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Plant And Insect Responses To Experimental Warming In A Temperate Grassland
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Book Synopsis Plant and Insect Responses to Experimental Warming in a Temperate Grassland by : Troy Shaun Dunn
Download or read book Plant and Insect Responses to Experimental Warming in a Temperate Grassland written by Troy Shaun Dunn and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 59 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Community structure is being altered by direct and indirect effects of climate change. Increasing temperatures can threaten community structure resulting in the disruption of interactions within those communities most sensitive to changes in climate. Among those communities at risk for change is the North American grassland habitat and its resident insect community. Climate change can potentially affect primary production and the abundance and diversity of both plants and animals in different ecosystems. Here we have used open-top chambers to study the impact warming temperatures have on the resident plant and insect community on grassland habitat in order to better understand how grassland areas are affected and may change as a result of global warming, and how climate change will impact the community and ecosystem as a whole. Results show that passively warmed open-top chambers have a measureable increase of 1-4°C in ambient temperature above that of the controls. Results also show no significant treatment effects of temperature on primary production, except for litter, and no significant effect on the abundances of the resident insect community as a whole. Interestingly, results do reveal significant effects of treatment on insect taxonomic orders and families as well as significant effects on the trophic levels within the grassland habitat confirming that insects are responding in different ways to artificial warming, which can ultimately alter trophic dynamics directly and indirectly.
Book Synopsis Ecosystem Consequences of Soil Warming by : Jacqueline E. Mohan
Download or read book Ecosystem Consequences of Soil Warming written by Jacqueline E. Mohan and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 2019-04-12 with total page 592 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ecosystem Consequences of Soil Warming: Microbes, Vegetation, Fauna and Soil Biogeochemistry focuses on biotic and biogeochemical responses to warmer soils including plant and microbial evolution. It covers various field settings, such as arctic tundra; alpine meadows; temperate, tropical and subalpine forests; drylands; and grassland ecosystems. Information integrates multiple natural science disciplines, providing a holistic, integrative approach that will help readers understand and forecast future planetwide responses to soil warming. Students and educators will find this book informative for understanding biotic and biogeochemical responses to changing climatic conditions. Scientists from a wide range of disciplines, including soil scientists, ecologists, geneticists, as well as molecular, evolutionary and conservation biologists, will find this book a valuable resource in understanding and planning for warmer climate conditions. Emphasizes biological components of soils, plants and microbes that provide linkages to physics and chemistry Brings together chapters written by global scientific experts with interests in communication and education Includes coverage of polar, alpine, tropical, temperate and dryland ecosystems
Book Synopsis Plants and Climate Change by : Jelte Rozema
Download or read book Plants and Climate Change written by Jelte Rozema and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2007-01-19 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on how climate affects or affected the biosphere and vice versa both in the present and in the past. The chapters describe how ecosystems from the Antarctic and Arctic, and from other latitudes, respond to global climate change. The papers highlight plant responses to atmospheric CO2 increase, to global warming and to increased ultraviolet-B radiation as a result of stratospheric ozone depletion.
Book Synopsis Aboveground-Belowground Linkages by : Richard D. Bardgett
Download or read book Aboveground-Belowground Linkages written by Richard D. Bardgett and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2010-07-29 with total page 312 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aboveground-Belowground Linkages provides the most up-to-date and comprehensive synthesis of recent advances in our understanding of the roles that interactions between aboveground and belowground communities play in regulating the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems, and their responses to global change. It charts the historical development of this field of ecology and evaluates what can be learned from the recent proliferation of studies on the ecological and biogeochemical significance of aboveground-belowground linkages. The book is structured around four key topics: biotic interactions in the soil; plant community effects; the role of aboveground consumers; and the influence of species gains and losses. A concluding chapter draws together this information and identifies a number of cross-cutting themes, including consideration of aboveground-belowground feedbacks that occur at different spatial and temporal scales, the consequences of these feedbacks for ecosystem processes, and how aboveground-belowground interactions link to human-induced global change.
