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Performance Of Home Smoke Alarms
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Book Synopsis Performance of Home Smoke Alarms by : Richard W. Bukowski
Download or read book Performance of Home Smoke Alarms written by Richard W. Bukowski and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This report presents the results of the project and provides details of the response of a range of residential smoke alarm technologies in a controlled laboratory test and in a series of real-scale tests conducted in two different residential structures. The data developed in this study include measurement of temperature and smoke obscuration in addition to gas concentrations for a range of fire scenarios and residences. The results are intended to provide both insight into siting and response characteristics of residential smoke alarms and a set of reference data for future enhancements to alarm technology based on fires from current materials and constructions. consistently provide time for occupants to escape from most residential fires, although in some cases the escape time provided can be short. Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provide somewhat better response to flaming fires than photoelectric alarms, and photoelectric alarms provide (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms. similar study conducted in the 1970's. This is related to some combination of faster fire development times for today's products that provide the main fuel sources for fires, such as upholstered furniture and mattresses, different criteria for time to untenable conditions, and improved understanding of the speed and range of threats to tenability."--Page iii
Author :U.s. Department of Commerce Publisher :Createspace Independent Publishing Platform ISBN 13 :9781494755836 Total Pages :400 pages Book Rating :4.7/5 (558 download)
Book Synopsis Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings by : U.s. Department of Commerce
Download or read book Performance of Home Smoke Alarms Analysis of the Response of Several Available Technologies in Residential Fire Settings written by U.s. Department of Commerce and published by Createspace Independent Publishing Platform. This book was released on 2014-01-21 with total page 400 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report presents the results of the project and provides details of the response of a range of residential smoke alarm technologies in a controlled laboratory test and in a series of real-scale tests conducted in two different residential structures. The data developed in this study include measurement of temperature and smoke obscuration in addition to gas concentrations for a range of fire scenarios and residences. The results are intended to provide both insight into siting and response characteristics of residential smoke alarms and a set of reference data for future enhancements to alarm technology based on fires from current materials and constructions.
Book Synopsis Performance of Home Smoke Alarms by : Richard W. Bukowski
Download or read book Performance of Home Smoke Alarms written by Richard W. Bukowski and published by . This book was released on 2007 with total page 290 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "This report presents the results of the project and provides details of the response of a range of residential smoke alarm technologies in a controlled laboratory test and in a series of real-scale tests conducted in two different residential structures. The data developed in this study include measurement of temperature and smoke obscuration in addition to gas concentrations for a range of fire scenarios and residences. The results are intended to provide both insight into siting and response characteristics of residential smoke alarms and a set of reference data for future enhancements to alarm technology based on fires from current materials and constructions. consistently provide time for occupants to escape from most residential fires, although in some cases the escape time provided can be short. Consistent with prior findings, ionization type alarms provide somewhat better response to flaming fires than photoelectric alarms, and photoelectric alarms provide (often) considerably faster response to smoldering fires than ionization type alarms. similar study conducted in the 1970's. This is related to some combination of faster fire development times for today's products that provide the main fuel sources for fires, such as upholstered furniture and mattresses, different criteria for time to untenable conditions, and improved understanding of the speed and range of threats to tenability."--Page iii.
Book Synopsis Performance of Home Smoke Alarms by : Richard Bukowski
Download or read book Performance of Home Smoke Alarms written by Richard Bukowski and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Smoke Detectors in Homes by : David B. Gratz
Download or read book Evaluation of Smoke Detectors in Homes written by David B. Gratz and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 40 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Waking Effectiveness of Household Smoke and Fire Detection Devices by :
Download or read book Waking Effectiveness of Household Smoke and Fire Detection Devices written by and published by . This book was released on 1980 with total page 98 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Research Report on Home Smoke Detectors by : Joan L. Gancarski
Download or read book Research Report on Home Smoke Detectors written by Joan L. Gancarski and published by . This book was released on 1984 with total page 82 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Evaluation of Smoke Detectors in Homes by :
Download or read book Evaluation of Smoke Detectors in Homes written by and published by FEMA. This book was released on with total page 44 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Investigation of the Effects of Heating and Air Conditioning on the Performance of Smoke Detectors in Mobile Homes by : Richard Bukowski
Download or read book Investigation of the Effects of Heating and Air Conditioning on the Performance of Smoke Detectors in Mobile Homes written by Richard Bukowski and published by . This book was released on 1979 with total page 174 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Since its original promulgation in June 1976, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's Federal Mobile Home Construction and Safety Standard has required the installation of at least one smoke detector, to protect the mobile home occupants. The location of the smoke detector was based on earlier tests in a mobile home conducted by NBS in 1976. Because of the limited scope of the earlier HIS tests and subsequent improvements in the design of smoke detectors and the construction of mobile homes, a new series of tests was conducted to evaluate the influences of the operation of central forced-air heating and air conditioning systems on the performance of smoke detectors representative of those which are currently being installed. The tests were conducted with upholstered chairs in smoldering and flaming fire modes, representing key residential fire death scenarios. Tests were conducted in both summer and winter weather conditions. The effects of detector location (wall or ceiling and position within. the bedroom corridor) and the effects of open and closed bedroom doors were also investigated. The report concludes that, for the scenarios examined, a properly functioning ionization or photoelectric smoke detector mounted near the ceiling on the inside or outside wall at the living room end of the corridor should provide an alarm in sufficient time for occupant escape.
