Police, Organization, and Wellbeing

Download Police, Organization, and Wellbeing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 100073787X
Total Pages : 130 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (7 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Police, Organization, and Wellbeing by : Jamie Ferrill

Download or read book Police, Organization, and Wellbeing written by Jamie Ferrill and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2022-10-14 with total page 130 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Based on the study of a police organization in England, this book explores the role of social relations in the ways that people construct, mobilize, consume, and reconstruct meaning about wellbeing. Wellbeing is a powerful, institutionalized concept in police organizations across England and Wales. With the emergence of numerous policies, strategies, and practices that both explicitly and implicitly address wellbeing in the workplace, the concept has come to feature prominently. Wellbeing is addressed as an issue that needs to be understood intersubjectively by attending to the underlying social issues that shape how it is promoted or denied. After a theoretical exploration of police culture and wellbeing, the book traverses ethnographic data and captures insights from individuals across the organization’s hierarchy. It explores what individuals perceive wellbeing to mean and how they make sense of the concept. The book reveals discernible ideological-laden tensions across the hierarchy in terms of wellbeing constructions. By exploring these tensions, there is a potential to understand the constructions of wellbeing and the resultant implications for practice. This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, and students in policing, criminology, criminal justice, leadership/management, organizational behaviour, and wellbeing. Given its empirical focus and applicability to practitioners, it will also be of interest to a range of non-academics, including police officers and leaders, public servants, private organizations, policymakers, and human resources professionals.

Policing, Organization, and Wellbeing

Download Policing, Organization, and Wellbeing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 9781003153597
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (535 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Policing, Organization, and Wellbeing by : Jamie Ferrill

Download or read book Policing, Organization, and Wellbeing written by Jamie Ferrill and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2022-10 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Based on the study of a police organization in England, this book explores the role of social relations in the ways that people construct, mobilize, consume, and reconstruct meaning about wellbeing. Wellbeing is a powerful, institutionalized concept in police organizations across England and Wales. With the emergence of numerous policies, strategies, and practices that both explicitly and implicitly address wellbeing in the workplace, the concept has come to feature prominently. Wellbeing is addressed as an issue that needs to be understood intersubjectively by attending to the underlying social issues that shape how it is promoted or denied. After a theoretical exploration of police culture and wellbeing, the book traverses ethnographic data and captures insights from individuals across the organization's hierarchy. It explores what individuals perceive wellbeing to mean and how they make sense of the concept. The book reveals discernible ideological-laden tensions across the hierarchy in terms of wellbeing constructions. By exploring these tensions there is a potential to understand the constructions of wellbeing and the resultant implications for practice. This book will be of interest to academics, researchers, and students in policing, criminology, criminal justice, leadership/management, organizational behaviour, and wellbeing. Given its empirical focus and applicability to practitioners, it will also be of interest to a range of non-academics including police officers and leaders, public servants, private organizations, policymakers, and human resources professionals"--

POWER

Download POWER PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0128178736
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (281 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis POWER by : Konstantinos Papazoglou

Download or read book POWER written by Konstantinos Papazoglou and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-11-14 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Power: Police Officer Wellness, Ethics, and Resilience collectively presents the numerous psychic wounds experienced by peace officers in the line of duty, including compassion fatigue, moral injury, PTSD, operational stress injury, organizational and operational stress, and loss. Authors describe the negative repercussions of these psychic wounds in law enforcement decision-making, job performance, job satisfaction, and families. The book encompasses evidence-based strategies to assist law enforcement agencies in developing policy programs to promote wellness for their personnel. The evidence-based techniques presented allow officers to get a more tangible and better understanding of the techniques so that they apply those techniques when on and off-duty. With forewords authored by Dr. John Violanti (Distinguished Police Research Professor) and Dr. Tracie Keesee, Vice President of the Center of Policing Equity, this book is an excellent resource for police professionals, police wellness coordinators, early career researchers, mental health professionals who provide services to law enforcement officers and their families, and graduate students in psychology, forensic psychology, and criminal justice. Platinum Award Winner 2019, Homeland Security Awards - American Security Today Provides reader with evidence-based strategies to promote officer wellness Covers compassion fatigue, moral injury, PTSD, operational stress, and more Written by established scholars and professionals from a law enforcement context

Interventions, Training, and Technologies for Improved Police Well-Being and Performance