Book Synopsis Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States by : Therese M. Poland
Download or read book Invasive Species in Forests and Rangelands of the United States written by Therese M. Poland and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2021-02-01 with total page 455 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This open access book describes the serious threat of invasive species to native ecosystems. Invasive species have caused and will continue to cause enormous ecological and economic damage with ever increasing world trade. This multi-disciplinary book, written by over 100 national experts, presents the latest research on a wide range of natural science and social science fields that explore the ecology, impacts, and practical tools for management of invasive species. It covers species of all taxonomic groups from insects and pathogens, to plants, vertebrates, and aquatic organisms that impact a diversity of habitats in forests, rangelands and grasslands of the United States. It is well-illustrated, provides summaries of the most important invasive species and issues impacting all regions of the country, and includes a comprehensive primary reference list for each topic. This scientific synthesis provides the cultural, economic, scientific and social context for addressing environmental challenges posed by invasive species and will be a valuable resource for scholars, policy makers, natural resource managers and practitioners.
Book Synopsis Temperate grassland responses to climate change by : J H M (John) Thornley
Download or read book Temperate grassland responses to climate change written by J H M (John) Thornley and published by . This book was released on 1997 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The Hurley Pasture Model is process-based and couples the carbon, nitrogen and water cycles in the soil-grass-animal system. It was used to examine the responses of grasslands in southern, lowland and northern, upland climates in Britain. Short-term response to step-wise increases in CO2 concentration (350 to 700 mu mol mol(-1)) and temperature (5 degrees C) were contrasted with long-term equilibrium (the term 'equilibrium' is equivalent to 'steady state' throughout this paper) responses and with responses to gradually increasing [CO2] and temperature. Equilibrium responses to a range of climate variables were also examined. Three conclusions were drawn regarding the interpretation of experiments: (1) initial ecosystem responses to stepwise changes can be different in both magnitude and sign to equilibrium responses, and this can continue for many years; (2) grazing can drastically alter the magnitude and sign of the response of grasslands to climate change, be highly site-specific. It was concluded that experiments should try to lessen uncertainty about processes within models rather than try to predict ecosystem responses directly. Three conclusions were also drawn about the operation of grasslands as carbon sinks: (1) increasing [CO2] alone will produce a carbon sink, as long as it continues to accelerate photosynthesis and increase net primary productivity; (2) by contrast, increasing temperatures alone are likely to produce a carbon source, because soil respiration is accelerated more than net primary productivity, even when assuming the same temperature function for most soil and plant biochemical processes; and (3) the net effect of projected increases in [CO2] and temperature is likely to be a carbon sink of 5-15 g C m(-2) yr(-1) in humid, temperate grasslands for several decades, which is consistent with the magnitude of the hypothesized current global terrestrial carbon sink.
Book Synopsis Insect-plant Interactions in a Warming World by : Sulav Paudel
Download or read book Insect-plant Interactions in a Warming World written by Sulav Paudel and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Predicting the impact of climate change is one of the leading challenges of current times. Despite the potential to substantially impact crops economically, overall impacts of elevated temperature on insect-plant interactions are poorly understood, especially in agricultural systems. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of climate warming on insect herbivores, on their host plants and the interactions between them using the case of the corn earworm on tomatoes. First, the interactive effects of elevated temperature on insect herbivory (Helicoverpa zea) and resistance/tolerance traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var Better Boy) were evaluated using artificial warming. In addition to an asymmetric responses between plant and insects, novel mechanisms were identified explaining how varying temperature affected the biosynthesis of insect elicitors and the ability of insects to trigger plant defense responses; insects reared at a warmer temperatures produced significantly less glucose oxidase (GOX), which paralleled a lower level of induction of plant defensive proteins, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI). Similarly, induction of plant defenses and plant resistance to the insect herbivore was highest in plants grown at above optimum temperatures but varied between damaged and