Politics Technology And Bureaucracy In South Asia

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Politics and Administration in South Asia

Author : Muhammad Sayadur Rahman
Publisher : Nova Science Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781536122978
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (229 download)

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Book Synopsis Politics and Administration in South Asia by : Muhammad Sayadur Rahman

Download or read book Politics and Administration in South Asia written by Muhammad Sayadur Rahman and published by Nova Science Publishers. This book was released on 2017 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bureaucracy is an integral part of modern democratic polity. The modern democratic states are built upon the bureaucratic structure that undergrid these states, although there is a vast difference in bureaucratic traditions and cultures in between developed and developing democratic and democratizing societies. As a developing region, South Asia has a longstanding tradition of bureaucratic organization. The traditional bureaucracies were patrimonial in nature, where loyalty was valued more than professionalism. However, the replacement of the concept of modern rational-legal bureaucracy in traditional societies like South Asia was initiated by the colonial master rulers or imperial powers following the conceptualization of modern bureaucracy by Max Weber. Their (colonial rulers) intention was to establish a steel frame of administration in South Asia so that their hegemony remains intact even after the breakdown of colonial hegemony. Studies of democratic politics in India, the military dominated authoritarian state of Pakistan and the newly democratic state of Bangladesh have addressed this heavily in the literature of politics and administration, but far less explained the process of governance, particularly explaining the politicization of the bureaucracy in South Asia. The role of bureaucracy in governance is not a new phenomenon in the discourse of politics and administration. Irrespective of the regions and the systems of government, professional mandarins or bureaucracies (rational-legal, neutral and merit-based) are exceedingly involved in the process of governance and development, and immensely contribute to the development by serving as advisers, inventors, and decision-makers along with the elected politicians as the agent of change. Thus, a study has been carried out on the politics-bureaucracy relationship and the role of bureaucracy in governance. Yet, academics are interested to understand the nature of the relationship between politics and bureaucracy, their transition, and their mutual interaction in politics from different perspectives and academic point of view with intellectual inquiry. This monograph is with the South Asian bureaucracy, focusing on the light of politicization.

Government of Paper

Author : Matthew S. Hull
Publisher : Univ of California Press
ISBN 13 : 0520272145
Total Pages : 316 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (22 download)

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Book Synopsis Government of Paper by : Matthew S. Hull

Download or read book Government of Paper written by Matthew S. Hull and published by Univ of California Press. This book was released on 2012-06-05 with total page 316 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “Drawing inspiration from actor-network theory, science studies, and semiotics, this brilliant book makes us completely rethink the workings of bureaucracy as analyzed by Max Weber and James Scott. Matthew Hull demonstrates convincingly how the materiality of signs truly matters for understanding the projects of ‘the state.’” - Katherine Verdery, author of What was Socialism, and What Comes Next? “We are used to studies of roads and rails as central material infrastructure for the making of modern states. But what of records, the reams and reams of paper that inscribe the state-in-making? This brilliant book inquires into the materiality of information in colonial and postcolonial Pakistan. This is a work of signal importance for our understanding of the everyday graphic artifacts of authority.” - Bill Maurer, author of Mutual Life, Limited: Islamic Banking, Alternative Currencies, Lateral Reason "This is an excellent and truly exceptional ethnography. Hull presents a theoretically sophisticated and empirically rich reading that will be an invaluable resource to scholars in the field of Anthropology and South Asian studies. The author’s focus on bureaucracy, “corruption," writing systems and urban studies (Islamabad) in a post-colonial context makes for a unique ethnographic engagement with contemporary Pakistan. In addition, Hull’s study is a refreshing voice that breaks the mold of current representation of Pakistan through the security studies paradigm." - Kamran Asdar Ali, Director, South Asia Institute, University of Texas

Patching Development

Author : Rajesh Veeraraghavan
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0197567819
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (975 download)

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Book Synopsis Patching Development by : Rajesh Veeraraghavan

