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Author : Jared Cromas
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 356 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (89 download)
Download or read book Particulate Matter Formation Mechanisms in a Direct-injection Gasoline Engine written by Jared Cromas and published by . This book was released on 2003 with total page 356 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Jerzy Merkisz
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319159283
Total Pages : 146 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)
Download or read book Nanoparticle Emissions From Combustion Engines written by Jerzy Merkisz and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-03-19 with total page 146 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book focuses on particulate matter emissions produced by vehicles with combustion engines. It describes the physicochemical properties of the particulate matter, the mechanisms of its formation and its environmental impacts (including those on human beings). It discusses methods for measuring particulate mass and number, including the state-of-the-art in Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment for measuring the exhaust emissions of both light and heavy-duty vehicles and buses under actual operating conditions. The book presents the authors’ latest investigations into the relations between particulate emission (mass and number) and engine operating parameters, as well as their new findings obtained through road tests performed on various types of vehicles, including those using diesel particulate filter regeneration. The book, which addresses the needs of academics and professionals alike, also discusses relevant European regulations on particulate emissions and highlights selected methods aimed at the reduction of particulate emissions from automobiles.
Author : Thorsten Boger
Publisher : SAE International
ISBN 13 : 0768094178
Total Pages : 350 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (68 download)
Download or read book Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines written by Thorsten Boger and published by SAE International. This book was released on 2018-11-28 with total page 350 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For years, diesel engines have been the focus of particulate matter emission reductions. Now, however, modern diesel engines emit less particles than a comparable gasoline engine. This transformation necessitates an introduction of particulate reduction strategies for the gasoline-powered vehicle. Many strategies can be leveraged from diesel engines, but new combustion and engine control technologies will be needed to meet the latest gasoline regulations across the globe. Particulate reduction is a critical health concern in addition to the regulatory requirements. This is a vital issue with real-world implications. Reducing Particulate Emissions in Gasoline Engines encompasses the current strategies and technologies used to reduce particulates to meet regulatory requirements and curtail health hazards - reviewing principles and applications of these techniques. Highlights and features in the book include: Gasoline particulate filter design, function and applications Coated and uncoated three way catalyst design and integration Measurement of gasoline particulate matter emission, both laboratory and PEMS The goal is to provide a comprehensive assessment of gasoline particulate emission control to meet regulatory and health requirements - appealing to calibration, development and testing engineers alike.
Author : Avinash Kumar Agarwal
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 9811332991
Total Pages : 266 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)
Download or read book Engine Exhaust Particulates written by Avinash Kumar Agarwal and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-11-01 with total page 266 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides a comparative analysis of both diesel and gasoline engine particulates, and also of the emissions resulting from the use of alternative fuels. Written by respected experts, it offers comprehensive insights into motor vehicle particulates, their formation, composition, location, measurement, characterisation and toxicology. It also addresses exhaust-gas treatment and legal, measurement-related and technological advancements concerning emissions. The book will serve as a valuable resource for academic researchers and professional automotive engineers alike.
Author : David Jonathan Kayes
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 388 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (433 download)
Download or read book Particulate Matter Formation in Spark-ignition Engines written by David Jonathan Kayes and published by . This book was released on 1999 with total page 388 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Markus Bertsch
Publisher : Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
ISBN 13 : 3832544038
Total Pages : 170 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)
Download or read book Experimental Investigations on Particle Number Emissions from GDI Engines written by Markus Bertsch and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2016-12-31 with total page 170 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This thesis discusses experimental investigations to reduce particle number emissions from gasoline engines with direct injection. Measures on a single cylinder research engine with combined usage of a particle number measurement system, a particle size distribution measurement system as well as optical diagnostics and thermodynamic analysis enable an in-depth assessment of particle formation and oxidation. Therefore, numerous optical diagnostic techniques for spray visualisation (Mie-scattering, High-Speed PIV) and soot detection (High-Speed-Imaging, Fiber optical diagnostics) are deployed. Two injectors with different hydraulic flows but identical spray-targeting are characterised and compared by measurements in a pressurised chamber. The operation at higher engine load and low engine speed is in the focus of the experimental work at the engine test bench. Thereby, the low flow velocities in the combustion chamber, caused by the low engine speed, as well as the large amount of fuel injected are major challenges for the mixture formation process. A substantial part of the thesis thus focusses on the detailed analysis of the mixture formation process, which is consisting of fuel injection, interaction of the in-cylinder charge motion with the fuel injected and the fuel properties. Measures for the optimisation of the mixture formation process and the minimisation of the particle number emissions are analysed and evaluated. The charge motion is manipulated by the impression of a directed flow, the variation of the valve timings and valve open curve. The injection process is influenced by a reduction of the hydraulic flow of the injector and an increase of the injection pressure up to 50 MPa. The investigations show fundamental effects and potentials of different variation parameters concerning their emissions reduction potential at the exemplary operation at high engine load. Due to the simultaneous analysis of the in-cylinder charge motion and a thermodynamic analysis, the results can be transferred to different engines.