undamaged leaves; herbivore growth was significantly reduced when fed on damaged leaves compared to undamaged control. These findings add an exciting new dimension to how climate change may alter plant-insect interactions. Second, using elevation as a proxy for temperature change, a field study in Nepal and greenhouse experiments at Penn State on tomato accessions from the Andes were tested to evaluate changes to plant herbivore interactions approximating the impacts of climate warming. The field study was conducted at various elevations in the Himalayan Mountains of Nepal in farmers fields to simulate climate change. Temperature varied with elevation in the field and significantly affected both insect populations and plant damage. At higher elevation, natural herbivore populations and plant damage from herbivory were significantly increased compared to low-elevation counterparts. In greenhouse experiments, changes in plant defense strategies and resistance to insect herbivory along an elevational gradient was also established by using tomato accessions adapted to a specific elevation range in South America. Plant resistance and defensive chemicals (e.g.,total phenolics content) to insect herbivory was enhanced in accessions from higher elevation. Results from both field and greenhouse experiments indicated a great deal of plasticity and variability in plant defense responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Last, the variation in induced plant defensive traits and strategies between wild and cultivated tomato genotypes was also investigated. Three different tomato genotypes were used; Solanum pimpinellifolium L. (accession LA 2093), b) cherry tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (accession Matts Wild Cherry), and c) cultivated tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. Better Boy). Multiple chemical (plant volatiles, phenolics, defense proteins) and physical defenses (trichomes) in the cultivated tomato and its closest progenitors were measured. As expected, the wild species of tomato show higher levels of constitutive defenses, but the novel finding is that the cultivated tomato demonstrated the highest level of induced defenses (Paudel et al., 2019). While crop losses are expected to increase with global warming, elevated temperatures in this study produced asymmetric responses between insects and plants, indicating a more complicated response of plants and their herbivores under a climate change scenario. A plasticity in plant defense mechanisms were observed in the elevational studies which may possibly determine the amount of plant damages with expected geographical shift of insect pests towards higher elevations. Similarly, a large variation in plant defense mechanisms were demonstrated between wild and domesticated tomato genotypes which could be exploited as a component of sustainable crop protection in the face of climate change. Moving forward, we cannot assume that all of these crop-pest relationships will change in the same way due to climate warming. Therefore, future studies should include a wide range of host plants, insect herbivores (using both individual plant/herbivore pairs and groupings) and tri-trophic interactions complemented by field studies to provide more realistic assessments.
Book Synopsis Grasslands and Climate Change by : David J. Gibson
Download or read book Grasslands and Climate Change written by David J. Gibson and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2019-03-21 with total page 363 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A comprehensive assessment of the effects of climate change on global grasslands and the mitigating role that ecologists can play.
Book Synopsis Experimental Manipulations to Predict Future Plant Phenology by : Yongshuo Fu
Download or read book Experimental Manipulations to Predict Future Plant Phenology written by Yongshuo Fu and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2021-03-03 with total page 157 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change by : Zoltán Tuba
Download or read book Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change written by Zoltán Tuba and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-01-06 with total page 529 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Bryophytes, especially mosses, represent a largely untapped resource for monitoring and indicating effects of climate change on the living environment. They are tied very closely to the external environment and have been likened to 'canaries in the coal mine'. Bryophyte Ecology and Climate Change is the first book to bring together a diverse array of research in bryophyte ecology, including physiology, desiccation tolerance, photosynthesis, temperature and UV responses, under the umbrella of climate change. It covers a great variety of ecosystems in which bryophytes are important, including aquatic, desert, tropical, boreal, alpine, Antarctic, and Sphagnum-dominated wetlands, and considers the effects of climate change on the distribution of common and rare species as well as the computer modeling of future changes. This book should be of particular value to individuals, libraries, and research institutions interested in global climate change.