Download Interventions, Training, and Technologies for Improved Police Well-Being and Performance PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : IGI Global
ISBN 13 : 1799868214
Total Pages : 278 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (998 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Interventions, Training, and Technologies for Improved Police Well-Being and Performance by : Arble, Eamonn Patrick

Download or read book Interventions, Training, and Technologies for Improved Police Well-Being and Performance written by Arble, Eamonn Patrick and published by IGI Global. This book was released on 2021-06-18 with total page 278 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for evidence-based practice to enhance current and future police training and assessment has never been greater. This need focuses on the procedures and findings of research within the field of police work along with the philosophy guiding these research approaches and commentaries on the methods being used. With many future directions for the science of police training and assessment, the focus on new training techniques and technologies for improving performance is of the upmost importance to find the best current, evidence-based practices for policing. In addition to these practices, understanding the practical realities and challenges of implementing cutting-edge procedures is essential in gaining a holistic view on police well-being and performance. Interventions, Training, and Technologies for Improved Police Well-Being and Performance is a critical publication that explores new training methods and technologies. The future of policing is poised to change, making the need for developments in evidence-based practices more important than ever before. New technology and techniques for improving performance and the perception of the police force can guide the policies and practices of law enforcement, trainers and academies, government officials, policymakers, psychologists, psychiatrists, therapists, to a more effective implementation of training and procedures. Including the perspective of police officers within the publication, this text offers insight into an often neglected viewpoint when creating training and policies. This text is also be beneficial for researchers, academicians, and students interested in the new training techniques, technologies, and interventions for police performance and well-being.

Law Enforcement, Leadership and Wellbeing

Download Law Enforcement, Leadership and Wellbeing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 3031224167
Total Pages : 101 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (312 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Law Enforcement, Leadership and Wellbeing by : Ian Hesketh

Download or read book Law Enforcement, Leadership and Wellbeing written by Ian Hesketh and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2023-01-01 with total page 101 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides practical guidance on establishing wellbeing services and interventions within policing for all of those working in law enforcement, particularly leaders and HR professionals. It also offers insight, provokes thought, and gives guidance on how to navigate and get the most from working life as a police officer or member of police support staff. With a focus on the modern working environment, the book covers the key concepts, history, and practical advice necessary for all those interested in this fascinating field of law enforcement. As workplaces become ever more complex and ambiguous, and the world of work ever more dynamic, understanding how organizations behave and how those in the workplace are likely to respond is key to bringing meaning and purpose to work, the cornerstone of effective policing. The book details how to effectively measure workplace wellbeing in policing and how to interpret and use findings to make improvements and craft interventions. It is a key text for exploring law enforcement, leadership, and wellbeing within policing for all those involved with law enforcement, as well as HR professionals, occupational health professionals, and critically, those with police line management responsibilities.

Occupation Under Siege

Download Occupation Under Siege PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Charles C Thomas Publisher
ISBN 13 : 0398093776
Total Pages : 167 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Occupation Under Siege by : John Violanti

Download or read book Occupation Under Siege written by John Violanti and published by Charles C Thomas Publisher. This book was released on 2021-09-29 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book brings to the forefront the realization that a successful police career involves not only surviving the danger involved in policing but also psychological survival. In this book, a mixed approach is employed that includes research and some practical suggestions from practitioners on how best to deal with the police health crisis. It is based on research associated with police mental health together with the subsequent effects on officers’ performance, physical health, and lifestyle. It begins by outlining the current challenges faced by police, including increased civil unrest, negative public reactions, and a biological siege brought about by the COVID-19 pandemic. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and depression are reviewed and how these two conditions have been shown to promote negative health issues such as cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disorders, comorbid psychological conditions as well as suicide. Resilience is also discussed and its role in ameliorating stress. An overview of factors related to resilience is provided and some of the mechanisms that underpin resilience in police work are examined. Additionally, suggestions are made that may help police organizations foster resiliency in officers. The final chapter asks the question, “Where do we go from here?” The chapter discusses current legislation that will help police deal with the problem of psychological and physical health and suicide. Interventions discussed include the need for wellness programs, reducing stress through the police organization, peers support development, the use of mindfulness as a stress reduction strategy, PTSD mitigation, and reducing the fatigue health effects of shift work.

