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Peer Effects And Ownership Costs In The Diffusion Of Residential Solar Photovoltaic In California
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Book Synopsis Peer Effects and Ownership Costs in the Diffusion of Residential Solar Photovoltaic in California by : Pimjai Hoontrakul
Download or read book Peer Effects and Ownership Costs in the Diffusion of Residential Solar Photovoltaic in California written by Pimjai Hoontrakul and published by . This book was released on 2012 with total page 124 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This research analyses the California Solar Initiative (CSI) Program data to identify and describe peer effects and price elasticity to adoption affecting the patterns of residential PV adoption. Descriptive statistics and adoption trends are analyzed to explore the impacts of peer effects and third-party owned system on the diffusion of residential solar PV in California. As the residential solar PV technology is still in an early stage of market formation, understanding the patterns of adoption in relatively more mature market can have broad implications for wider diffusion of the technology at the national level. In the first part of the thesis, I build an econometric model to estimate the influence of system cost and peer effects on the rate of diffusion at the zip code-level. The results reveal significant and positive installed base effects in the rate of future adoption. These results provide support to the hypothesis that peer effects help accelerate the adoption of new technologies. The cost-to-customer reduction is negative and significant at the state level. The impact of installed base in inducing new adoption is larger in zip codes with higher overall adoptions. The second part of the thesis presents trends in installation and choice of system capacity of major adoption clusters in California and analyzes the spread of third-party owned systems. Evidence from major adoption clusters in California has shown that growth in leasing adoption exhibits exponential characteristics while growth of customer owned system shows strongly linear feature. This suggests that third-party owned systems play a role in expanding the solar PV market to a significantly large population, especially given that this business would significantly reduces information cost associated with PV adoption. These results offer direct policy and marketing insights that would be useful in speeding up the diffusion of residential PV.
Book Synopsis Peer Effects in the Diffusion of Solar Photovoltaic Panels by : Bryan Bollinger
Download or read book Peer Effects in the Diffusion of Solar Photovoltaic Panels written by Bryan Bollinger and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Social interaction (peer) effects are recognized as a potentially important factor in the diffusion of new products. In the case of environmentally friendly goods or technologies, both marketers and policy makers are interested in the presence of causal peer effects as social spillovers can be used to expedite adoption. We provide a methodology for the simple, straightforward identification of peer effects with sufficiently rich data, avoiding the biases that occur with traditional fixed effects estimation when using the past installed base of consumers in the reference group. We study the diffusion of solar photovoltaic panels in California and find that at the average number of owner-occupied homes in a zip code, an additional installation increases the probability of an adoption in the zip code by 0.78 percentage points. Our results provide valuable guidance to marketers designing strategies to increase referrals and reduce customer acquisition costs. They also provide insights into the diffusion process of environmentally friendly technologies.
Book Synopsis Technology Diffusion Policy Design by : Changgui Dong
Download or read book Technology Diffusion Policy Design written by Changgui Dong and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page 328 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Human-induced climate change, with its potentially catastrophic impacts on weather patterns, water resources, ecosystems, and agricultural production, is the toughest global problem of modern times. Impeding catastrophic climate change necessitates the widespread deployment of renewable energy technologies for reducing the emissions of heat-trapping gases, especially carbon di-oxide (CO2). However, the deployment of renewable energy technologies is plagued by various market failures, such as environmental externalities from conventional energy sources, learning-by-doing, innovation spillover effects, and peer effects. In efforts to begin to address these market failures, several governments at all levels--city, state, regional, and national--have instituted various subsidies for promoting the adoption of renewable energy technologies. Public resources are limited and have competing uses. So, it is important to ask: how cost-effective are renewable energy subsidies? Are the subsidies even reaching the intended subjects--the