Book Synopsis Grassland Responses to Global Change by : Evan Elliot Batzer
Download or read book Grassland Responses to Global Change written by Evan Elliot Batzer and published by . This book was released on 2020 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recent history of the Earth's biosphere -- the Anthropocene -- is characterized by human activity. Increasingly, industrialization, land use change, fossil fuel combustion, and other drivers have altered key biological processes that govern the composition and function of natural communities. Among the two most impactful stressors are increased concentrations of limiting soil nutrients and shifting patterns of temperature and precipitation through climate change. Grasslands, like many plant ecosystems, are highly sensitive to these changes. Their widespread distribution and importance to both conservation and human enterprise underscores the need to understand how these global changes operate in grassland systems. However, climate change and nutrient deposition are known to produce complex effects on plant community structure; to effectively predict vegetation change, studies must integrate across multiple stressors, mechanisms, and scales of interest. This dissertation contributes to a deeper understanding of these complexities through a synthesis of large-scale experimentation and novel statistical methodology. Chapter 1 uses data from a global experimental cooperative -- the Nutrient Network -- to test contrasting hypotheses about compositional change driven by soil nutrient enrichment. While traditional perspectives on resource competition suggest that nutrient enrichment controls plant species abundances through increasing limitation by light, experimental evidence indicates that other mechanisms related to trade-offs in the use of specific soil resources may also be an important driver. Across 49 experimental sites, there was strong support for a "neutral" model, where plants respond similarly to the increased availability of soil nitrogen, phosphorous, or potassium. However, I also find that responses to treatments were more varied in sites characterized by higher average productivity and pre-treatment light limitation. Together, these findings indicate that grassland responses to fertilization tend to be driven by a trade-off between belowground and aboveground resource use, yet the predictability of these effects will depend on the inherent productivity and community structure of a given site. Chapters 2 and 3 focus on California grasslands. Chapter 2 explores the effects of nitrogen enrichment on plant community diversity at multiple scales of organization, highlighting how shifts in community structure and distribution shape observed diversity loss at different sampling areas. Most nutrient addition studies have utilized small-scale plots (1m2), though it has been shown that the area sampled can have significant impacts on the direction or magnitude of observed results. While a few studies have demonstrated scale-dependence in effects on species richness, I expand upon these findings by relating effects across scales to impacts on total community richness, community evenness, and spatial organization of vegetation. I find that nitrogen enrichment rarely produces large-scale species extirpation, but effects on evenness are nearly constant across sampling areas. While large-scale coexistence processes may facilitate species persistence at large spatial extents, fertilization also prompts increases in individual spatial aggregation, which may produce species extirpation in the long term. In Chapter 3, I evaluate changes in California grassland community composition in response to interannual variation in temperature and precipitation. In Mediterranean systems, the quantity and timing of rainfall is hypothesized to control turnover between distinct species groups. A key challenge to the evaluation of these species-climate relationships, however, is historical contingency in vegetation composition - non-independence between species abundances in a given year and the year previous, caused by local seed pools, plant-soil feedbacks, and other priority effects. To quantify how climate and prior community composition interact, I employ a novel application of multi-state modeling to a long-term dataset. This approach expands on traditional methods, which qualitatively describe variation among a priori species groups, to directly quantify the number of discrete vegetation states within a system and the probability of transition between them. When applied to ten years of community observation across a range of climatic conditions, this method produced a revised partitioning of vegetation states: one "classic" species group was split into two separate states based on performance under extreme drought. In turn, climate patterns interacted with the emergent properties of each vegetation state to control which community types were most likely to dominate. Invasive species, for example, were unlikely to persist under drought; yet low precipitation only tended to favor vegetation transitions to a native dominated state when these species were previously seeded. It is increasingly understood that integration across interacting sets of processes is needed to effectively understand the effects of global change on the diversity and composition of plant communities. Together, these three chapters highlight how local environmental characteristics, the scale of observation, and prior vegetation type combine to structure grassland responses to environmental changes. In doing so, my work contributes to a more complete understanding of ecological dynamics that is needed to better conserve and manage ecosystems in a rapidly changing world.