Download or read book Patching Development written by Rajesh Veeraraghavan and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2021-12-16 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Diving into an original and unusually positive case study from India, Patching Development shows how development programs can be designed to work. How can development programs deliver benefits to marginalized citizens in ways that expand their rights and freedoms? Political will and good policy design are critical but often insufficient due to resistance from entrenched local power systems. In Patching Development, Rajesh Veeraraghavan presents an ethnography of one of the largest development programs in the world, the Indian National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), and examines NREGA's implementation in the South Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. He finds that the local system of power is extremely difficult to transform, not because of inertia, but because of coercive counter strategy from actors at the last mile and their ability to exploit information asymmetries. Upper-level NREGA bureaucrats in Andhra Pradesh do not possess the capacity to change the power axis through direct confrontation with local elites, but instead have relied on a continuous series of responses that react to local implementation and information, a process of patching development. Patching development is a top-down, fine-grained, iterative socio-technical process that makes local information about implementation visible through technology and enlists participation from marginalized citizens through social audits. These processes are neither neat nor orderly and have led to a contentious sphere where the exercise of power over documents, institutions and technology is intricate, fluid and highly situated. A highly original account with global significance, this book casts new light on the challenges and benefits of using information and technology in novel ways to implement development programs.

New Directions in Quantitative Comparative Sociology

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 900447336X
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis New Directions in Quantitative Comparative Sociology by :

Download or read book New Directions in Quantitative Comparative Sociology written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-10-18 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The comparative method is at the core of sociological inquiry and gained new importance, emphasis and practitioners particularly after the second world war as a consequence of a large variety of international and global scale developments. The contributions to this book regard nations or countries as contextual units of analysis and treat them as variables. Theoretical explanations are presented of how social phenomena are systematically related to characteristics of the nation states and these explanations are tested empirically using the qualitative tools of mainstream sociology. The chapters in this book can be useful to a broad audience and a range of social scientists who are interested in the understanding of contemporary social phenomena that are no longer limited to national borders but that are transnational or of a global order. Contributors are Toril Aalberg, Wil Arts, Carole B. Burgoyne, Loek Halman, Piet Hermkens, Guillermina Jasso, Mebs Kanji, James R. Kluegel, Ola Listhaug, David S. Mason, Petr Matěju, Neil Nevitte, Thorleif Pettersson, David A. Routh, Svetlana Sidorenko-Stephenson, Johan Verweij, Bernd Wegener, and Peter Van Wijck.

Public Administration in South Asia

Author : Meghna Sabharwal
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1439869138
Total Pages : 513 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (398 download)

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Book Synopsis Public Administration in South Asia by : Meghna Sabharwal

Download or read book Public Administration in South Asia written by Meghna Sabharwal and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2016-04-19 with total page 513 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A state-of-the-art, one-stop resource, Public Administration in South Asia: India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan examines public administration issues and advances in the Indian subcontinent. The book fulfills a critical need. These nations have the largest public administration programs in South Asia, yet existing knowledge on them is fragmented at best. Bringing together leading scholars from these countries, this book provides both an insider perspective and a scholarly look at the challenges and accomplishments in the region. Focusing on the machinery of government, the book explores questions such as: What is the history of public administration development? How are major decisions made in the agencies? Why are anti-corruption efforts so much a challenge? What is the significance of intergovernmental relations? What is the success of administrative reform? What are examples of successful social development programs? How successful is e-government, and what are its challenges? Why is civil service reform difficult to achieve? How is freedom of information being used as a means to combat corruption and invoke grassroots activism? What can be learned from the successes and failures? While public administration practice and education have become considerably professionalized in the last decade, a sufficiently in-depth and well-rounded reference on public administration in these countries is sorely lacking. Most available books tackle only aspects of public administration such as administrative reforms, civil service, economic developments, or public policy, and are country specific. None provide the in-depth analysis of the sphere of public action in South Asia found in this book. It supplies an understanding of how public administration can be either the source of, or solution to, so many of the problems and achievements in the Indian subcontinent.

Afghanistan, Iraq, and Post-conflict Governance: Damoclean Democracy?