Policing and Mental Health

Download Policing and Mental Health PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 0429895062
Total Pages : 267 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (298 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Policing and Mental Health by : John McDaniel

Download or read book Policing and Mental Health written by John McDaniel and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2020-02-25 with total page 267 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book explores the relationship between policing and mental health. Police services around the world are innovating at pace in order to develop solutions to the problems presented, and popular models are being shared internationally. Nevertheless, disparities and perceptions of unfairness remain commonplace. Innovations remain poorly funded and largely unproven. Drawing together the insights of eminent academics in the UK, the US, Australia and South Africa, the edited collection evaluates the condition of mental health and policing as an interlocked policy area, uncovering and addressing a number of key issues which are shaping police responses to mental health. Due to a relative lack of academic texts pertaining to developments in England and Wales, the volume contains a distinct section on relevant policies and practices. It also includes sections on US and Australian approaches, focusing on Crisis Intervention Teams (CITs), Mental Health Intervention Teams (MHITs), stressors and innovations from Boston in the US to Queensland in Australia. Written in a clear and direct style, this book will appeal to students and scholars in policing, criminology, sociology, mental health, cultural studies, social theory and those interested in learning about the condition and trajectory of police responses to mental health.

Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement

Download Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780971725416
Total Pages : 0 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (254 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement by : Kevin M. Gilmartin

Download or read book Emotional Survival for Law Enforcement written by Kevin M. Gilmartin and published by . This book was released on 2021 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is designed to help law enforcement professionals overcome the internal assaults they experience both personally and organizationally over the course of their careers. These assaults can transform idealistic and committed officers into angry, cynical individuals, leading to significant problems in both their personal and professional lives.

The Managing of Police Organizations

Download The Managing of Police Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 344 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Managing of Police Organizations by : Paul M. Whisenand

Download or read book The Managing of Police Organizations written by Paul M. Whisenand and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 344 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is a textbook for any course in police organization and management, as well as for officers studying for promotion exams. The book teaches what individuals can do to create a stronger and more effective agency and how to manage a police organization, including leadership strategies, stress management, and police community relations. Each of the book's 15 chapters includes an outline, key points, and a review. The book emphasizes the police manager as leader. At the center of this emphasis on leadership is community-oriented policing (COP). In turn, the book highlights COP as a value-added approach to police work, which leads to what the book describes as the core of leading others - human values. The book is divided into two sections: Leadership and Management. The chapters on Team Leadership, Organizing, and Intuition are new with this edition.

The Police Learning Organization

Download The Police Learning Organization PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781640962835
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.9/5 (628 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis The Police Learning Organization by : Les Kachurek

Download or read book The Police Learning Organization written by Les Kachurek and published by . This book was released on 2018-11-05 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Les Kachurek is leading a movement to inoculate police and other law enforcement practitioners from personal and organizational liability, by inspiring transformational change from traditional paradigms to learning organizations. As a police chief, he used his award-winning, Values-Oriented, Daily Ten-Minute Education and Training Model to lead two police departments to extraordinary levels of innovative change and unprecedented accomplishments. This industry-wide best practice reduced risk and civil liability by strategically identifying and preventing problems waiting to happen. The values-oriented foundation helps foster a singular, healthy organizational identity, while creating and nurturing learning and accountability partnerships among supervisors, officers, and civilian support staff. Since it's virtually cost-free, this dynamic approach to police education and training is completely portable. Thus, any law enforcement organization can easily implement it and tailor it to its unique needs and resources. This model interfaces with and improves strategic planning, community-oriented and problem-oriented policing philosophies, intelligence-led endeavors, data collection initiatives, and accreditation efforts. Citing a wide range of real-life stories, the six chapters provide a synergistic framework upon which police learning organizations can be built, police personnel can be empowered, and trust, loyalty, and holistic wellness thrive - and it all comes down to ten-minutes of daily education.

Transforming the Police

Download Transforming the Police PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Waveland Press
ISBN 13 : 1478640421
Total Pages : 271 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (786 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Transforming the Police by : Charles M. Katz

Download or read book Transforming the Police written by Charles M. Katz and published by Waveland Press. This book was released on 2020-01-17 with total page 271 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Policing in the United States is at a crossroads; decisions made at this juncture are crucial. With the emergence of evidence-based policing, police leaders can draw on research when making choices about how to police their communities. Who will design the path forward and what will be the new standards for policing? This book brings together two qualified groups to lead the discussion: academics and experienced police professionals. The School of Criminology and Criminal Justice at Arizona State University recruited faculty with expertise in policing and police research. This volume draws on that expertise to examine 13 specific areas in policing. Each chapter presents an issue and provides background before reviewing the available research on potential solutions and recommending specific reform measures. Response essays written by a current or former police leader follow each chapter and reflect on the recommendations in the chapter. The 13 chapters and response essays present new thinking about the police, their challenges, and the reforms police agencies should consider adopting. Policy makers, practitioners, educators, researchers, students and anyone interested in the future of policing will find valuable information about: the benefits of adopting evidence-based policing; leading strategic crime-control efforts; instituting procedural justice to enhance police legitimacy; reducing use of force; combatting racially biased policing; establishing civilian oversight; implementing a body-worn camera program; creating sentinel event reviews; developing police-university collaborations; facilitating organizational justice in police departments; improving officer health and wellness; handling protests; and increasing the effectiveness of police responses to sexual assault.

Improving Police Response to Persons with Mental Illness

Download Improving Police Response to Persons with Mental Illness PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Charles C Thomas Publisher
ISBN 13 : 0398077789
Total Pages : 208 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Improving Police Response to Persons with Mental Illness by : Thomas Joseph Jurkanin

Download or read book Improving Police Response to Persons with Mental Illness written by Thomas Joseph Jurkanin and published by Charles C Thomas Publisher. This book was released on 2007 with total page 208 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Ghostbusters refrain "Who you gonna call?" typically connotes a lighthearted response to an unusual problem, but in the context of a human being suffering a mental health crisis, the refrain is anything but lighthearted. In an ideal world, "who you gonna call" would be a trained mental health professional. In the real world, the cry for help is usually received by the police. Police respond because there is no one else to assist. Police officers rank mental health crisis situations as far more stressful than crimes in progress. A person, suffering from mental illness is, by definition, not fully rational. Although they are likewise not fully irrational, behavior is unpredictable, and unpredictable behavior for the police is potentially dangerous behavior. As a consequence, outcomes of engagement between law enforcement and mental health consumers are too often tragic. No organization is more concerned about inadequate response than the police themselves. Improving Police Response to Mental Illness provides best practices guidance. A national pool of experts provide both insight and recommendations, ranging from the conceptual, Atypical Situations-Atypical Responses, to the pragmatic, Law Enforcement Training Models. Written specifically for the book, each chapter addresses a given critical component, including social policy, police response alternatives, training, legal constraints, and cooperative agreements with mental health service providers. This is an indispensable volume on the subject of police and mental health and is designed for police practitioners, mental health professionals, and scholars of social policy.

DYING FOR THE JOB

Download DYING FOR THE JOB PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Charles C Thomas Publisher
ISBN 13 : 0398087733
Total Pages : 212 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (98 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis DYING FOR THE JOB by : John M. Violanti

Download or read book DYING FOR THE JOB written by John M. Violanti and published by Charles C Thomas Publisher. This book was released on 2014-02-01 with total page 212 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: When one thinks of police work, the immediate danger of this occupation comes to mind—the everyday threat of violence, death, and witnessing traumatic events in their work. Less noted however is the physical and psychological danger associated with police work, including harmful environmental exposure, stress and trauma. Based on research, the adverse health and psychological consequences of this occupation far outweigh the dangers of the street. The primary purpose of this book is therefore to focus on these less known, less talked about dangers in policing. The mental well-being, health, and average life span of police officers appear to be affected by these factors. Hence, the title –“dying for the job”—reflects not so much the danger on the street but the hidden health dangers associated with policing. Many of the researchers who contributed to this book are epidemiologists and biostatisticians who are part of a National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) CDC five-year research study on police health titled “BCOPS”—the Buffalo Cardio-Metabolic Occupational Police Stress study. Still other contributors are experts in cancer, cardiovascular disease and psychological trauma. Recent events such as 9/11, Hurricane Katrina, the Sandy Hook school tragedy, and the Boston Marathon bombings emphasize the need to have a vibrant, healthy police force. It is necessary to maintain a high level of reliability by initiating health and stress prevention efforts. Chapters include: an examination of harmful physical work exposures; health disparities among police officers; cardiovascular risk in law enforcement; risk of cancer incidence and mortality among police officers; shift work and health consequences in policing; stressors and associated health effects for women police officers; suicide; post-traumatic stress disorder; resilience in policing; and PTSD symptoms, psychobiology, and coexisting disorders in police officers. Both law enforcement practitioners and administrators alike will benefit from reading this book.

