Performance of Cement Treated Recycled Aggregates Under Wetting-drying Cycles in Pavement Base

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 116 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance of Cement Treated Recycled Aggregates Under Wetting-drying Cycles in Pavement Base by : Saif Bin Salah

Download or read book Performance of Cement Treated Recycled Aggregates Under Wetting-drying Cycles in Pavement Base written by Saif Bin Salah and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 116 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Resilient Modulus (MR) is one of the most important stiffness parameter to determine the thickness of a pavement layer (AASHTO 2003 pavement design guideline). Recent studies conducted by researchers on the variability of MR with wetting-drying (WD) and freeze-thaw (FT) cycles show that long-term durability is an important criterion to be considered in designing pavement base with recycled materials. At present, the design procedure does not consider the effect of deterioration of pavement layers due to seasonal variations and limited studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of environmental deterioration on the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and recycled crushed concrete aggregate (RCCA) mixtures stabilized with cement. The objective of this study is to evaluate the long-term durability of RCCA and RAP mix materials under repeated wetting-drying cycles. Three different combinations of RCCA and RAP materials containing 0%, 30% and 50% RAP content were used in this study. Each of these combinations were then stabilized with 4% and 6% cement content. After curing for 7 days the samples prepared from these material combinations were subjected to 4, 8, 16 and 30 wetting-drying (W-D) cycles. For the purpose of comparison, a different set of samples of the same combinations were prepared, cured for 7 days, and then further cured for 15, 25, 40 and 70 days. Resilient modulus tests were then conducted on all the samples at the end of these specified W-D cycles and curing periods. Environmental tests were also conducted to assess the effect of WD cycles on the washed-out water quality. These tests included total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and pH. MR test results indicated that addition of 50% RAP into the mix reduced the resilient modulus (MR) by about 39%. Increasing the cement content from 4% to 6% increased the MR values by about 20-35% for all material combinations. Higher cement content also resulted in higher durability of the materials containing 30% and 50% of RAP. All the six material combinations used in this study showed adequate strength after 7-days of curing. But the mix containing 30% RAP + 70% RCCA 4% cement (30R_4C) and 50% RAP + 50% RCCA 4% cement (50R_4C) failed to meet the minimum layer coefficient value of 0.13 (AASHTO 2003) for pavement base layer after 8-16 wetting-drying cycles. Results obtained from the environmental tests after 30 WD cycles were found to be within the permissible values provided by EPA guidelines.

Advancement in the Design and Performance of Sustainable Asphalt Pavements

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Author :
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 331961908X
Total Pages : 335 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (196 download)

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Book Synopsis Advancement in the Design and Performance of Sustainable Asphalt Pavements by : Louay Mohammad

Download or read book Advancement in the Design and Performance of Sustainable Asphalt Pavements written by Louay Mohammad and published by Springer. This book was released on 2017-07-11 with total page 335 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume on “Advancement in the Design and Performance of Sustainable Asphalt Pavements” includes a collection of research and practical papers from an international research and technology activities on Mixture Design Innovation, Structural Pavement Design, Advancement in Production and Construction, Climate Changes and Effects on Infrastructure, Green Energy, Technology and Integration. The volume constitutes an important contribution in view of the urgent need to develop materials, designs, and practices to ensure the sustainability of transportation infrastructure. This volume is part of the proceedings of the 1st GeoMEast International Congress and Exhibition on Sustainable Civil Infrastructures, Egypt 2017.

Structural Competency and Environmental Soundness of the Recycled Base Materials in North Texas

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 233 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Structural Competency and Environmental Soundness of the Recycled Base Materials in North Texas by : Mohammad Faysal

