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Platform Neutrality
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Book Synopsis Platform Neutrality by : Francis Jutand
Download or read book Platform Neutrality written by Francis Jutand and published by Conseil national du numérique. This book was released on 2014-06-13 with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In its report the French Digital Council keeps a large approach of the neutrality principle: to apply Net neutrality and take into account the digital platforms, which became entry gates to the digital society. Four priority recommendations are developped in this report : Recommendation 1 – Bolster the effectiveness of law in relation to digital platforms Recommendation 2 – Ensure data system fairness Recommendation 3 – Invest significantly in skills and knowledge to bolster competitiveness Recommendation 4 – Set the right conditions to allow alternatives to emerge In addition to this report, the Council publishes: More technical factsheets to deepen some recommendation: - The resources of law to the service of neutrality - Loyalty and sustainably of the data system - Positive neutrality: reuniting the conditions of an open Internet An analysis report on the plateform ecosystems. The restitution of the whole consultation.
Book Synopsis Platform Neutrality Rights by : Hannibal Travis
Download or read book Platform Neutrality Rights written by Hannibal Travis and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-07-24 with total page 159 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book analyzes questions of platform bias, algorithmic filtering and ranking of Internet speech, and declining perceptions of online freedom. Courts have intervened against unfair platforms in important cases, but they have deferred to private sector decisions in many others, particularly in the United States. The First Amendment, human rights law, competition law, Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, and an array of state and foreign laws address bad faith conduct by Internet platforms or other commercial actors. Arguing that the problem of platform neutrality is similar to the net neutrality problem, the book discusses the assault on freedom of speech that emerges from public-private partnerships. The book draws parallels between U.S. constitutional and statutory doctrines relating to shared spaces and the teachings of international human rights bodies relating to the responsibilities of private actors. It also connects the dots between new rights to appeal account or post removals under the Digital Services Act of the European Union and a variety of fair treatment obligations of platforms under American and European competition laws, “public accommodations” laws, and public utilities laws. Analyzing artificial intelligence (AI) regulation from the point of view of social-media and video-platform users, the book explores overlaps between European and U.S. efforts to limit algorithmic censorship or “shadow-banning”. The book will be of interest to students and scholars in the field of cyberlaw, the law of emerging technologies and AI law.
Book Synopsis The Platform Neutrality Conundrum and the Digital Services Act by : Miguel Peguera
Download or read book The Platform Neutrality Conundrum and the Digital Services Act written by Miguel Peguera and published by . This book was released on 2022 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Platform Neutrality by : Frank A. Pasquale
Download or read book Platform Neutrality written by Frank A. Pasquale and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 29 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Troubling patterns of suppressed speech have emerged on the corporate internet. A large platform may marginalize (or entirely block) potential connections between audiences and speakers. Consumer protection concerns arise, for platforms may be marketing themselves as open, comprehensive, and unbiased, when they are in fact closed, partial, and self-serving. Responding to protests, the accused platform either asserts a right to craft the information environment it desires, or abjures responsibility, claiming to merely reflect the desires and preferences of its user base. Such responses betray an opportunistic commercialism at odds with the platforms' touted social missions. Large platforms should be developing (and holding themselves to) more ambitious standards for promoting expression online, rather than warring against privacy, competition, and consumer protection laws. These regulations enable a more vibrant public sphere. They also defuse the twin specters of monopolization and total surveillance, which are grave threats to freedom of expression.