potential adopters of renewable energy technologies? In this empirically-driven dissertation, I analyze these important policy design and evaluation questions with a focus on the solar subsidy programs in California. All programs to incentivize the adoption of renewable energy technologies run into the same key question: what is the optimal (maximum capacity inducing) rebate schedule in the face of volatile product prices and the need for policy certainty? Answering this question requires careful attention to both supply-side (learning-by-doing) and demand-side (peer effects) market dynamics. I use dynamic programming to analyze the effectiveness of the largest state-level solar photovoltaic (PV) subsidy program in the U.S. - the California Solar Initiative (CSI) - in maximizing the cumulative PV installation in California under a budget constraint. I find that previous studies overestimated learning-by-doing in the solar industry. Consistent with other studies, I also find that peer effects are a significant demand driver in the California solar market. The main implication of this empirical finding in the dynamic optimization context is that it forces the optimal solution towards higher subsidies in earlier years of the program, and, hence, leads to a lower program duration (for the same budget). In particular, I find that the optimal rebate schedule would start not at $2.5/W as it actually did in CSI, but instead at $4.2/W; the effective policy period would be only three years instead of the realized period of six years. This optimal (i.e., most cost effective) solution results in total PV adoption of 32.2 MW (8.1%) higher than that installed under CSI, using the same budget. Furthermore, I find that the optimal rebate schedule starts to look like the actual CSI in a 'policy certainty' scenario where the variation of periodic subsidy-level changes is constrained. Finally, introduction of stochastic learning-by-doing as a way to better capture the dynamic nature of learning in markets for new products does not yield significantly different results compared to the deterministic case. Another, still-unanswered, redistribution question related to the CSI program is: to what degree have the direct PV incentives in California been passed through from installers to consumers? I address this question by carefully examining the residential PV market in California by applying multiple methods. Specifically, I apply a structural-modeling approach, a reduced-form regression analysis, and regression discontinuity designs to estimate the incentive pass-through rate in California's solar program. The results consistently suggest a high average pass-through rate of direct incentives of nearly 100%, though with regional differences among California counties and utilities. While these results could have multiple explanations, they suggest a relatively competitive market and a smoothly operating subsidy program. Combining evidence from the optimal subsidy policy design and the incentive pass-through analysis, this dissertation lends credibility to the cost-effectiveness of CSI given CSI's design goal of providing policy certainty and also finds a near-perfect incidence in CSI. Long-term credible commitment as reflected through CSI's capacity-triggered step changes in rebates along with policy and data transparency are important factors for CSI's smooth and cost-effective functioning. Though CSI has now wound down because final solar capacity targets have been reached, the historical performance of CSI is relevant not only as an ex-post analysis in California, but potentially has broader policy implications for other solar incentive programs both nationally and internationally.
Book Synopsis Peer Effects Within Homeowner Adoption of Solar-PV Panels by : Adam Parker Leising
Download or read book Peer Effects Within Homeowner Adoption of Solar-PV Panels written by Adam Parker Leising and published by . This book was released on 2014 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: What motivates homeowners to install solar-photovoltaic (PV) panels on their roofs? In particular, how significant is it if a homeowner knows another homeowner who's already done it? In this case-control study of PV adopters and non-adopters from San Francisco, San Jose, and Fresno, I collected economic, environmental, and social information from nearly 200 homeowners in order to answer these questions. Outside of PV adoption, I found PV adopters to behave no more environmentally than do PV non-adopters. With regards to economic considerations, PV adoption is best predicted by whether the homeowner's expected PV electricity rate is less than his current PG & E electricity average rate. Concerning social influences, a homeowner who knows one more PV adopter than does the average homeowner has a probability of PV adoption that is two- to three-times that of the average homeowner. Driving this peer effect is an amplification of the environmental benefits of PV panels, not the acquisition of new or improved information. Policies that leverage this peer effect may serve as effective complements to traditional subsidization policies.