Author : Imtiaz Hussain
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 900418435X
Total Pages : 328 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (41 download)

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Book Synopsis Afghanistan, Iraq, and Post-conflict Governance: Damoclean Democracy? by : Imtiaz Hussain

Download or read book Afghanistan, Iraq, and Post-conflict Governance: Damoclean Democracy? written by Imtiaz Hussain and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2010-01-11 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Much has been written about democratizing Afghanistan and Iraq, yet a clear-cut, theoretically-enriching, and empirically thick comparative analysis remains overdue for societies as divided as these two. To partly fill in the vacuum, this book utilizes various theories and stages of international negotiations(which catalyzed democratization in both cases) in interpreting both cases, while also distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous democratization forces. How electoral democracy came about in both cases is traced from the negotiating table through at least 4 stages and 6 chapters. The study finds democratization being more stable when left on its own momentum (as in Afghanistan) than when conflict-driven (as in Iraq). Though full-fledged democracy does not appear inevitable in either case, the study's insightful exploration of its interface in Islamic communities and as a Bush Doctrine component alerts us to fasten our seat belts before elections beckon again.

Values and Attitudes Across Nations and Times

Author : Masamichi S. Sasaki
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004112193
Total Pages : 182 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Values and Attitudes Across Nations and Times by : Masamichi S. Sasaki

Download or read book Values and Attitudes Across Nations and Times written by Masamichi S. Sasaki and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1998 with total page 182 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The pursuit of knowledge is of necessity both a comparative and an interdisciplinary enterprise. The authors of this volume, drawn from divers areas of social studies, present a unique position on the continuum of comparative science from the pursuit of qualitative to quantitative knowledge. Taking values and attitudes separately, and in combination, and comparing them across nations and time, the works contained in this study identify a matrix of nine possible themes. And while no single article addresses all nine of the themes, taken as a whole they have covered all of them and even suggested new and interesting avenues for further research. In developing their thoughts on cross-national and cross-cultural comparisons, the comparative scientific continuum has come full circle in the contributions of the authors presented here.

Sociology and Ideology

Author : Eliezer Ben Rafael
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004131040
Total Pages : 164 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Sociology and Ideology by : Eliezer Ben Rafael

Download or read book Sociology and Ideology written by Eliezer Ben Rafael and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2003-01-01 with total page 164 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Annotation Representing different views on the role of ideology in sociological pursuits, and on the sociological study of ideology, these seven essays consider the relationship between ideology and relativism, modernity, economic globalization, linguistic pluralism, critical reflexivity, and identity. The authors examine sociological practice as it has varied over time and as it is employed in different geographical locations, contrasting sociological work with that of other social sciences. Annotation 2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com).

Civil–Military Relationships in Developing Countries

Author : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739182811
Total Pages : 196 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Civil–Military Relationships in Developing Countries by : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi

Download or read book Civil–Military Relationships in Developing Countries written by Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2013-12-16 with total page 196 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines two sides of civil–military relations in developing countries. One is the place of civil-military relations within a state’s political and economic systems; the other is the role of the military on a state’s maintenance of peace and stability. The book thus proposes that the function of soldiers is not only to defend and deter, but also to develop. The chapters provide a comprehensive analysis of civil-military relationship with comparative cases on Botswana, China, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, India, Indonesia, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, and The Arab Spring Countries of the Middle East including Bahrain, Sudan, Iraq, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Tunisia, Yemen and Libya. Each chapter analyzes the historical, cultural and political factors that shape the direction of the man on the white horse (military elite) and the politician. In doing so, this book reveals the potential impact of the nature of civil military relations on democratization, political and economic development, and on regional/international security. Dhirendra Vajpeyi and Glen Segell discuss and critique the current models and literature on civil-military relations. The innovative framework and careful choice of case studies, presented in a jargon-free, accessible style, makes this book attractive to scholars and students of civil military relations and development studies, as well as policymakers.

Civil Service Management and Administrative Systems in South Asia

Author : Ishtiaq Jamil
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319901915
Total Pages : 339 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (199 download)

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Book Synopsis Civil Service Management and Administrative Systems in South Asia by : Ishtiaq Jamil

Download or read book Civil Service Management and Administrative Systems in South Asia written by Ishtiaq Jamil and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 339 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines public administration in South Asia in the context of rapid changes and modernization of administrative traditions, thoughts, and practices. The existing literature has, however, not given adequate attention to these developments, at least in a single volume. The book describes both the shared administrative traditions of Bhutan, Bangladesh, China, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, and how far they have adapted their administrative systems to respond to contemporary administrative and governance challenges. The book studies how national civil service reforms have been carried out in each member state of South Asia and how the national civil service acts and different regulations are being implemented, as well as what are the critical factors associated with the implementation of national civil service acts and reform measures in the region.