Download or read book Device Neutrality written by Jan Krämer and published by Centre on Regulation in Europe asbl. This book was released on 2021-06-08 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since the ‘net neutrality’ debate began in the early 2000s, the internet ecosystem has evolved and European policymakers now face a different type of gatekeeper. This CERRE Tech, Media, Telecom report identifies the main competitive bottlenecks and discusses whether the key pillars of net neutrality regulation – openness, non-discrimination and transparency – should also apply to certain types of devices, such as smartphones and laptops. Assuming that smartphones are likely to be the first choice for consumers accessing the internet and that they are, therefore, a crucial element of the internet access value chain, the authors of the CERRE report make concrete suggestions, focusing on operating systems, app stores and browsers. “Crucially, the policy objective should be to enable consumers to bypass gatekeepers and access content via multiple channels, but not ‘neutrality’ in the narrow sense,” said Jan Krämer (co-author of the report and CERRE Academic Co-Director). “Non-neutral conduct is important for innovation, investment, security and privacy.” In light of existing EU regulation, specifically the Platform-to-Business (P2B) Regulation and the Digital Markets (DMA) and Digital Services (DSA) Acts, the report makes a number of recommendations, aiming to ensure openness, non-discrimination and transparency when accessing the internet on mobile devices. More accessible and less discriminatory app stores As they represent a gateway for consumers to access other content and apps, the authors, Jan Krämer and Richard Feasey, make several policy recommendations for app stores that aim to strike a balance between mitigating the competitive gatekeeper advantage and maintaining the user convenience offered by pre-installed apps. These include: Enabling alternative app stores to be easily installed on devices, including by requiring the pre-installed app stores to host rival app stores with independent payment systems. Unbundling the dominant app store from other apps. Banning self-preferencing of apps in app stores or browsers. Careful consideration of how the transparency and redress mechanisms for dominant app stores under P2B, DMA and DSA obligations may interact when imposed concurrently. “In important areas, including app stores and browsers, our recommendations build upon, but go further than, the obligations under the P2B regulation and the foreseen obligations under the DMA and DSA.” – Richard Feasey (co-author of the report and CERRE Senior Advisor) Openness, transparency and data portability for operating systems As third parties may face discriminatory access to operating system (OS) functionality or system resources, as well as limited browser functionality on an OS, CERRE makes four main suggestions to improve competition and choice: Enabling side-loading of apps in dominant operating systems, such that consumers can install any lawful and safe app on their device. More stringent user consent rules for pre-installed apps, to align them with the consent required for apps that are installed later, the same access privileges for both pre-installed and alternative apps, and the possibility to truly de-install pre-installed apps. Transparency obligations on interfaces (APIs) for third-party (app developer) access to operating systems and minimum notice periods in case those interfaces are changed. The right to data portability (as well as codes of conduct and common interfaces) for devices, so that consumers can switch from one device (operating system) to another as smoothly as possible. “By intervening at the operating system and app discovery layer to ensure access to alternative content, the Commission can foster fairer competition in the internet access value chain without hindering innovation, investment and the European principles of consumer safety and security.” – Jan Krämer The report was presented and debated on Tuesday 8 June, 14:00 CEST, during the CERRE public webinar “Device neutrality: regulating mobile devices”.
Book Synopsis Novel 'Neutrality' Claims Against Internet Platforms by : Jeffrey Paul Jarosch
Download or read book Novel 'Neutrality' Claims Against Internet Platforms written by Jeffrey Paul Jarosch and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This article examines a recent trend in which the Federal Trade commission and other enforcement agencies investigate Internet platforms for behavior that is insufficiently "neutral" towards users or third parties that interact with the platform. For example, Google faces a formal FTC investigation based on allegations that it has tinkered with search results rather than presenting users with a "neutral" result. Twitter faces a formal investigation after the social media service restricted the ways in which third-party developers could interact with Twitter through its application programming interface ("API"). These investigations represent a new attempt to shift the network neutrality debate to higher-level Internet platforms. Rather than focusing on providing basic Internet access neutrally, these novel neutrality claims look to platforms that are built upon the Internet, and seek to ensure that they, too, behave "neutrally." Unfortunately, network neutrality principles do not transition well from Internet service providers to search engines and social media sites. Ultimately, the network neutrality debate serves as a poor tool for scrutiny of higher-level Internet platforms. This article demonstrates that network neutrality cannot be applied to higher-level Internet platforms and then examines another possible method of analyzing novel neutrality claims using antitrust law. It re-frames novel neutrality claims as tying arrangements, the subject of extensive antitrust law and scholarship. In applying tying doctrine to novel neutrality claims, this article demonstrates that it, too, is insufficient for examining novel neutrality claims on Internet platforms. The article closes by proposing a different analysis to examine these novel neutrality claims, an analysis based on Justice O'Connor's attempt to reform tying doctrine.
Book Synopsis Net Neutrality Compendium by : Luca Belli
Download or read book Net Neutrality Compendium written by Luca Belli and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-11-10 with total page 309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The ways in which Internet traffic is managed have direct consequences on Internet users’ rights as well as on their capability to compete on a level playing field. Network neutrality mandates to treat Internet traffic in a non-discriminatory fashion in order to maximise end users’ freedom and safeguard an open Internet. This book is the result of a collective work aimed at providing deeper insight into what is network neutrality, how does it relates to human rights and free competition and how to properly frame this key issue through sustainable policies and regulations. The Net Neutrality Compendium stems from three years of discussions nurtured by the members of the Dynamic Coalition on Network Neutrality (DCNN), an open and multi-stakeholder group, established under the aegis of the United Nations Internet Governance Forum (IGF).
