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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Pah And Soot Formation In Premixed Laminar N Heptane Flames
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Book Synopsis Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Soot Formation in Premixed, Laminar N-heptane Flames by : Fikret Inal
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) and Soot Formation in Premixed, Laminar N-heptane Flames written by Fikret Inal and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 248 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Soot Formation in Premixed Flames by : Tyler Reed Melton
Download or read book Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) and Soot Formation in Premixed Flames written by Tyler Reed Melton and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 384 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis The Formation of Aromatics and PAH's in Laminar Flames by :
Download or read book The Formation of Aromatics and PAH's in Laminar Flames written by and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation of aromatics and PAH's is an important problem in combustion. These compounds are believed to contribute to the formation of soot whose emission from diesel engines is regulated widely throughout the industrial world. Additionally, the United States Environmental Protection Agency regulates the emission of many aromatics and PAH species from stationary industrial burners, under the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments. The above emission regulations have created much interest in understanding how these species are formed in combustion systems. Much previous work has been done on aromatics and PAH's. The work is too extensive to review here, but is reviewed in Reference 1. A few recent developments are highlighted here. McEnally, Pfefferle and coworkers have studied aromatic, PAH and soot formation in a variety of non-premixed flames with hydrocarbon additives [2-4]. They found additives that contain a C5 ring increase the concentration of aromatics and soot [4]. Howard and coworkers have studied the formation of aromatic and PAH's in low pressure, premixed, laminar hydrocarbon flames. They found the cyclopentadienyl radical to be a key species in naphthalene formation in a fuel-rich, benzene/Ar/O2 flame [5].
Book Synopsis Soot and Pah Formation in Counterflow Non-premixed Flames: Atmospheric Butane and Butanol Isomers, and Elevated-pressure Ethylene by : Pradeep K Singh
Download or read book Soot and Pah Formation in Counterflow Non-premixed Flames: Atmospheric Butane and Butanol Isomers, and Elevated-pressure Ethylene written by Pradeep K Singh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to the complexity of the fluid dynamics and non-linear reactions in the combustion zone, a simplified approach to study this process is required. Given these complexities, it is practically very challenging to take measurements in very high temperature and pressure zones in practical combustion systems, and if by any means those measurements can be made, it is equally challenging to analyze those measurements. Hence, in order to more comprehensively understand these processes, the problem needs to be resolved into the smaller and controllable sub-category of experiments, by creating laminar flamelets. One approach used in creating these flamelets is by establishing simplified non-premixed flames in the counterflow configuration. Alongwith all the fundamental properties of combustion, it is important to study the health hazard and environmentally detrimental emissions, such as soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Such combustion studies need to be carried out using the non-intrusive in-situ optical diagnostics measurement techniques, such as the Laser Induced Incandescence (LII), Planar Laser Induced Fluorescence (PLIF) and Light Extinction (LE). These measurements for renewable biofuels aid in better understanding of the soot formation process, as well as in developing the fuel specific knowledge to bring them into commercial use. Furthermore since the most practical combustion systems operate at elevated pressures, it is also important to understand the soot formation process under elevated pressure conditions. Considering these, in the current study, the soot and PAH formation processes for butane and butanol isomers (C4 fuels) at atmospheric pressure; and for ethylene at elevated pressure have been experimentally investigated and compared in a counterflow non-premixed flame configuration. Under the investigated conditions, butane isomers were observed to form more soot than butanol isomers, thereby showing the effect of the hydroxyl group. The effects of isomeric structural differences on sooting propensity were also observed within the butane and butanol isomers. In addition, while soot volume fraction was seen to increase with increasing fuel mole fraction, the ranking of sooting propensity for these C4 fuels remained unchanged. For the conditions studied, the sooting tendency ranking generally follows n-butane > iso-butane > tert-butanol > n-butanol > iso-butanol > sec-butanol. . The counterflow non-premixed flames were also simulated using the gas-phase chemical kinetic models, USC Mech II [1], Sarathy et al. [2] and Merchant et al. [3] available in the literature to compute the spatially-resolved profiles of soot precursors, including acetylene and propargyl. For these C4 fuels, the PAHs of various aromatic ring size groups (2, 3, 4, and larger aromatic rings) have been characterized and compared in non-premixed combustion configuration. In particular, the formation and growth of the PAHs of different aromatic ring sizes in these counterflow flames was examined by tracking the PAH-PLIF signals at various detection wavelengths. PAH-PLIF experiments were conducted, by blending each of the branched-chain isomers with the baseline straight-chain isomer, in order to study the synergistic effects. The fuel structure effects on the PAH formation and growth processes were also analyzed by comparing the PAH growth pathways for these C4 fuels. A chemical kinetic model, POLIMI mechanism [4-7], available in the literature that includes both the fuel oxidation and the PAH chemistry was also used to simulate and compare the PAH species up to A4 rings. Counterflow non-premixed sooting ethylene‒air flames with fuel mole fractions of 0.20‒0.40 in the pressure range of 1‒6 atm were investigated experimentally with the laser diagnostic techniques of LII, PLIF and LE. A better understating of the quantitative soot formation process has been developed for ethylene counterflow flames under elevated pressure conditions. The effect of pressure on the formation of PAHs with different aromatic ring sizes has also been determined qualitatively. With increase in pressure, the increase in soot volume fraction and PAH-PLIF signals were observed. A chemical kinetic model available in the literature, that includes both the fuel oxidation and the PAH chemistry, was also used to simulate and compare the PAH species up to A4 rings. At the incipient stage of the PAH formation, the simulated results exhibited similar behavior to the experimental observations. A chemical kinetic model, WF-PAH mechanism [8], available in the literature was also used to compute the PAHs up to four aromatic rings. This chemical kinetic model predicted enhancing PAHs formation with an increase in pressure, consistent with the experimental trend.
Book Synopsis Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Laminar, Premixed, Flat, Atmospheric Flames by : Marco J. Castaldi
Download or read book Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Laminar, Premixed, Flat, Atmospheric Flames written by Marco J. Castaldi and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page 382 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soot Formation in Combustion by : Henning Bockhorn
Download or read book Soot Formation in Combustion written by Henning Bockhorn and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-03-08 with total page 595 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Soot Formation in Combustion represents an up-to-date overview. The contributions trace back to the 1991 Heidelberg symposium entitled "Mechanism and Models of Soot Formation" and have all been reedited by Prof. Bockhorn in close contact with the original authors. The book gives an easy introduction to the field for newcomers, and provides detailed treatments for the specialists. The following list of contents illustrates the topics under review:
Book Synopsis Soot Formation in Non-premixed Laminar Flames at Subcritical and Supercritical Pressures by : Hyun Il Joo
Download or read book Soot Formation in Non-premixed Laminar Flames at Subcritical and Supercritical Pressures written by Hyun Il Joo and published by . This book was released on 2010 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An experimental study was conducted using axisymmetric co-flow laminar diffusion flames of methane-air, methane-oxygen and ethylene-air to examine the effect of pressure on soot formation and the structure of the temperature field. A liquid fuel burner was designed and built to observe the sooting behavior of methanol-air and n-heptane-air laminar diffusion flames at elevated pressures up to 50 atm. A non-intrusive, line-of-sight spectral soot emission (SSE) diagnostic technique was used to determine the temperature and the soot volume fraction of methane-air flames up to 60 atm, methane-oxygen flames up to 90 atm and ethylene-air flames up to 35 atm. The physical flame structure of the methane-air and methane-oxygen diffusion flames were characterized over the pressure range of 10 to 100 atm and up to 35 atm for ethylene-air flames. The flame height, marked by the visible soot radiation emission, remained relatively constant for methane-air and ethylene-air flames over their respected pressure ranges, while the visible flame height for the methane-oxygen flames was reduced by over 50 % between 10 and 100 atm. During methane-air experiments, observations of anomalous occurrence of liquid material formation at 60 atm and above were recorded. The maximum conversion of the carbon in the fuel to soot exhibited a strong power-law dependence on pressure. At pressures 10 to 30 atm, the pressure exponent is approximately 0.73 for methane-air flames. At higher pressures, between 30 and 60 atm, the pressure exponent is approximately 0.33. The maximum fuel carbon conversion to soot is 12.6 % at 60 atm. For methane-oxygen flames, the pressure exponent is approximately 1.2 for pressures between 10 and 40 atm. At pressures between 50 and 70 atm, the pressure exponent is about -3.8 and approximately -12 for 70 to 90 atm. The maximum fuel carbon conversion to soot is 2 % at 40 atm. For ethylene-air flames, the pressure exponent is approximately 1.4 between 10 and 30 atm. The maximum carbon conversion to soot is approximately 6.5 % at 30 atm and remained constant at higher pressures.