Book Synopsis Exploring the Market for Third-Party-Owned Residential Photovoltaic Systems by :
Download or read book Exploring the Market for Third-Party-Owned Residential Photovoltaic Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We report that over the past several years, third-party-ownership (TPO) structures for residential photovoltaic (PV) systems have become the predominant ownership model in the US residential market. Under a TPO contract, the PV system host typically makes payments to the third-party owner of the system. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the total TPO contract payments made by the customer can differ significantly from payments in which the system host directly purchases the system. Furthermore, payments can vary depending on TPO contract structure. To date, a paucity of data on TPO contracts has precluded studies evaluating trends in TPO contract cost. This study relies on a sample of 1113 contracts for residential PV systems installed in 2010-2012 under the California Solar Initiative to evaluate how the timing of payments under a TPO contract impacts the ultimate cost of the system to the customer. Furthermore, we evaluate how the total cost of TPO systems to customers has changed through time, and the degree to which contract costs have tracked trends in the installed costs of a PV system. We find that the structure of the contract and the timing of the payments have financial implications for the customer: (1) power-purchase contracts, on average, cost more than leases, (2) no-money-down contracts are more costly than prepaid contracts, assuming a customer's discount rate is lower than 17% and (3) contracts that include escalator clauses cost more, for both power-purchase agreements and leases, at most plausible discount rates. Additionally, all contract costs exhibit a wide range, and do not parallel trends in installed costs over time.
Book Synopsis Exploring the Market for Third-party-owned Residential Photovoltaic Systems by :
Download or read book Exploring the Market for Third-party-owned Residential Photovoltaic Systems written by and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: We report that over the past several years, third-party-ownership (TPO) structures for residential photovoltaic (PV) systems have become the predominant ownership model in the US residential market. Under a TPO contract, the PV system host typically makes payments to the third-party owner of the system. Anecdotal evidence suggests that the total TPO contract payments made by the customer can differ significantly from payments in which the system host directly purchases the system. Furthermore, payments can vary depending on TPO contract structure. To date, a paucity of data on TPO contracts has precluded studies evaluating trends in TPO contract cost. This study relies on a sample of 1113 contracts for residential PV systems installed in 2010–2012 under the California Solar Initiative to evaluate how the timing of payments under a TPO contract impacts the ultimate cost of the system to the customer. Furthermore, we evaluate how the total cost of TPO systems to customers has changed through time, and the degree to which contract costs have tracked trends in the installed costs of a PV system. We find that the structure of the contract and the timing of the payments have financial implications for the customer: (1) power-purchase contracts, on average, cost more than leases, (2) no-money-down contracts are more costly than prepaid contracts, assuming a customer's discount rate is lower than 17% and (3) contracts that include escalator clauses cost more, for both power-purchase agreements and leases, at most plausible discount rates. Additionally, all contract costs exhibit a wide range, and do not parallel trends in installed costs over time.
Book Synopsis Empowering the Great Energy Transition by : Scott Valentine
Download or read book Empowering the Great Energy Transition written by Scott Valentine and published by Columbia University Press. This book was released on 2019-12-17 with total page 306 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: At a time when climate-change deniers hold the reins of power in the United States and international greenhouse gas negotiations continue at a slow crawl, what options are available to cities, companies, and consumers around the world who seek a cleaner future? Scott Victor Valentine, Marilyn A. Brown, and Benjamin K. Sovacool explore developments and strategies that will help fast-track the transition to renewable energy. They provide an expert analysis of the achievable steps that citizens, organizational leaders, and policy makers can take to put their commitments to sustainability into practice. Empowering the Great Energy Transition examines trends that suggest a transition away from carbon-intensive energy sources is inevitable—there are too many forces for change at work to stop a shift to clean energy. Yet under the status quo, change will be too slow to avert the worst consequences of climate change. Humanity is on a path to incur avoidable social, environmental, and economic costs. Valentine, Brown, and Sovacool argue that new policies and business models are needed to surmount the hurdles separating the current consumption model from a sustainable energy future. Empowering the Great Energy Transition shows that with well-placed efforts, we can set humanity on a course that supports entrepreneurs and communities in mitigating the environmental harm caused by technologies whose time has come and gone.
Book Synopsis Social Dynamics by : Steven N. Durlauf
Download or read book Social Dynamics written by Steven N. Durlauf and published by MIT Press. This book was released on 2001 with total page 260 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This collection of essays presents a variety of approaches to understanding the dynamics of human interaction.