Book Synopsis Microbiome Under Changing Climate by : Ajay Kumar
Download or read book Microbiome Under Changing Climate written by Ajay Kumar and published by Woodhead Publishing. This book was released on 2022-01-21 with total page 575 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Microbiome Under Changing Climate: Implications and Solutions presents the latest biotechnological interventions for the judicious use of microbes to ensure optimal agricultural yield. Summarizing aspects of vulnerability, adaptation and amelioration of climate impact, this book provides an important resource for understanding microbes, plants and soil in pursuit of sustainable agriculture and improved food security. It emphasizes the interaction between climate and soil microbes and their potential role in promoting advanced sustainable agricultural solutions, focusing on current research designed to use beneficial microbes such as plant growth promoting microorganisms, fungi, endophytic microbes, and more. Changes in climatic conditions influence all factors of the agricultural ecosystem, including adversely impacting yield both in terms of quantity and nutritional quality. In order to develop resilience against climatic changes, it is increasingly important to understand the effect on the native micro-flora, including the distribution of methanogens and methanotrophs, nutrient content and microbial biomass, among others. Demonstrates the impact of climate change on secondary metabolites of plants and potential responses Incorporates insights on microflora of inhabitant soil Explores mitigation processes and their modulation by sustainable methods Highlights the role of microbial technologies in agricultural sustainability
Book Synopsis Insects and Ecosystem Function by : W.W. Weisser
Download or read book Insects and Ecosystem Function written by W.W. Weisser and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2013-06-05 with total page 419 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Insects are a dominant component of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems and play a key role in mediating the relationship between plants and ecosystem processes. This volume examines their effects on ecosystem functioning, focusing mainly, but not exclusively, on herbivorous insects. Renowned authors with extensive experience in the field of plant-insect interactions, contribute to the volume using examples from their own work.
Download or read book Climate Change Biology written by and published by CABI. This book was released on 2011 with total page 303 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Climate change has moved from being a contested phenomenon to the top of the agenda at global summits. Climate Change Biology is the first major textbook to address the critical issue of how climate change may affect life on the planet, and particularly its impact on human populations. Presented in four parts, the first deals extensively with the physical evidence of climate change and various modelling efforts to predict its future. Biological responses are addressed in the second part, from the individual's physiology to populations and ecosystems, and further to considering adaptation and evolution. The third part examines the specific impact climate change may have on natural resources, agriculture and forestry. The final part considers research on the cutting edge of impact prediction and the practical and philosophical limitations on our abilities to predict these impacts. This text will be a useful asset to the growing number of both undergraduate and graduate courses on impacts of climate change, as well as providing a succinct overview for researchers new to the field.
Book Synopsis Responses of a Tallgrass Prairie to Experimental Warming by : Shiqiang Wan
Download or read book Responses of a Tallgrass Prairie to Experimental Warming written by Shiqiang Wan and published by . This book was released on 2002 with total page 218 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Interactions in a Warmer World by : Melissa Ann Burt
Download or read book Interactions in a Warmer World written by Melissa Ann Burt and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 47 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Many effects of a changing climate for organisms, communities, and ecosystems are already apparent. Less studied are the effects of increases in temperature on species interactions. While warming may potentially disrupt interactions among species, species interactions may also mediate individual species responses to ongoing climatic change. In this experiment we manipulated temperature in field-based, open-top chambers for three years to examine the relationship between biotic interactions and climatic warming on the population dynamics of seedlings of Quercus alba. We investigated the effect of warming on rates of insect herbivory on Q. alba seedlings. Additionally, we assessed the relative effects of increasing temperature, insect herbivory, and conspecific density on seedling survival. We found two unexpected results. First, we observed a negative relationship between temperature and levels of insect herbivory during each year of the experiment. Second, higher levels of herbivory were associated with higher rates of survival to the second year of the study. Although we never detected a direct effect of conspecific density on seedling survival, herbivory and conspecific seedling density did interact to influence Q. alba seedling survival early in the experiment. Taken together, our results indicate species responses to climatic warming may be contingent on intra- and interspecific interactions, sometimes in complicated and counter-intuitive ways.