Book Synopsis Aromatics Oxidation and Soot Formation in Flames by :
Download or read book Aromatics Oxidation and Soot Formation in Flames written by and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This project is concerned with the kinetics and mechanisms of aromatics oxidation and the growth process to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of increasing size, soot and fullerenes formation in flames. The overall objective of the experimental aromatics oxidation work is to extend the set of available data by measuring concentration profiles for decomposition intermediates such as phenyl, cyclopentadienyl, phenoxy or indenyl radicals which could not be measured with molecular-beam mass spectrometry to permit further refinement and testing of benzene oxidation mechanisms. The focus includes PAH radicals which are thought to play a major role in the soot formation process while their concentrations are in many cases too low to permit measurement with conventional mass spectrometry. The radical species measurements are used in critical testing and improvement of a kinetic model describing benzene oxidation and PAH growth. Thermodynamic property data of selected species are determined computationally, for instance using density functional theory (DFT). Potential energy surfaces are explored in order to identify additional reaction pathways. The ultimate goal is to understand the conversion of high molecular weight compounds to nascent soot particles, to assess the roles of planar and curved PAH and relationships between soot and fullerenes formation. The specific aims are to characterize both the high molecular weight compounds involved in the nucleation of soot particles and the structure of soot including internal nanoscale features indicative of contributions of planar and/or curved PAH to particle inception.
Book Synopsis Hydrodynamic Effects on Soot Formation in Laminar Hydrocarbon-fueled Diffusion Flames by : Guozheng Lin
Download or read book Hydrodynamic Effects on Soot Formation in Laminar Hydrocarbon-fueled Diffusion Flames written by Guozheng Lin and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 568 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Soot Growth in Laminar Premixed Flames by : Fang Xu
Download or read book Soot Growth in Laminar Premixed Flames written by Fang Xu and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 364 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Benzene Derivatives—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition by :
Download or read book Benzene Derivatives—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition written by and published by ScholarlyEditions. This book was released on 2012-12-26 with total page 246 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Benzene Derivatives—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition is a ScholarlyEditions™ eBook that delivers timely, authoritative, and comprehensive information about Benzene Derivatives. The editors have built Benzene Derivatives—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition on the vast information databases of ScholarlyNews.™ You can expect the information about Benzene Derivatives in this eBook to be deeper than what you can access anywhere else, as well as consistently reliable, authoritative, informed, and relevant. The content of Benzene Derivatives—Advances in Research and Application: 2012 Edition has been produced by the world’s leading scientists, engineers, analysts, research institutions, and companies. All of the content is from peer-reviewed sources, and all of it is written, assembled, and edited by the editors at ScholarlyEditions™ and available exclusively from us. You now have a source you can cite with authority, confidence, and credibility. More information is available at http://www.ScholarlyEditions.com/.
Book Synopsis Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Aromatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in a Premixed Ethylene Flame by :
Download or read book Experimental and Modeling Investigation of Aromatic and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation in a Premixed Ethylene Flame written by and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 30 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Experimental and detailed chemical kinetic modeling has been performed to investigate aromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbon formation pathways in a rich, sooting, ethylene-oxygen-argon premixed flame. An atmospheric pressure, laminar flat flame operated at an equivalence ratio of 2.5 was used to acquire experimental data for model validation. Gas composition analysis was conducted by an on-line gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) technique. Measurements were made in the flame and post-flame zone for a number of low molecular weight species, aliphatics, aromatics and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ranging from two to five-aromatic fused rings. The modeling results show the key reaction sequences leading to aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon growth involve the combination of resonantly stabilized radicals. In particular, propargyl and 1-methylallenyl combination reactions lead to benzene and methyl substituted benzene formation, while polycyclic aromatics are formed from cyclopentadienyl radicals and fused rings that have a shared C5 side structure. Naphthalene production through the reaction step of cyclopentadienyl self-combination and phenanthrene formation from indenyl and cyclopentadienyl combination were shown to be important in the flame modeling study. The removal of phenyl by O2 leading to cyclopentadienyl formation is expected to play a pivotal role in the PAH or soot precursor growth process under fuel-rich oxidation conditions.