Author : Juan Felipe Rodríguez
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 211 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (958 download)
Download or read book Investigations on the Pollutant Emissions of Gasoline Direct Injection Engines During Cold-start written by Juan Felipe Rodríguez and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 211 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: As the CO2 emission standards around the world become more stringent, the turbocharged downsized gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine provides a mature platform to achieve better fuel economy. For this reason, it is expected that the GDI engine will capture increasing shares of the market during the coming years. The in-cylinder liquid injection, though advantageous in most engine operation regimes, creates emissions challenges during the cold crank-start and cold fast-idle phases. The engine cold-start is responsible for a disproportionate share of the hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emitted over the certification cycle. Understanding the sources of the pollutants during this stage is necessary for the further market penetration of GDI under the constraint of tighter emission standards. This work aims to examine the formation processes of the HC, NOx and PM emissions during the cold-start phase in a GDI engine, and the sensitivity of the pollutant emissions to different operation strategies. To this end, a detailed analysis of the crank-start was carried out, in which the first three engine cycles were individually examined. For the steady-state phase, the trade-off between low fast-idle emissions and high exhaust thermal enthalpy flow, necessary for fast catalyst warm-up, is investigated under several operation strategies. The pollutant formation processes are strongly dependent on the mixture formation and on the temperature and pressure history of the combustion process. The results show that unconventional valve timing strategies with large, symmetric, negative valve overlap and delayed combustion phasing are the most effective ways to reduce engine-out emissions during both crank-start and fast-idle phases.
Author : B. P. Pundir
Publisher : Alpha Science International, Limited
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 326 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 ( download)
Download or read book Engine Emissions written by B. P. Pundir and published by Alpha Science International, Limited. This book was released on 2007 with total page 326 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: "Engine Emissions: Pollutant Formation and Advances in Control Technology provides an up to date reference to academics and professionals on emissions from SI and CI engine powered vehicles. - In this text, mechanism of formation of engine emissions, effect of engine design and operation variables, world wide vehicle emission standards and emission measurement and test procedures are presented. Advances in emission control technology that have taken place from those used initially and up to the ones employed on the present day vehicles meeting the stringent emission regulations e.g., Euro 4, ULEV, SULEV standards are discussed. - Newer developments on exhaust aftertreatment such as HC adsorber systems, NO, traps and other de-NO, catalysts, and advanced engines like GDI and HCCI engines are covered in the book."--Jacket.
Author : B. Ashok
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 0128242280
Total Pages : 488 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (282 download)
Download or read book NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines written by B. Ashok and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2021-11-09 with total page 488 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: NOx Emission Control Technologies in Stationary and Automotive Internal Combustion Engines: Approaches Toward NOx Free Automobiles presents the fundamental theory of emission formation, particularly the oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and its chemical reactions and control techniques. The book provides a simplified framework for technical literature on NOx reduction strategies in IC engines, highlighting thermodynamics, combustion science, automotive emissions and environmental pollution control. Sections cover the toxicity and roots of emissions for both SI and CI engines and the formation of various emissions such as CO, SO2, HC, NOx, soot, and PM from internal combustion engines, along with various methods of NOx formation. Topics cover the combustion process, engine design parameters, and the application of exhaust gas recirculation for NOx reduction, making this book ideal for researchers and students in automotive, mechanical, mechatronics and chemical engineering students working in the field of emission control techniques. Covers advanced and recent technologies and emerging new trends in NOx reduction for emission control Highlights the effects of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) on engine performance parameters Discusses emission norms such as EURO VI and Bharat stage VI in reducing global air pollution due to engine emissions
Author : Changhoon Oh
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 162 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (97 download)
Download or read book Assessment of the Factors Influencing PN Emission in a DISI Engine Under Cold-start Condition written by Changhoon Oh and published by . This book was released on 2016 with total page 162 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Due to their advantages in higher fuel efficiency and torque compared to conventional port fuel injection (PFI) engines, direct injection spark ignition (DISI) engines have become dominant in gasoline-fueled engines. However, DISI engines have a significant drawback in particulate matter (PM) emission: the PM emission of DISI engines is at least an order of magnitude higher than that of PFI engines. The objective of this study is to investigate PM emission in DISI engines, mainly focusing on particulate number (PN) emission. The study aims to assess, respectively, the plausible PM formation mechanisms: non-fuel originated sources (e.g., lubricant), flame propagation in rich mixture and the pyrolysis of the vapor from liquid fuel film. Through a series of experiments, it has been found that non-fuel contribution is less important than the other two mechanisms. For all operating conditions, the absolute amount of the non-fuel contribution is much smaller than the total emission. In case of PM generated by flame propagation in rich mixture, there is a threshold air-fuel equivalence ratio below which PM starts to form rapidly. The threshold is influenced by the combustion temperature. PM starts to form at lower equivalence ratio when the combustion temperature was lower. Contrary to the PM generated from flame propagation in fuel-rich mixture case, that from the liquid fuel film is suppressed by lowering the combustion temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging shows that the sizes of primary particles and agglomerated particles become larger as engine load increases, but particulates from different mechanisms have different morphology.