Leadership and Management in Police Organizations

Download Leadership and Management in Police Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : SAGE Publications
ISBN 13 : 1506301347
Total Pages : 448 pages
Book Rating : 4.5/5 (63 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Leadership and Management in Police Organizations by : Matthew J. Giblin

Download or read book Leadership and Management in Police Organizations written by Matthew J. Giblin and published by SAGE Publications. This book was released on 2016-09-16 with total page 448 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Built on a foundation of nearly 1,200 references, Leadership and Management in Police Organizations is a highly readable text that shows how organizational theory and behavior can be applied to improve the operations, leadership, and management of law enforcement. Author Matthew J. Giblin emphasizes leadership and management as separate skills in successful police supervisors and executives, illustrating to students how the two skills combine to improve individual and organizational efficacy in policing. Readers will come away with a stronger understanding of why organizational decisions matter and the impact research can have on police departments.

Stress in Policing

Download Stress in Policing PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Routledge
ISBN 13 : 131704911X
Total Pages : 372 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (17 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Stress in Policing by : Ronald J. Burke

Download or read book Stress in Policing written by Ronald J. Burke and published by Routledge. This book was released on 2016-07-01 with total page 372 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stress in policing remains a serious concern for individual officers, their families, their organizations and society at large. As an editor of the Psychological and Behavioural Aspects of Risk series, Ronald J. Burke brings together the latest research findings and intervention strategies, shown to be effective, by an international group of experts. The contributors comprise of a group of high profile researchers and writers who are experts in their respective fields. This edited collection addresses such issues as: The increased risk of international terrorism Racial profiling Police Culture Police integrity Police suicide Inadequate police training The work of police officers exposes them to sources of stress that increase several risks in terms of their psychological and physical health, their family relationships, physical injuries, emotional trauma, ambiguity about their roles in society. Shift work, and undercover work add additional burdens to officers and their families. Police work also places risks on the communities in which officers serve in terms of officers being inadequately trained to deal with mentally ill citizens.

Policing Integration

Download Policing Integration PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 1137473754
Total Pages : 198 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (374 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Policing Integration by : Chris Giacomantonio

Download or read book Policing Integration written by Chris Giacomantonio and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-07-20 with total page 198 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book critically examines coordination work between police officers and agencies. Police work requires constant interaction between police forces and units within those forces, yet the process by which police work with one another is not well understood by sociologists or practitioners. At the same time, the increasing inter-dependence between police forces raises a wide set of questions about how police should act and how they can be held accountable when locally-based police officers work in or with multiple jurisdictions. This rearrangement of resources creates important issues of governance, which this book addresses through an inductive account of policing in practice. Policing Integration builds on extensive fieldwork in a multi-jurisdictional environment in Canada alongside a detailed review of ongoing research and debates. In doing so, this book presents important theoretical principles and empirical evidence on how and why police choose to work across boundaries or create barriers between one another.

Preventing Stress in Organizations

Download Preventing Stress in Organizations PDF Online Free

Author :
Publisher : John Wiley & Sons
ISBN 13 : 1119996090
Total Pages : 203 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (199 download)

DOWNLOAD NOW!


Book Synopsis Preventing Stress in Organizations by : Emma Donaldson-Feilder

Download or read book Preventing Stress in Organizations written by Emma Donaldson-Feilder and published by John Wiley & Sons. This book was released on 2011-04-27 with total page 203 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Preventing Stress in Organizations:How to Develop Positive Managersoffers an innovative, evidence-based approach to help managers prevent and reduce workplace stress in their staff. Winner of the 2013 BPS Book Award - Practitioner Text category Provides information on the critical skills managers must develop in order to prevent stress in their staff, and the key ongoing behaviours that promote a healthy work environment Shows practitioners in occupational psychology, HR, Health and Safety and related professions how positive management can be integrated into an organization’s existing practices and processes Serves as an essential guide for managers themselves on how to incorporate proven stress management skills into their everyday interactions with team members Balances rigorous research grounding with real-world vignettes, case studies and exercises