Book Synopsis Performance of New and Aged Residential Fire Smoke Detectors by : Nist
Download or read book Performance of New and Aged Residential Fire Smoke Detectors written by Nist and published by CreateSpace. This book was released on 2014-03-07 with total page 108 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As part of the Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) technical staff program to determine the effects of emissions from imported drywall on residential electrical, gas distribution, and fire safety components, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has generated data to aid assessment of whether there has been a loss of functionality of fire smoke detectors exposed to those emissions. NIST tested four sets of smoke detectors in the Fire Emulator/Detector Evaluator (FEDE) and the UL 217 test apparatus. Set 1 (ionization only) detectors were provided by CPSC staff and described as having been installed in homes with imported drywall; Set 2 (ionization only) detectors (same models as Set 1 but different batches) were described as coming from contemporaneous homes without the presence of imported drywall; Set 3 smoke detectors were purchased new by NIST and tested as received; and Set 4 comprised detectors from Set 3 that had been subjected to an accelerated aging protocol to simulate 10-year exposure to the effluent from imported drywall. Detectors from Set 1 and Set 2 activated within UL 217 sensitivity test parameters. Tests using the FEDE found differences in sensitivity between Sets 1 and 2 and between the ionization detectors in Sets 3 and 4 that were numerically small compared to the allowable performance range. An even smaller improvement in sensitivity was found for photoelectric smoke detectors between Sets 3 and 4. Two of the Set 1 smoke detectors sensed the presence of smoke, but would not send the signal to activate interconnected alarms. Two other Set 1 smoke detectors failed to operate under AC power, but operated properly under the required 9V battery back-up. It could not be determined whether the observations of Set 1 detector performance could be attributed to exposure to the emissions from imported drywall or to other factors.
Book Synopsis A Review of the Sound Effectiveness of Residential Smoke Alarms by : Arthur Lee
Download or read book A Review of the Sound Effectiveness of Residential Smoke Alarms written by Arthur Lee and published by . This book was released on 2004 with total page 48 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 2003, the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) initiated a project to review the audibility effectiveness of residential smoke alarms for the older population. The scope of the project was broadened to address recent concerns that children may not wake to the sound of a smoke alarm. The CPSC staff estimates that in 1999 there were 337,300 unintentional residential structure fires resulting in 2,390 civilian deaths, 14,550 civilian injuries, and $4.24 billion in property losses. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) reports that, during the 24-year period from 1977 to 2001, home fires and home fire deaths dropped 49% and 47% respectively, excluding events from September 11,2001. In 2001, four of every five fire deaths occurred in home structure fires, excluding 9/11, according to NFPA.
Book Synopsis Estimating Smoke Alarm Effectiveness and Spatial Distribution in Homes by : Stanley Gilbert
Download or read book Estimating Smoke Alarm Effectiveness and Spatial Distribution in Homes written by Stanley Gilbert and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 38 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report sets out to answer three questions. What effect does installing smoke detectors have on reported fires and casualties for the average household? How much of an effect would increasing smoke detector utilization have on the total number of fires and casualties in the United States? And what are the attributes of homes currently without smoke detectors and where are they located? We estimate the installation of smoke detectors in homes without them reduces the expected number of fires reported from a (formerly) non-smoke-detector residence by a factor of 3.5 to 5, and reduces the number of expected casualties by a factor of 2.5 to 3.5. Unexpectedly, we find the number of casualties per reported fire is lower for non-smoke- detector households compared to smoke-detector households. This could be due to changes in people's behavior when they have a smoke detector in the house or because the less dangerous fires are preferentially extinguished when smoke detectors are present. If smoke detectors were installed in all residences, the number of fires reported to the fire department could be reduced by 25 % or more. More realistically, each percent increase in smoke detector penetration reduces reported fires by more than 2.6 %. Finally, estimates of smoke detector utilization at the census tract level were developed for the entire country. We find evidence that the number of homes with smoke detectors are lower than current estimates that rely on telephone-only survey interviews. We estimate actual smoke detector usage is likely below 92 %. It seems likely that this is due to a correlation between phone presence and smoke detector utilization.
Book Synopsis Analysis of Smoke Detector Performance on Residential Fire Loss by : Stephen M. Ashbrock
Download or read book Analysis of Smoke Detector Performance on Residential Fire Loss written by Stephen M. Ashbrock and published by . This book was released on 1992 with total page 32 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Smoke detectors are an inexpensive device available to citizens to protect them in their residences from death, injury and loss due to fire. Fire departments have encouraged and even mandated the installation of these devices based on observations, nearly all of which lack statistical significance to "conclusively" demonstrate the effectiveness of smoke detectors to provide protection in residential fire situations. This study attempted to establish with statistical validity a reduction in dollar loss contributed by the presence and operation of smoke detectors in residential fires in the City of Reading, Ohio for the six year study period 1986-1991. All residential fires during the study period were retrospectively analyzed for detector performance and dollar loss. Incidents in which detectors operated were grouped and those incidents where detectors failed or were not present were grouped.