Download or read book Structural Competency and Environmental Soundness of the Recycled Base Materials in North Texas written by Mohammad Faysal and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 233 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Aggregates, which are derived from natural resources, are the most important raw materials used in pavement construction; however, depletion of the natural resources, increasing labor costs, and environmental concerns have led us to look for alternatives. Recycled materials, such as recycled crushed concrete aggregate (RCCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), can be used as an alternative to natural aggregates and can be obtained from construction of newer structures and demolition of existing structures, such as buildings, bridges, pavement, etc. Recycled materials can reduce the cost, depletion of natural resources, and construction debris. The properties of recycled materials are source-dependent, which limit their utility to a great extent. Considering these factors, this experimental program was designed to evaluate the strength, stiffness, durability, and environmental impacts of using recycled materials in the pavement base. Different combinations of recycled crushed concrete aggregates (RCCA) and reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) aggregates, under cement-treated or untreated conditions, were utilized to evaluate the applicability of these available materials to a flexible pavement base layer. It was found that RAP materials are relatively weaker than the RCCA materials due to the asphalt coating on its surface, but RAP materials can be mixed with RCCA to increase strength. According to this study, RAP can be mixed with RCCA up to a ratio of 50/50, but it must be treated with 4% to 6% cement to fulfill the compressive strength requirement of 300 psi specified in the Texas Department of Transportation's guidelines. The effect of the asphalt content on the strength and stiffness was also determined with the inclusion of additional asphalt to the RAP materials. Durability tests were performed with wetting and drying cycles on the weakest combinations of RCCA and RAP materials. These materials were found to be durable even after 30 wetting and drying cycles. Environmental tests were administered, such as pH, total and volatile dissolved solids, total and volatile suspended solids, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Test results were compared with the requirements of various environmental protection agencies and indicated that the recycled base materials are an environmentally-sound alternative to virgin aggregates and can be used in pavement bases or sub-base layers. The most important stiffness parameter used in pavement design is resilient modulus; however, the resilient modulus test is too complicated and costly to perform on a regular basis. The unconfined compressive strength test is easier to administer. In this study, a multiple linear regression model was developed to determine the resilient modulus value from the parameters obtained from the unconfined compressive strength tests. It is believed that the statistical model can be useful in determining the stiffness parameter of cement-treated base materials.

Guide to Cement-treated Base (CTB)

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9780893122539
Total Pages : 20 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (225 download)

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Book Synopsis Guide to Cement-treated Base (CTB) by : Gregory E. Halsted

Download or read book Guide to Cement-treated Base (CTB) written by Gregory E. Halsted and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 20 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cement-treated base (CTB) is a general term that applies to an mixture of native soils and/or manufactured aggregates with measured amounts of portland cement and water that is compacted and cured to form a strong, durable, frost resistant paving material. Other descriptions such as soil-cement base, cement-treated aggregate base, cement-stabilized base are sometimes used. This document provides a basic guide on the use of cement-treated base (CTB) for pavement applications. This document provides on overview on the design and construction of CTB for both mixed-in-place and central plant mixed operations. A suggested construction specification is also included.

Evaluation of the Strength of Cement-treated Aggregate for Pavement Bases

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (68 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of the Strength of Cement-treated Aggregate for Pavement Bases by : Susan E. Burns

Download or read book Evaluation of the Strength of Cement-treated Aggregate for Pavement Bases written by Susan E. Burns and published by . This book was released on 2006 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Cement-treated aggregate (CTA) is commonly used to provide a stable base for pavements that are placed over weak soil subgrades. Because CTA reduces the thickness of the aggregate required to provide a durable base by approximately one-half, using it as a bearing layer for pavement can limit the quantity of unsuitable soil that must be excavated and removed, and can reduce the erodability of the stabilized soils. However, the field performance of CTA is variable, even when prepared according to set standards. This laboratory-based investigation explored the effects of fines content, cement content, mineralogy, and freeze/thaw cycling on the unconfined compressive strength of cement-treated aggregate. The mineralogy of the base aggregate was found to make a significant difference in the strength of the CTA, with strength increasing in the following order: mica, limestone, and diabase. The granite aggregate yielded variable results, but the strengths were generally on the order of those determined for the diabase aggregate. The pH of the samples also correlated well, with the measured strengths increasing as the pH increased. As was anticipated, increasing the cement content increased the measured unconfined compressive strength of cylinders that were not subjected to freeze/thaw cycling. The same basic trend was observed in cylinders that were subjected to freeze/thaw cycling; however, the increase was less pronounced in the cylinders that were subjected to physical abrasion during thaw cycles. The fines content did not significantly influence the unconfined compressive strength of the cylinders that were not subjected to freeze/thaw cycling; however, the fines content appeared to confer a protective effect to the durability of the cylinders that were subjected to freeze/thaw. For the freeze/thaw test conditions, the unconfined compressive strength increased as the fines content was increased.

Improving Long-term Performance of Cement-treated Aggregate Base Materials

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (611 download)

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Book Synopsis Improving Long-term Performance of Cement-treated Aggregate Base Materials by : W. Spencer Guthrie

Download or read book Improving Long-term Performance of Cement-treated Aggregate Base Materials written by W. Spencer Guthrie and published by . This book was released on 2005 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

New Trends in Recycled Aggregate Concrete

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Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039211404
Total Pages : 280 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis New Trends in Recycled Aggregate Concrete by : Jorge de Brito

Download or read book New Trends in Recycled Aggregate Concrete written by Jorge de Brito and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-07-15 with total page 280 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the result of a Special Issue published in Applied Sciences, entitled “New Trends in Recycled Aggregate Concrete". It identifies emerging research areas within the field of recycled aggregate concrete and contributes to the increased use of this eco-efficient material. Its contents are organised in the following sections: Upscaling the use of recycled aggregate concrete in structural design; Large scale applications of recycled aggregate concrete; Long-term behaviour of recycled aggregate concrete; Performance of recycled aggregate concrete in very aggressive environments; Reliability of recycled aggregate concrete structures; Life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete; New applications of recycled aggregate concrete.

Effect of Fine Grained Soil in the Strength of Cement Treated Flex-base Materials

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 118 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (132 download)

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Book Synopsis Effect of Fine Grained Soil in the Strength of Cement Treated Flex-base Materials by : Sita Timsina

Download or read book Effect of Fine Grained Soil in the Strength of Cement Treated Flex-base Materials written by Sita Timsina and published by . This book was released on 2019 with total page 118 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The recycled materials such as, Recycled Crushed Concrete Aggregates (RCCA) and Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) treated with cement has been widely used as the alternative granular base in pavement construction in different states in USA due to the depletion of natural resources of virgin aggregates. While a number of factors drive the use of these recycled materials, the two primary factors are economic savings and environmental benefits. In the flexible pavement systems, the base layer contributes to the structural capacity of the pavement systems, so, the quality performance of this layer is essential. However, presence of fine particles in the pavement system promotes the contamination of coarse granular material due to migration of fines from the subgrade which might adversely affect the strength and stiffness of flex-base. As such, the main purpose of this study was to examine the effect of fine contents in granular base materials in terms of strength and stiffness. In this research, a comprehensive experimental program was designed to characterize resilient and compressive behavior of recycled materials in the presence of soil in both natural and stabilized forms. For this study, RAP and RCCA were mixed at different proportions from 0% to 100% with different amount of soil mixture varying between 0% and 24% with cement content ranging from 0% to 6% at 2% interval. Different laboratory tests were conducted to determine the Optimum Moisture Content (OMC), Maximum Dry Density (MDD), Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) and Resilient Modulus (MR) of the mixes of RAP, RCCA, soil and Ordinary Portland Cement (Type I/II). Based on the preliminary data, it was found that with the intrusion of fines in cement treated as well as untreated recycled granular bases, both the strength and stiffness decrease as compared with the same specimens without fine particles. With the addition of 12% and 24% of soil in the combination of 30% RAP + 70% RCCA and 50% RAP + 50% RCCA, the value of resilient modulus decreased in the range of 30 -55% in the cement stabilized as well as natural forms. For example,the Mr value of (30/70) RAP/RCCA with 2% cement ranged between 10,000 psi and 45,000 psi, it was reduced to a range of 10,000-30,000 psi with 12% soil intrusion. Similarly, at 6% cement content the Mr value of (30/70) RAP/RCCA the highest value of resilient modulus of 75,000 psi was observed whereas with the 12% soil, the moduli value was reduced to 38,000 psi at the given maximum confining pressure of 20psi.

Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields

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Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000533336
Total Pages : 501 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (5 download)

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Book Synopsis Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields by : Inge Hoff

Download or read book Eleventh International Conference on the Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields written by Inge Hoff and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-10 with total page 501 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Innovations in Road, Railway and Airfield Bearing Capacity – Volume 1 comprises the first part of contributions to the 11th International Conference on Bearing Capacity of Roads, Railways and Airfields (2022). In anticipation of the event, it unveils state-of-the-art information and research on the latest policies, traffic loading measurements, in-situ measurements and condition surveys, functional testing, deflection measurement evaluation, structural performance prediction for pavements and tracks, new construction and rehabilitation design systems, frost affected areas, drainage and environmental effects, reinforcement, traditional and recycled materials, full scale testing and on case histories of road, railways and airfields. This edited work is intended for a global audience of road, railway and airfield engineers, researchers and consultants, as well as building and maintenance companies looking to further upgrade their practices in the field.