Book Synopsis The Fallacy of Net Neutrality by : Thomas W Hazlett
Download or read book The Fallacy of Net Neutrality written by Thomas W Hazlett and published by Encounter Books. This book was released on 2011-11-01 with total page 60 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: “There is little dispute that the Internet should continue as an open platform,” notes the U.S. Federal Communications Commission. Yet, in a curious twist of logic, the agency has moved to discontinue the legal regime successfully yielding that magnificent platform. In late 2010, it imposed “network neutrality” regulations on broadband access providers, both wired and wireless. Networks cannot (a) block subscribers’ use of certain devices, applications, or services; (b) unreasonably discriminate, offering superior access for some services over others. The Commission argues that such rules are necessary, as the Internet was designed to bar “gatekeepers.” The view is faulty, both in it engineering claims and its economic conclusions. Networks routinely manage traffic and often bundle content with data transport precisely because such coordination produces superior service. When “walled gardens” emerge, including AOL in 1995, Japan’s DoCoMo iMode in 1999, or Apple’s iPhone in 2007, they often disrupt old business models, thrilling consumers, providing golden opportunities for application developers, advancing Internet growth. In some cases these gardens have dropped their walls; others remain vibrant. The “open Internet” allows consumers, investors, and innovators to choose, discovering efficiencies. The FCC has mistaken that spontaneous market process for a planned market structure, imposing new rules to “protect” what evolved without them.
Book Synopsis Net Neutrality and Asymmetric Platform Competition by : Marc Bourreau
Download or read book Net Neutrality and Asymmetric Platform Competition written by Marc Bourreau and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 31 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In this paper we analyze the interplay between access to the last-mile network and net neutrality in the market for Internet access. We consider two competing Internet service providers (ISPs), which act as platforms between Internet users and content providers (CPs). One of the ISPs is vertically integrated and provides the other (non-integrated) ISP with access to its last-mile network. We study the impact of the access price on the termination fees charged by the ISPs to CPs for carrying their traffic. First, we show that the termination fee set by the integrated ISP increases with the access price, whereas the termination fee of the non-integrated ISP can either increase or decrease with it. Second, we show that there is negative relationship (“waterbed effect”) between the access price and the total termination fee paid by the CPs. As a consequence, it may be socially optimal for the regulator to set the access price above cost when termination fees are left to the market.
Book Synopsis Neutrality, Fairness Or Freedom? Principles for Platform Regulation by : Friso Bostoen
Download or read book Neutrality, Fairness Or Freedom? Principles for Platform Regulation written by Friso Bostoen and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 19 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need for online platform regulation has been a topic of scholarly debate. However, reality is now catching up to and even overtaking the academic writing on this subject. France has adopted a law on platform fairness, the European Commission recently ordered Google to implement a form of search neutrality, and more regulatory initiatives are on the horizon. That is why we have to look beyond the question whether online platforms should be regulated. As actual regulation supplants the scholarly debate, we must also examine how they are being regulated. Accordingly, this article distils from the various proposals at EU and member state level a set of operational principles that can serve as a frame of reference for productive debate on platform regulation.
Book Synopsis Network neutrality by : Christopher T. Marsden
Download or read book Network neutrality written by Christopher T. Marsden and published by Manchester University Press. This book was released on 2017-02-23 with total page 245 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This electronic version has been made available under a Creative Commons (BY-NC) open access license. Net neutrality is the most contested Internet access policy of our time. This book offers an in-depth explanation of the concept, addressing its history since 1999, its engineering, the policy challenges it represents and its legislation and regulation. Various case studies are presented, including Specialized Services and Content Delivery Networks for video over the Internet, and the book goes on to examine the future of net neutrality battles in Europe, the United States and developing countries, as well as offering co-regulatory solutions based on FRAND and non-exclusivity. It will be a must-read for researchers and advocates in the net neutrality debate, as well as those interested in the context of communications regulation, law and economic regulation, human rights discourse and policy, and the impact of science and engineering on policy and governance.