Modernizing China

Author : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9789004100466
Total Pages : 142 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Modernizing China by : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi

Download or read book Modernizing China written by Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi and published by BRILL. This book was released on 1994 with total page 142 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The complexities and richness of the Chinese civilization, and political system have been a constant source of fascination to scholars and policymakers alike. While its present political structure was established in 1949, China remained isolated and practically out of reach for most of the international community. In its quest for self reliance and "self strengthening," China went from one movement to another, exhausting its resources and people. In 1976, however, a more pragmatic Deng Xiaoping launched the "Four Modernizations" to transform the Chinese economy and improve the quality of life of its people. The present collection of ten essays on Modernizing China discusses crucial issues on: China's economic policies, State-Church relationship, environmental problems, Four Modernizations, role of new economic zones, China's perception of external threat, role of intellectuals, the statue of art policy, and the rights of women in the society. Essays here examine these changes. Will these changes lead to less political repression and the emergence of a tolerant and pluralistic society, or will they strengthen the hardliners in consolidating their power? And what will be the future of China after Deng? These are some of the difficult questions raised by area specialists - hopefully these would generate intellectual debate and interest among the academicians and the policymakers.

Ascetic Culture

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004476482
Total Pages : 168 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Ascetic Culture by :

Download or read book Ascetic Culture written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-12-06 with total page 168 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The collection of papers in Ascetic Culture: Renunciation and Worldly Engagement was entirely conceived and developed by K. Ishwaran, who died in June 1998. The original concept was to focus on "Tradition and Innovation in Monastic Life in South Asia", a topic which combined two of Ishwaran’s major interests: comparative studies of the monastic systems of south Asia, and criticism of Western anthropological and sociological assumptions of tradition and modernity being antithetical, especially with regard to traditional religions. Ishwaran saw this collection of papers as reinforcing the "demise of universalistic projects, all encompassing grand master narratives and similar globally integrative, theoretical or empirical enterprises in social discourse" flowing from the post-structural and post-modernist revolutions in the social sciences. Later he conceived of broadening this topic to be more liberally comparative, to include major religious traditions around the world. The new title was to be "Tradition and Modernity in Monastic orders in Contemporary Societies". Finally, he broadened the theme to the present title of his collection. Taken together, the articles appearing in this book strongly support Ishwaran’s theses. First, is the obvious point that eremitism and asceticism are far more complex than commonly understood in the scholarly world. If ever a general understanding of these interrelated phenomena is developed, careful examination not only how they are found in these cultures and traditions but also study of their particular manifestations in individual movements, places, cultures, social groups etc. must take place. The second thesis is clearly established by the range of these papers: ascetic traditions are not only inimical to modernity, they may be found at the heart of certain contemporary social and cultural developments. K. Ishwaran has rendered the study of religion in particular and the social sciences in general an important service with this anthology. Contributers are John E. Cort, Alan Davies, Balkrishna G. Gokhale, Daniel Gold, Shaman Hatley, Sohail Inayatullah, Klaus K. Klostermaier, David Miller, S.A. Nigosian, Jordan Paper, and Earle H. Waugh.

Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies

Author : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 1498518354
Total Pages : 369 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (985 download)

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Book Synopsis Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies by : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi

Download or read book Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies written by Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2015-12-24 with total page 369 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development in Emerging Economies is an anthology of seven case studies plus two theoretical chapters in a comparative context. It analyzes issues related to the rise of multinational corporations, their immense economic and political influence in a globalized world, and their social responsibility/corporate citizenship. Corporate social responsibility is closely examined in terms of meeting the challenges of the widening gap between rich and poor, relationships with sovereign states, environmental degradation, exploitation of natural resources, labor practices, and human rights issues in societies in which multinational corporations operate. Are these corporations exempt from social roles and accountable to only their shareholders (the minimalist position propounded by economists such as Milton Friedman ), or do they also have ethical and social responsibilities to participate in improving the quality of human lives in impoverished societies in Africa , Asia and Latin America?