Author : F. Zhao
Publisher : Elsevier
ISBN 13 : 008055279X
Total Pages : 129 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)
Download or read book Automotive Spark-Ignited Direct-Injection Gasoline Engines written by F. Zhao and published by Elsevier. This book was released on 2000-02-08 with total page 129 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The process of fuel injection, spray atomization and vaporization, charge cooling, mixture preparation and the control of in-cylinder air motion are all being actively researched and this work is reviewed in detail and analyzed. The new technologies such as high-pressure, common-rail, gasoline injection systems and swirl-atomizing gasoline fuel injections are discussed in detail, as these technologies, along with computer control capabilities, have enabled the current new examination of an old objective; the direct-injection, stratified-charge (DISC), gasoline engine. The prior work on DISC engines that is relevant to current GDI engine development is also reviewed and discussed. The fuel economy and emission data for actual engine configurations have been obtained and assembled for all of the available GDI literature, and are reviewed and discussed in detail. The types of GDI engines are arranged in four classifications of decreasing complexity, and the advantages and disadvantages of each class are noted and explained. Emphasis is placed upon consensus trends and conclusions that are evident when taken as a whole; thus the GDI researcher is informed regarding the degree to which engine volumetric efficiency and compression ratio can be increased under optimized conditions, and as to the extent to which unburned hydrocarbon (UBHC), NOx and particulate emissions can be minimized for specific combustion strategies. The critical area of GDI fuel injector deposits and the associated effect on spray geometry and engine performance degradation are reviewed, and important system guidelines for minimizing deposition rates and deposit effects are presented. The capabilities and limitations of emission control techniques and after treatment hardware are reviewed in depth, and a compilation and discussion of areas of consensus on attaining European, Japanese and North American emission standards presented. All known research, prototype and production GDI engines worldwide are reviewed as to performance, emissions and fuel economy advantages, and for areas requiring further development. The engine schematics, control diagrams and specifications are compiled, and the emission control strategies are illustrated and discussed. The influence of lean-NOx catalysts on the development of late-injection, stratified-charge GDI engines is reviewed, and the relative merits of lean-burn, homogeneous, direct-injection engines as an option requiring less control complexity are analyzed.
Author : Eran Sher
Publisher : Academic Press
ISBN 13 : 0080532756
Total Pages : 689 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (85 download)
Download or read book Handbook of Air Pollution from Internal Combustion Engines written by Eran Sher and published by Academic Press. This book was released on 1998-03-20 with total page 689 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This handbook is an important and valuable source for engineers and researchers in the area of internal combustion engines pollution control. It provides an excellent updated review of available knowledge in this field and furnishes essential and useful information on air pollution constituents, mechanisms of formation, control technologies, effects of engine design, effects of operation conditions, and effects of fuel formulation and additives. The text is rich in explanatory diagrams, figures and tables, and includes a considerable number of references. An important resource for engineers and researchers in the area of internal combustion engines and pollution control Presents and excellent updated review of the available knowledge in this area Written by 23 experts Provides over 700 references and more than 500 explanatory diagrams, figures and tables
Author : Thorsten Schweizer
Publisher : Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
ISBN 13 : 3832582428
Total Pages : 140 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (325 download)
Download or read book Experimental root cause analysis of low-speed pre-ignition mechanisms on a turbocharged gasoline engine with direct-injection written by Thorsten Schweizer and published by Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH. This book was released on 2024-07-04 with total page 140 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The concept of increasing power density is a successful approach to improving the conflict between efficiency and emission behavior of spark-ignition engine drive units for light-duty vehicles. This leads to highly charged gasoline engines with direct injection and high specific torque and power densities, promoting a not yet fully understood combustion anomaly known as low-speed pre-ignition (LSPI). This unpredictable, multicyclic phenomenon limits the depictable in-cylinder pressures, further efficiency gains and engine reliability. Only with a holistic understanding of the LSPI root cause mechanisms and processes can targeted countermeasures be taken and further efficiency gains achieved. A novel methodology pathway for LSPI root cause analysis was developed to accompany the entire LSPI event emergence process path by means of a multi-experimental approach on a modern high efficiency engine. This includes the identification of key LSPI activity – engine parameter specification relations, minimally invasive high-speed endoscopic imaging and further LSPI key experiments. Only the accumulation of inorganic substances originating from lubricating oil additives enables specific deposits/particles to ignite the surrounding mixture over a multicyclic process due to the resulting increased oxidation reactivity. Through a final synthesis step of all results, a multi-cycle oxidation-reactivity-enhanced deposit/particle-driven LSPI root cause mechanism is established.