Book Synopsis Antitrust, Regulation and the Neutrality Trap by : Andrea Renda
Download or read book Antitrust, Regulation and the Neutrality Trap written by Andrea Renda and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page 22 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: EU Internet policy seems bewitched by the term 'neutrality', applied to networks and now search engines and other online platforms. Andrea Renda questions in this latest Special Report whether this is this a good way to protect end users.Originally confined to the infrastructure layer, today the neutrality rhetoric is being expanded to multi-sided platforms such as search engines and more generally online intermediaries. Policies for search neutrality and platform neutrality are invoked to pursue a variety of policy objectives, encompassing competition, consumer protection, privacy and media pluralism. This paper analyses this emerging debate and comes to a number of conclusions. First, mandating net neutrality at the infrastructure layer might have some merit, but it certainly would not make the Internet neutral. Second, since most of the objectives initially associated with network neutrality cannot be realistically achieved by such a rule, the case for network neutrality legislation would have to stand on different grounds. Third, the fact that the Internet is not neutral is mostly a good thing for end users, who benefit from intermediaries that provide them with a selection of the over-abundant information available on the Web. Fourth, search neutrality and platform neutrality are fundamentally flawed principles that contradict the economics of the Internet. Fifth, neutrality is a very poor and ineffective recipe for media pluralism, and as such should not be invoked as the basis of future media policy. All these conclusions have important consequences for the debate on the future EU policy for the Digital Single Market.
Book Synopsis The Paradoxes of Network Neutralities by : Russell A. Newman
Download or read book The Paradoxes of Network Neutralities written by Russell A. Newman and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2024-04-09 with total page 577 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: An argument that the movement for network neutrality was of a piece with its neoliberal environment, solidifying the continued existence of a commercially driven internet. Media reform activists rejoiced in 2015 when the FCC codified network neutrality, approving a set of Open Internet rules that prohibitedproviders from favoring some content and applications over others—only to have their hopes dashed two years later when the agency reversed itself. In this book, Russell Newman offers a unique perspective on these events, arguing that the movement for network neutrality was of a piece with its neoliberal environment rather than counter to it; perversely, it served to solidify the continued existence of a commercially dominant internet and even emergent modes of surveillance and platform capitalism. Going beyond the usual policy narrative of open versus closed networks, or public interest versus corporate power, Newman uses network neutrality as a lens through which to examine the ways that neoliberalism renews and reconstitutes itself, the limits of particular forms of activism, and the shaping of future regulatory processes and policies. Newman explores the debate's roots in the 1990s movement for open access, the transition to network neutrality battles in the 2000s, and the terms in which these battles were fought. By 2017, the debate had become unmoored from its own origins, and an emerging struggle against “neoliberal sincerity” points to a need to rethink activism surrounding media policy reform itself.
Book Synopsis Net Neutrality with Competing Internet Platforms by : Marc Bourreau
Download or read book Net Neutrality with Competing Internet Platforms written by Marc Bourreau and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 42 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We propose a two-sided model with two competing Internet platforms, and a continuum of Content Providers (CPs). We study the effect of a net neutrality regulation on capacity investments in the market for Internet access, and on innovation in the market for content. Under the alternative discriminatory regime, platforms charge a priority fee to those CPs which are willing to deliver their content on a fast lane. We find that under discrimination investments in broadband capacity and content innovation are both higher than under net neutrality. Total welfare increases, though the discriminatory regime is not always beneficial to the platforms as it can intensify competition for subscribers. As platforms have a unilateral incentive to switch to the discriminatory regime, a prisoner's dilemma can arise. We also consider the possibility of sabotage, and show that it can only emerge, with adverse welfare effects, under discrimination.
Book Synopsis Carbon neutrality approaches in buildings and agriculture sectors by : Hongyun Si
Download or read book Carbon neutrality approaches in buildings and agriculture sectors written by Hongyun Si and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-02-27 with total page 167 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Handbook of Cognitive Science by : Paco Calvo
Download or read book Handbook of Cognitive Science written by Paco Calvo and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2008-08-15 with total page 515 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Handbook of Cognitive Science provides an overview of recent developments in cognition research, relying upon non-classical approaches. Cognition is explained as the continuous interplay between brain, body, and environment, without relying on classical notions of computations and representation to explain cognition. The handbook serves as a valuable companion for readers interested in foundational aspects of cognitive science, and neuroscience and the philosophy of mind. The handbook begins with an introduction to embodied cognitive science, and then breaks up the chapters into separate sections on conceptual issues, formal approaches, embodiment in perception and action, embodiment from an artificial perspective, embodied meaning, and emotion and consciousness. Contributors to the book represent research overviews from around the globe including the US, UK, Spain, Germany, Switzerland, France, Sweden, and the Netherlands.
Book Synopsis The Antitrust Paradox by : Robert Bork
Download or read book The Antitrust Paradox written by Robert Bork and published by . This book was released on 2021-02-22 with total page 536 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The most important book on antitrust ever written. It shows how antitrust suits adversely affect the consumer by encouraging a costly form of protection for inefficient and uncompetitive small businesses.