Author :United States Fire Administration. Office of Fire Protection Technology and Research Publisher : ISBN 13 : Total Pages :80 pages Book Rating :4.:/5 (31 download)
Book Synopsis An Evaluation of Residential Smoke Detectors Under Actual Field Conditions by : United States Fire Administration. Office of Fire Protection Technology and Research
Download or read book An Evaluation of Residential Smoke Detectors Under Actual Field Conditions written by United States Fire Administration. Office of Fire Protection Technology and Research and published by . This book was released on 1982 with total page 80 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis A Study on the Performance of Current Smoke Alarms to the New Fire and Nuisance Tests Prescribed in ANSI/UL 217-2015 by : Thomas G. Cleary
Download or read book A Study on the Performance of Current Smoke Alarms to the New Fire and Nuisance Tests Prescribed in ANSI/UL 217-2015 written by Thomas G. Cleary and published by . This book was released on with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Research was conducted on the performance of currently available smoke alarms to the new fire and cooking nuisance source tests specified in ANSI/UL 217-2015, Standard for Safety of Smoke Alarms. The standard calls for additional room-scale fire tests with smoldering and flaming polyurethane foam and a broiling hamburgers cooking test. The objectives of this research was to assess whether the new performance tests will foster a demonstrable enhancement in smoke alarm performance compared to a wide range of currently available smoke alarms and whether the single nuisance source test is representative of a range of cooking nuisance scenarios. There were 45 distinct smoke alarm models from seven different manufacturers used in the study. There were 14 ionization sensor models, 14 photoelectric sensor models, seven combination photoelectric and carbon monoxide sensor models, four combination ionization and carbon monoxide sensor models, four combination ionization and photoelectric sensor models, and two combination photoelectric and thermal sensor models. Six units of each model were used in the experiments for a total of 270 individual smoke alarms used in the study. The sensitivity of each alarm was measured in a smoke box with cotton wick smoke per the ANSI/UL 217-2012. The measured sensitivities across the different models covered nearly the entire range of allowed sensitivities. Analysis of these results showed that no current smoke alarm model would likely meet the new test performance levels required in the ANSI/UL 217-2015. Three models, all photoelectric sensor alarms, came closest to meeting the requirements. It was concluded that an across the board increase to the level of performance specified in ANSI-UL 217-2015 would significantly improve the overall performance of smoke alarms by expanding the range of fire scenarios alarms must respond to while requiring resistance to nuisance alarms. The changes introduced in ANSI/UL 217-2015, which include the new performance fire tests and the new nuisance resistance test, may represent significant challenges for manufacturers to meet the requirements by simply using both photoelectric and ionization sensors, or designing alarms that perform as well against the new fire tests as combination ionization / photoelectric models examined. The aerosol generation rate between the cooking nuisance sources varied significantly as did the relationship between the light obscuration and measuring ionization chamber values. Toasting bread produced essentially no measurable obscuration, thus alarms with only photoelectric, carbon monoxide, and thermal sensors typically did not alarm during those experiments. However, ionization alarms did respond to toasting bread aerosols at about the same measuring ionization chamber level as the broiling hamburgers experiments. As a nuisance test, the broiling hamburgers test challenged the majority of smoke alarms included in this study, and therefore may be considered a conservative test. Ultimately, cooking nuisance experiments on a range of smoke alarms that ANSI/UL 217-2015 will confirm the appropriateness of the broiling hamburgers cooking nuisance scenario as the model test.
Book Synopsis Smoke Detector Design and Smoke Properties by : Richard Bukowski
Download or read book Smoke Detector Design and Smoke Properties written by Richard Bukowski and published by . This book was released on 1978 with total page 56 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis National Electrical Code 2011 by : National Fire Protection Association
Download or read book National Electrical Code 2011 written by National Fire Protection Association and published by Delmar Pub. This book was released on 2010 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Safe, efficient, code-compliant electrical installations are made simple with the latest publication of this widely popular resource. Like its highly successful previous editions, the National Electrical Code? 2011 LOOSE LEAF combines solid, thorough, research-based content with the tools you need to build an in-depth understanding of the most important topics. It provides the full text of the updated Code regulations alongside expert commentary from code specialists, offering code rationale, clarifications for new and updated rules, and practical, real-world advice on how to apply the code. And in a loose-leaf format, it's easy to customize your experience with the Code by adding job- and situation- specific materials. New to the 2011 edition are articles including first-time Article 399 on October, Overhead Conductors with over 600 volts, first-time Article 694 on Small Wind Electric Systems, first-time Article 840 on Premises Powered Broadband Communications Systems, and more. This winning combination has created a valuable reference for those in or entering careers in electrical design, installation, inspection, and safety.