Ethnicity and Nationalism

Author : Smith
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004474870
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Ethnicity and Nationalism by : Smith

Download or read book Ethnicity and Nationalism written by Smith and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: With the resurgence of ethnic nationalism in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, the need to bring the study of ethnicity and nationalism more closely together has become even plainer. The views expressed here represent several of the main lines of enquiry in the current study of ethnicity and nationalism. Contents: Anthony D. Smith, 'Ethnicity and Nationalism.' James Mayall and Mark Simpson, 'Ethnicity is not Enough: Reflections on Protracted Secessionism in the Third World.' Sammy Smooha and Theodor Hanf, 'The Diverse Modes of Conflict Regulation in Deeply Divided Societies.' Walker Connor, 'The Nation and its Myth.' Anthony D. Smith, Nationalism and the Historians.' Sylvia Walby, 'Women and Nation.' John Hutchinson, 'Moral Innovators and the Politics of Regeneration: the Distinctive Role of Cultural Nationalists in Nation Building.' Donald L. Horowitz, 'Irredentas and Secessions: Adjacent Phenomena, Neglected Connections.'

Globalization and Health

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9047414292
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (474 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalization and Health by :

Download or read book Globalization and Health written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2004-11-01 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This international collection of essays on globalization and health examines the global health issues associated with the economic, technological, political, social, cultural and environmental effects of globalization—the increasing movement of capital, people, technology, goods, information, environmental pollution, and disease around the globe. These essays analyze the complex linkages between globalization and health, the health effects of globalization at all levels (global, national, and local), and the policy and institutional responses associated with the health consequences of globalization.

Water Resource Conflicts and International Security

Author : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi
Publisher : Lexington Books
ISBN 13 : 0739168177
Total Pages : 257 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (391 download)

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Book Synopsis Water Resource Conflicts and International Security by : Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi

Download or read book Water Resource Conflicts and International Security written by Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi and published by Lexington Books. This book was released on 2012 with total page 257 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Water Resource Conflicts and International Security: A Global Perspective is an edited collection by Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi which analyzes the increasing global demand for water in economic and social development, and the dire need to efficiently manage this vital natural resource, particularly in water-scarce countries in the Middle East, Asia, and Africa. Several environmental- and human-induced factors, such as urbanization, industrialization, climate change, and agricultural needs, have created a near-crisis situation in many countries. Subsequently, there is an increasingly intense competition to utilize available water resources in these most heavily-affected regions; transboundary rivers, lakes, and streams which are shared by more than one country pose potential for political conflict, armed conflict, and, in the best of cases, cooperation. The contributors of Water Resource Conflicts and International Security present ten case studies in seven chapters, highlighting the competition between countries in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. In his conclusion, Dhirendra K. Vajpeyi suggests several policy measures that governments may implement in order to minimize the potential for conflict.

Globalization and the Evolving World Society

Author :
Publisher : BRILL
ISBN 13 : 9004474609
Total Pages : 202 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (44 download)

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Book Synopsis Globalization and the Evolving World Society by :

Download or read book Globalization and the Evolving World Society written by and published by BRILL. This book was released on 2021-11-01 with total page 202 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The societies of the present world are experiencing many turbulent changes. New forces of change and modernization are driving people, business and cultures across borders. The world has become a home to a new generation of homo sapiens who are curious about others but, at the same time, cherish to preserve their own cultures. What is the nature of this evolving world society? Is the world driving toward a new global civilization—an "end of history"— or an inevitable civilizational clash? The present volume has brought together leading scholars in the field to examine the concept of globalization, deliberate on the character of its multifaceted nature and expressions, and delineate its impact on the emerging world economy, politics, culture, and science. A number of substantive issues such as the emergence of new global economic inequality, culture and the role of the trans-nationals, nature of the emerging global environmental regimes, rise of the NICs, and the conflicting role of the nation-states in the face of the advancing forces of globalization are addressed. It is contended that globalization should be perceived neither as an unbounded economic progress nor as an expansion of western domination. Globalization is, rather, defined as a new development strategy--a process of change that can be planned, guided, and controlled. For national political and business leaders of the world, the volume provides a blueprint of the emerging areas of policy concerns and guidance. For the world of social science, it presents a road-map of the emerging intellectual issues and challenges. Contributors are Alessandro Bonanno, Stephen W.K. Chiu, Douglas Constance, Richard J. Estes, R. Scott Frey, Archibald O. Haller, George A. Miller, Proshanta K. Nandi, Winifred R. Poster, J. Timmons Roberts, Shahid M. Shahidullah, Bam Dev Sharda, and Alvin Y. So.