversight thereon. Finally, it explores current and future legal challenges related to big data and automated decision-making in the contexts of policing, pharmaceutics and advertising.

Data Protection and Digital Sovereignty Post-Brexit

Author : Edoardo Celeste
Publisher : Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN 13 : 1509966501
Total Pages : 239 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (99 download)

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Book Synopsis Data Protection and Digital Sovereignty Post-Brexit by : Edoardo Celeste

Download or read book Data Protection and Digital Sovereignty Post-Brexit written by Edoardo Celeste and published by Bloomsbury Publishing. This book was released on 2023-09-07 with total page 239 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: One of the promises of Brexit was to allow the UK to regain its legislative sovereignty from the EU. However, after Brexit, UK data protection law must remain in line with EU standards in order not to lose the adequacy status that allows personal data to be transferred from the EU. This circumstance generates tensions between the EU, which is committed to preserving its digital sovereignty by ensuring an adequate protection of personal data even beyond its borders, and the UK's ambition to become a champion of the digital economy by adopting an innovative and pro-business legislation in the digital field. The book analyses the latest legal and policy developments in this context, focusing on data protection but also exploring its intersection with other related regulatory areas, such as artificial intelligence and online safety. Renowned international experts contextualise current regulatory trends and policy proposals to understand whether a new UK model in the field of digital regulation is emerging and to what extent this will exacerbate existing tensions between the UK and the EU. The book includes an accessible and detailed analysis of the major judicial decisions, laws, and current bills offering an invaluable guide to academics, practitioners, and policymakers navigating the complex issues of cross-border data protection post-Brexit.

Sensitive Data Protection in the European Union

Author : Anne Cammilleri-Subrenat
Publisher : Emile Bruylant
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 260 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Sensitive Data Protection in the European Union by : Anne Cammilleri-Subrenat

Download or read book Sensitive Data Protection in the European Union written by Anne Cammilleri-Subrenat and published by Emile Bruylant. This book was released on 2007 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Recoge: Part I: Delicate qualification of sensitive data by European and international organisations - Part II: The European processing of sensitive data - General conclusion.

The Latest EU Data Privacy Regulations

Author : Uarda Milla
Publisher : GRIN Verlag
ISBN 13 : 3346956083
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (469 download)

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Book Synopsis The Latest EU Data Privacy Regulations by : Uarda Milla

Download or read book The Latest EU Data Privacy Regulations written by Uarda Milla and published by GRIN Verlag. This book was released on 2023-10-18 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Seminar paper from the year 2023 in the subject Politics - Topic: European Union, grade: 1,0, University of Dusseldorf "Heinrich Heine", language: English, abstract: The digital age has revolutionized our lives, offering convenient access to information and services. However, this convenience comes at the cost of data privacy. With a vast majority of the EU population using the internet in 2021, personal data exchange is rampant. Surprisingly, despite privacy being a human right, only 39% of internet users read data protection policies before sharing their personal information. To safeguard personal identities, the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) was introduced. While it empowers consumers, it also impacts businesses, especially in terms of competition. This literature analysis delves into the GDPR's effects on companies. The GDPR sets essential principles, making it applicable to all firms processing EU citizens' data. Compliance involves various measures, contingent on data processing volume and method. The GDPR grants consumers rights, including being informed, access, being forgotten, objection, and data portability. These rights offer benefits to companies, fostering trust and enhancing their competitive edge. Companies complying with GDPR have gained more customers and partners, bolstering their market position. Nevertheless, many companies view GDPR negatively, fearing legal uncertainties and curtailment of business activities, particularly affecting innovative, digital firms. GDPR may weaken the competitive position compared to non-GDPR competitors, as it increases costs and causes the loss of some collaboration partners. In conclusion, this analysis demonstrates that the GDPR has had an adverse effect on companies, particularly concerning their competitive position. It suggests implementing the GDPR as a uniform standard framework to ensure fair competition among companies, addressing the law's uneven impact. This work contributes to the understanding of the GDPR's impact on businesses, highlighting the need for more research in this area, which currently tends to be consumer-centric.