Durability of a Recycled Aggregate Concrete Base Course Material Under Coupled Environmental Exposure and Cyclic Loading

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ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 156 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (895 download)

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Book Synopsis Durability of a Recycled Aggregate Concrete Base Course Material Under Coupled Environmental Exposure and Cyclic Loading by : Lillian Gonzalez

Download or read book Durability of a Recycled Aggregate Concrete Base Course Material Under Coupled Environmental Exposure and Cyclic Loading written by Lillian Gonzalez and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 156 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Long term durability is a major concern for wide-scale use of recycled aggregate materials in civil engineering construction. The purpose of this study is to provide an insight into the damaging effects of combined wet-dry cycles and repeated mechanical loading in a recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) base course material made from recycled crushed concrete aggregate and cement. A coordinated experimental program followed by a mechanistic pavement modeling and life cycle analysis was conducted as part of this research study. This laboratory investigation was divided into three phases each consisting of both wet-dry exposed specimens (WD), and control or non wet-dry exposed specimens (NWD). Phase I experiments involved monotonic loading tests under compression and flexure to evaluate the strength properties. Phase II involved testing a total of 108 cylindrical specimens in cyclic compressive loading at three different stress ratios. After each regime of cyclic loading, residual compressive strengths were determined. In addition, the load-deformation hysteresis loops and the accumulated plastic deformation were continuously monitored through all loading cycles. Phase III included a flexural fatigue test program on 39 beam specimens, and fracture testing program on 6 notched beam specimens, each one having 19-mm initial notch. Traditional SR-N curves, relating the Stress Ratio (SR) with the number of cycles to failure (N or Nf), were developed. Fatigue crack growth rate and changes in Stress Intensity Factors were obtained to determine Paris Law constants and fracture toughness. A mechanistic analysis of a typical highway pavement incorporating RAC base was performed with KENPAVE program, followed by a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) using the GaBi software. It was found that the specimens subjected to wet-dry cycles suffered significantly higher damage expressed in terms of accumulated plastic deformation, and loss of residual compressive strength, modulus, fatigue endurance limit, and design life, compared to specimens not exposed to wet-dry cycles. Although such degradation in material properties are important considerations in pavement design, a concurrent Life Cycle Analysis demonstrated that recycled aggregate concrete base course still holds promise as an alternative construction material from environmental stand point.

Evaluation of Cement and Fly Ash Treated Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Aggregates for Base Construction

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 2 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (794 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of Cement and Fly Ash Treated Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Aggregates for Base Construction by : Tyson David Rupnow

Download or read book Evaluation of Cement and Fly Ash Treated Recycled Asphalt Pavement and Aggregates for Base Construction written by Tyson David Rupnow and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 2 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: INTRODUCTION: Many entities currently use recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) and other aggregates as base materials, temporary haul roads, and, in the case of RAP, hot mix asphalt construction. Several states currently allow the use of RAP combined with cement for a stabilized base course under both asphalt and concrete pavements. Currently, there is disagreement on what properties are required and how to test the cement and fly ash treated RAP for both asphalt and concrete pavement structures. This project investigated cement and fly ash treated RAP and other materials to determine their suitability for base course construction. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to determine feasibility of cement and fly ash treated RAP and other aggregates as a structural layer for both portland cement concrete and hot mix asphalt pavement systems.

Advances in sustainable mine tailings management

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Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 283253497X
Total Pages : 158 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)

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Book Synopsis Advances in sustainable mine tailings management by : Lijie Guo

Download or read book Advances in sustainable mine tailings management written by Lijie Guo and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2023-10-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Performance Related Tests on Recycled Materials for Sustainable Design of Pavement Systems

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 16 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (125 download)

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Book Synopsis Performance Related Tests on Recycled Materials for Sustainable Design of Pavement Systems by : Athar Saeed

Download or read book Performance Related Tests on Recycled Materials for Sustainable Design of Pavement Systems written by Athar Saeed and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 16 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This paper provides recommendations for performance-related tests to select recycled materials to be used in pavement foundations (base/sub-base layers). The test protocol presented in this paper will help transportation agencies, pavement design engineers and construction industry professionals to mechanistically evaluate and select sources of recycled hot-mix asphalt and portland cement concrete materials and identify factors that contribute most to the longevity of layers using recycled pavement materials. Extensive literature review was conducted on the aggregate specifications in the United States and other countries to identify the protocols used to evaluate the suitability of virgin and recycled aggregates in base and sub-base layers. The test procedures, typically designed for virgin aggregates, were modified to account for the recycled materials in the aggregate mix. The test procedures were further evaluated on the basis of mechanical performance, accuracy, practicality, complexity, precision, and test cost. The performance of the developed aggregate evaluation systems was determined through testing and analysis of 12 aggregates with different lithology and known field performance history. These samples were selected from seven states with different seasonal frost cycles. The performance tests were conducted and modifications were made to the tests procedures to better understand the mechanical behavior of aggregate systems with recycled materials. This study revealed that shear strength, toughness, abrasion, durability, and frost susceptibility influence the performance of the unbound aggregate layers. Statistical analysis of the data showed that shear strength of the aggregate systems has the most impact on the performance of the unbound systems consisted of recycled materials.

Investigation and Appraisal of the Performance of Cement Treated Bases as Used in Composite Pavements in California

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 54 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (932 download)

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Book Synopsis Investigation and Appraisal of the Performance of Cement Treated Bases as Used in Composite Pavements in California by :

Download or read book Investigation and Appraisal of the Performance of Cement Treated Bases as Used in Composite Pavements in California written by and published by . This book was released on 1968 with total page 54 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates Test Section Performance

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 195 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (984 download)

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Book Synopsis Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates Test Section Performance by : Farhad Reza

Download or read book Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates Test Section Performance written by Farhad Reza and published by . This book was released on 2017 with total page 195 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The need to consider sustainability in design dictates that materials should be recycled and reused whenever possible. The Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) is quite progressive in allowing the use of recycled aggregates in new construction. While the use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in the base course of new pavements is quite common in Minnesota and many other states, it is rarely used in the concrete pavement itself. In fact, Minnesota was one of the few states to build multiple trial projects and has one of the largest number of concrete pavements constructed using the RCA in the concrete itself. The performance of those pavements, most of which are still in service, has never been formally evaluated against similar conventional concrete pavements. This prompted the current research study. Additional objectives were to assess the current state of practice across the nation, conduct experimental investigations using RCA in concrete, assess the sustainability and in particular the economics of using RCA in concrete, and finally to provide some recommendations for guidelines on using RCA in concrete. It has been shown by the authors and other researchers that it is possible to create strong and durable concrete mixtures using RCA as coarse aggregate in volume replacement levels of natural coarse aggregate up to 100%.

Recycled Concrete Aggregate

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 206 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (613 download)

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Book Synopsis Recycled Concrete Aggregate by : James Trevor Smith

Download or read book Recycled Concrete Aggregate written by James Trevor Smith and published by . This book was released on 2009 with total page 206 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Virgin aggregate is being used faster than it is being made available creating a foreseeable shortage in the future. Despite this trend, the availability of demolished concrete for use as recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) is increasing. Using this waste concrete as RCA conserves virgin aggregate, reduces the impact on landfills, decreases energy consumption and can provide cost savings. However, there are still many unanswered questions on the beneficial use of RCA in concrete pavements. This research addresses the many technical and cost-effective concerns regarding the use of RCA in concrete pavements by identifying concrete mixture and proportioning designs suitable for jointed plain concrete pavements; constructing test sections using varying amounts of RCA; monitoring performance through testing, condition surveys and sensor data; modeling RCA pavement performance; and predicting life cycle costs. The research was carried out as a partnership between the Centre for Pavement and Transportation Technology (CPATT) at the University of Waterloo, the Cement Association of Canada, Dufferin Construction, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.rgin aggregate increase as the sources becomes depleted. Multivariable sensitivity analysis showed that the LCCA results were sensitive to construction costs, discount rate, and maintenance and rehabilitation quantities.

Soil-cement and Other Construction Practices in Geotechnical Engineering

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Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 134 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (91 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil-cement and Other Construction Practices in Geotechnical Engineering by : Cliff J. Schexnayder

Download or read book Soil-cement and Other Construction Practices in Geotechnical Engineering written by Cliff J. Schexnayder and published by . This book was released on 2000 with total page 134 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: GSP 95 contains 10 papers on soil-cement construction procedures presented at sessions of Geo-Denver 2000, held in Denver, Colorado, August 5-8, 2000.