Book Synopsis Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation by : Ottmar Edenhofer
Download or read book Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation written by Ottmar Edenhofer and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2011-11-21 with total page 1088 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Special Report (IPCC-SRREN) assesses the potential role of renewable energy in the mitigation of climate change. It covers the six most important renewable energy sources - bioenergy, solar, geothermal, hydropower, ocean and wind energy - as well as their integration into present and future energy systems. It considers the environmental and social consequences associated with the deployment of these technologies, and presents strategies to overcome technical as well as non-technical obstacles to their application and diffusion. SRREN brings a broad spectrum of technology-specific experts together with scientists studying energy systems as a whole. Prepared following strict IPCC procedures, it presents an impartial assessment of the current state of knowledge: it is policy relevant but not policy prescriptive. SRREN is an invaluable assessment of the potential role of renewable energy for the mitigation of climate change for policymakers, the private sector, and academic researchers.
Book Synopsis Cause and Correlation in Biology by : Bill Shipley
Download or read book Cause and Correlation in Biology written by Bill Shipley and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2002-08 with total page 330 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book goes beyond the truism that 'correlation does not imply causation' and explores the logical and methodological relationships between correlation and causation. It presents a series of statistical methods that can test, and potentially discover, cause-effect relationships between variables in situations in which it is not possible to conduct randomised or experimentally controlled experiments. Many of these methods are quite new and most are generally unknown to biologists. In addition to describing how to conduct these statistical tests, the book also puts the methods into historical context and explains when they can and cannot justifiably be used to test or discover causal claims. Written in a conversational style that minimises technical jargon, the book is aimed at practising biologists and advanced students, and assumes only a very basic knowledge of introductory statistics.
Book Synopsis Progress in Geospatial Analysis by : Yuji Murayama
Download or read book Progress in Geospatial Analysis written by Yuji Murayama and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-07-06 with total page 294 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book examines current trends and developments in the methods and applications of geospatial analysis and highlights future development prospects. It provides a comprehensive discussion of remote sensing- and geographical information system (GIS)-based data processing techniques, current practices, theories, models, and applications of geospatial analysis. Data acquisition and processing techniques such as remote sensing image selections, classifications, accuracy assessments, models of GIS data, and spatial modeling processes are the focus of the first part of the book. In the second part, theories and methods related to fuzzy sets, spatial weights and prominence, geographically weighted regression, weight of evidence, Markov-cellular automata, artificial neural network, agent-based simulation, multi-criteria evaluation, analytic hierarchy process, and a GIS network model are included. Part three presents selected best practices in geospatial analysis. The chapters, all by expert authors, are arranged so that readers who are new to the field will gain an overview and important insights. Those readers who are already practitioners will gain from the advanced and updated materials and state-of-the-art developments in geospatial analysis.
Book Synopsis Best Practices Handbook for the Collection and Use of Solar Resource Data for Solar Energy Applications by : M. Sengupta
Download or read book Best Practices Handbook for the Collection and Use of Solar Resource Data for Solar Energy Applications written by M. Sengupta and published by . This book was released on 2013 with total page 0 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author :United States. Department of Energy. Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean Energy Technologies Publisher :DIANE Publishing ISBN 13 :1428918442 Total Pages :371 pages Book Rating :4.4/5 (289 download)
Book Synopsis Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future by : United States. Department of Energy. Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean Energy Technologies
Download or read book Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future written by United States. Department of Energy. Interlaboratory Working Group on Energy-Efficient and Clean Energy Technologies and published by DIANE Publishing. This book was released on 2000 with total page 371 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Book Synopsis Global Trends 2040 by : National Intelligence Council
Download or read book Global Trends 2040 written by National Intelligence Council and published by Cosimo Reports. This book was released on 2021-03 with total page 158 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic marks the most significant, singular global disruption since World War II, with health, economic, political, and security implications that will ripple for years to come." -Global Trends 2040 (2021) Global Trends 2040-A More Contested World (2021), released by the US National Intelligence Council, is the latest report in its series of reports starting in 1997 about megatrends and the world's future. This report, strongly influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, paints a bleak picture of the future and describes a contested, fragmented and turbulent world. It specifically discusses the four main trends that will shape tomorrow's world: - Demographics-by 2040, 1.4 billion people will be added mostly in Africa and South Asia. - Economics-increased government debt and concentrated economic power will escalate problems for the poor and middleclass. - Climate-a hotter world will increase water, food, and health insecurity. - Technology-the emergence of new technologies could both solve and cause problems for human life. Students of trends, policymakers, entrepreneurs, academics, journalists and anyone eager for a glimpse into the next decades, will find this report, with colored graphs, essential reading.
Download or read book Energy Autonomy written by Hermann Scheer and published by Earthscan. This book was released on 2012 with total page 321 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For 200 years industrial civilization has relied on the combustion of abundant and cheap carbon fuels. But continued reliance has had perilous consequences. On the one hand there is the insecurity of relying on the world's most unstable region - the Middle East - compounded by the imminence of peak oil, growing scarcity and mounting prices. On the other, the potentially cataclysmic consequences of continuing to burn fossil fuels, as the evidence of accelerating climate change shows. Yet there is a solution: to make the transition to renewable sources of energy and distributed, decentralized energy generation. It is a model that has been proven, technologically, commercially and politically, as Scheer comprehensively demonstrates here. The alternative of a return to nuclear power - again being widely advocated - he shows to be compromised and illusory. The advantages of renewable energy are so clear and so overwhelming that resistance to them needs diagnosis - which Scheer also provides, showing why and how entrenched interests and one-dimensional structures of thinking oppose the transition, and what must be done to overcome these obstacles.The new book from the award-winning author of THE SOLAR ECONOMY and A SOLAR MANIFESTO demonstrates why the transition to renewable energy is essential and how it can be done.
Book Synopsis Affordable and Clean Energy by : Walter Leal Filho
Download or read book Affordable and Clean Energy written by Walter Leal Filho and published by Springer. This book was released on 2021-01-10 with total page 1309 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The problems related to the process of industrialisation such as biodiversity depletion, climate change and a worsening of health and living conditions, especially but not only in developing countries, intensify. Therefore, there is an increasing need to search for integrated solutions to make development more sustainable. The United Nations has acknowledged the problem and approved the “2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development”. On 1st January 2016, the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda officially came into force. These goals cover the three dimensions of sustainable development: economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. The Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals comprehensively addresses the SDGs in an integrated way. The Encyclopedia encompasses 17 volumes, each one devoted to one of the 17 SDGs. This volume addresses SDG 7, namely "Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all” and contains the description of a range of terms, which allow a better understanding and foster knowledge. Energy is crucial for achieving almost all others SDGs, from its role in the eradication of poverty through advancements in health, education, water supply and industrialization, to combating climate change. This book presents a set of papers on the state-of-the-art of knowledge and practices about energy sustainable, in terms of generation and demand energy, considering aspects of innovation, management, sources of energy, performance, society behavior, and infrastructure, among others. Concretely, the defined targets are: Ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services Increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix Double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency Enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology Expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries, in particular least developed countries, small island developing states and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective programmes of support Editorial Board Md. Mahmudul Alam, Justin Bishop, Luciana Londero Brandli, Elisa Conticelli, Marcos Antonio Leite Frandoloso, Haruna Musa Moda, Matti Sommarberg
Book Synopsis Clean Electricity From Photovoltaics by : Mary D Archer
Download or read book Clean Electricity From Photovoltaics written by Mary D Archer and published by World Scientific. This book was released on 2001-06-04 with total page 870 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Photovoltaic cells provide clean, reversible electrical power from the sun. Made from semiconductors, they are durable, silent in operation and free of polluting emissions. In this book, experts from all sectors of the PV community — materials scientists, physicists, production engineers, economists and environmentalists — give their critical appraisals of where the technology is now and what its prospects are./a