Book Synopsis Transport Phenomena in Fires by : Mohammad Faghri
Download or read book Transport Phenomena in Fires written by Mohammad Faghri and published by WIT Press. This book was released on 2008 with total page 497 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Controlled fires are beneficial for the generation of heat and power while uncontrolled fires, like fire incidents and wildfires, are detrimental and can cause enormous material damage and human suffering. This edited book presents the state-of-the-art of modeling and numerical simulation of the important transport phenomena in fires. It describes how computational procedures can be used in analysis and design of fire protection and fire safety. Computational fluid dynamics, turbulence modeling, combustion, soot formation, thermal radiation modeling are demonstrated and applied to pool fires, flame spread, wildfires, fires in buildings and other examples.
Book Synopsis Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion by : Ashoke De
Download or read book Sustainable Development for Energy, Power, and Propulsion written by Ashoke De and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-09-03 with total page 586 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book comprises state-of-the-art advances in energy, combustion, power, propulsion, environment, focusing on the production and utilization of fossil fuels, alternative fuels and biofuels. It is written by internationally renowned experts who provide the latest fundamental and applied research innovations on cleaner energy production as well as utilization for a wide range of devices extending from micro scale energy conversion to hypersonic propulsion using hydrocarbon fuels. The tailored technical tracks and contributions are portrayed in the respective field to highlight different but complementary views on fuels, combustion, power and propulsion and air toxins with special focus on current and future R&D needs and activities. This book will serve as a useful reference for practicing engineers, research engineers and managers in industry and research labs, academic institutions, graduate students, and final year undergraduate students in mechanical, chemical, aerospace, energy, and environmental engineering.
Book Synopsis Applied Combustion Diagnostics by : KoHse-HoingHaus
Download or read book Applied Combustion Diagnostics written by KoHse-HoingHaus and published by Taylor & Francis US. This book was released on 2002-04-26 with total page 748 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The editors have assembled a world-class group of contributors who address the questions the combustion diagnostic community faces. They are chemists who identify the species to be measured and the interfering substances that may be present; physicists, who push the limits of laser spectroscopy and laser devices and who conceive suitable measurement schemes; and engineers, who know combustion systems and processes. This book assists in providing guidance for the planning of combustion experiments, in judging research strategies and in conceiving new ideas for combustion research. It provides a snapshot of the available diagnostic methods and thier typical applications from the perspective of leading experts in the field.
Book Synopsis Impact of Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Additives on Soot and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by : Rajiv Kondaveeti
Download or read book Impact of Halogenated Aliphatic and Aromatic Additives on Soot and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons written by Rajiv Kondaveeti and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 139 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of aliphatic and aromatic halogenated additives on soot and PAH formation (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) using a laminar co-flow ethylene-air diffusion flame. Both aliphatic surrogates (bromobutane, chlorobutane and bromo/chlorobutane mix) and aromatic surrogates (benzene, bromobenzene, chlorobenzene and bromo/chlorobenzene mix) were added to the base fuel for investigation. The soot particles were collected on quartz filters and their mass was determined using a Leco carbon burn-off method. The gaseous effluents were collected in an Amberlite XAD-2 sorbent trap and extracted using the Soxhlet technique. Gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify and quantify the extracted gaseous effluents. Significant amounts of enols were detected along with PAHs, indicating that enols are also important intermediate species in hydrocarbon combustion. The results showed that all the halogenated additives reduced the temperature of the sampling system, indicating flame suppression properties. All the additives gave increased soot yields when compared to the baseline experiment. The brominated fuel additives displayed a higher propensity to soot than the corresponding chlorinated fuel additives. The aromatic additives showed a greater tendency to soot than their aliphatic counterparts. All the additives increased the total PAH and enol yields, with benzene yielding the highest. The halogenated form of benzene decreased the total PAH and enol yields when compared to benzene, suggesting that halogens accelerate the conversion of PAHs to soot. The effect of bromine in increasing the total PAH and enol yields is more than that of chlorine.
Book Synopsis Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Soot Particle Formation in Laminar Premixed Hydrocarbon Flames by : Hai Wang
Download or read book Detailed Kinetic Modeling of Soot Particle Formation in Laminar Premixed Hydrocarbon Flames written by Hai Wang and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 540 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The formation and growth of incipient soot particles in laminar premixed hydrocarbon flames has been studied theoretically.