Author : George Springer
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 1468419838
Total Pages : 377 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (684 download)
Download or read book Engine Emissions written by George Springer and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 377 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, emissions from transportation engines have been studied widely because of the contribution of such engines to atmospheric pollution. During this period the amounts of pollutants emitted, the mechanism of their formation, and means of controlling emissions have been investigated in industrial and government laboratories, as well as at universities. The results of these investigations have generally been published as individual articles in journals, transactions, meeting proceedings, and, frequently, in company reports. This proliferation of technical information makes it difficult for workers in the field to keep abreast of all developments. For this reason, the editors felt the need for a book which would survey the existing state of knowledge in wide, albeit selected areas, and would provide a guide to the relevant literature. This book is intended to fulfill this function. It is recognized that all aspects of transportation engine emissions cannot be explored in a single volume. In this book attention is focused primarily on sources and mechanisms of emission formation within the combustion process, and on measurement techniques. Beyond this objective, no re strictions were placed on the authors. Within the framework of the general theme each author has been free to treat his subject as he saw fit. The editors have not strived to replace by uniformity the highly personal and attractive divergences of style. Considerable efforts were made, however, to ensure clarity and minimum overlap between the chapters.
Author : Iason Dimou
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 83 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (767 download)
Download or read book Particulate Matter Emissions from a Direct Injection Spark Ignition Engine Under Cold-fast-idle Conditions for Ethanol-gasoline Blends written by Iason Dimou and published by . This book was released on 2011 with total page 83 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In an effort to build internal combustion engines with both reduced brake-specific fuel consumption and better emission control, engineers developed the Direct Injection Spark Ignition (DISI) engine. DISI engines combine the specific higher output of the spark ignition engine, with the better efficiency of the compression ignition engine at part load. Despite their benefits, DISI engines still suffer from high hydrocarbon, NO2 and particulate matter (PM) emissions. Until recently, PM emissions have received relatively little attention, despite their severe effects on human health, related mostly to their size. Previous research indicates that almost 80% of the PM is emitted during the first few minutes of the engine's operation (cold-start-fast-idling period). A proposed solution for PM emission reduction is the use of fuel blends with ethanol. The present research experimentally measures the effect of ethanol content in fuel on PM formation in the combustion chamber of a DISI engine during the cold-start period. A novel sampling system has been designed and combined with a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) system, in order to measure the particulate matter number (PN) concentration 15 cm downstream from the exhaust valves of a DISI engine, for a temperature range between 0 and 40"C, under low load operation. Seven gasohol fuels have been tested with the ethanol content varying from 0% (EO) up to 85% (E85). For E10 to E85, PN modestly increases when the engine coolant temperature (ECT) is lowered. The PN distributions, however, are insensitive to the ethanol content of the fuel. The total PN for EQ is substantially higher than for the gasohol fuels, at ECT below 20'C. However, for ECT higher than 20'C, the total PN values (obtained from integrating the PN distribution from 15 to 350 nm) are approximately the same for all fuels. This sharp change in PN from EQ to E10 is confirmed by running the tests with E2.5 and E5; the midpoint of the transition occurs at approximately E5. Because the fuels' evaporating properties do not change substantially from EQ to E10, the significant change in PN is attributed to the particulate matter formation chemistry.
Author : Manual Ramos
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 17 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Fuel Effects on Particulate Matter Emissions Variability from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Manual Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2018 with total page 17 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
Author : Manuel José Matos Graça Ramos
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (13 download)
Download or read book Sources of Particulate Matter Emissions Variability from a Gasoline Direct Injection Engine written by Manuel José Matos Graça Ramos and published by . This book was released on 2015 with total page pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:
