Palynology Of Arid Lands

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Palynology of Arid Lands

Author : Aharon Horowitz
Publisher : Elsevier Publishing Company
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 578 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (43 download)

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Book Synopsis Palynology of Arid Lands by : Aharon Horowitz

Download or read book Palynology of Arid Lands written by Aharon Horowitz and published by Elsevier Publishing Company. This book was released on 1992 with total page 578 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The main theme of this book is the reconstruction of past arid environments, with the help of palynology. Palynology was for a long time rarely practised in arid lands due to both technical and conceptual difficulties, mainly centered around poverty in pollen grains and different approaches necessary for treating the spectra, as compared with forested regions. However, recent developments in extraction techniques, along with new concepts applied for analysis of data, show the great potential lying in reconstructing past arid environments, along with a variety of ensuing ramifications. The book provides an update of the state of the art in this branch of science. Firstly, it deals with natural agents relevant to palynology in arid lands, from pollen release by parent plants through transportation, deposition and preservation in various types of rocks. Then it describes sampling strategies, various treatments for extracting microfossils from host rocks, identifying, counting and presenting the results. Concepts and ways for interpretations of results are discussed. There are several case studies, to demonstrate prospects and possibilities in reconstructing late Cenozoic vegetation, climate, transport, environments of deposition, structure, stratigraphy, regional paleogeography and human settlement of past arid environments. A discussion of pre-late Cenozoic arid lands palynology is also included, with examples from the late Paleozoic and early Mesozoic deserts. Each topic is accompanied by photographs and line-drawings. There is an extensive bibliography and subject and author indexes. The book is intended for students and scientists, mainly in palynology, Quaternary sciences, geology, climatology, environmental sciences, paleoclimatology, evolution, biology, geomorphology of arid lands, botany, anthropology and archeology.

Arid Lands

Author : E. S. Hills
Publisher : Taylor & Francis
ISBN 13 : 1040004660
Total Pages : 482 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Arid Lands by : E. S. Hills

Download or read book Arid Lands written by E. S. Hills and published by Taylor & Francis. This book was released on 2024-03-01 with total page 482 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In 1951 UNESCO launched an Arid Zone Programme with the object of promoting research into arid regions from every relevant scientific point of view. This book, originally published in 1966, represents the range of research undertaken and gives a general conspectus of arid zone geography. 17 authors from 8 countries contributed and the book deals comprehensively with all the main areas, with specific examples used to illustrate arguments. There are chapters on meteorology, geology, geomorphology, botany and zoology and almost 50% of the book is devoted to man’s activities: irrigation and agriculture; industry; animal breeding and human survival in the desert

Palynology and Vegetation History

Author : Valentí Rull
Publisher : Frontiers Media SA
ISBN 13 : 2889456870
Total Pages : 288 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (894 download)

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Book Synopsis Palynology and Vegetation History by : Valentí Rull

Download or read book Palynology and Vegetation History written by Valentí Rull and published by Frontiers Media SA. This book was released on 2019-01-11 with total page 288 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This Research Topic commemorates the centenary of the first quantitative pollen diagram by Lennart von Post, the founder of paleoecological palynology. The main aim is to provide a thorough view of the use of palynology in aspects such as the reconstruction of Quaternary vegetation and environmental changes, the role of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the development of the Quaternary vegetation, the shaping of present-day ecological and biogeographical patterns, the potential application of this knowledge in biodiversity conservation and landscape restoration and the development of new methods of pollen analysis and data management. The Research Topic is subdivided into four main conceptual parts, namely (1) modern analog studies; (2) land cover estimates from pollen data; (3) vegetation dynamics reconstructions from Europe, North and South America, Africa and Oceania; and (4) large-scale reviews and meta-analyses. Hopefully, this Research Topic will serve to appraise the state of the art of modern palynology and highlight the usefulness of this discipline in long-term ecological research.

Soil in Criminal and Environmental Forensics

Author : Henk Kars
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319331159
Total Pages : 346 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (193 download)

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Book Synopsis Soil in Criminal and Environmental Forensics by : Henk Kars

Download or read book Soil in Criminal and Environmental Forensics written by Henk Kars and published by Springer. This book was released on 2016-09-08 with total page 346 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This introductory volume to a new series on Soil Forensics gives a kaleidoscopic view of a developing forensic expertise. Forensic practitioners and academic researchers demonstrate, by their joint contributions, the extent and complexity of soil forensics. their reports exemplify the broad range of sciences and techniques applied in all stages of forensic soil examinations, from investigations at crime scenes to providing evidence that can be used in court proceedings. Moreover the necessity is depicted of co-operation as a condition for any work in soil forensics between scientists of different disciplines, but no less between scientists and law enforcers.Soils play a role in environmental crimes and liability, as trace evidence in criminal investigations and, when searching for and evaluating, buried human remains. This book shows soil forensics as practiced in this legal context, emerging and solidifying in many countries all over the world, differing in some respects because of differences in legal systems but ultimately sharing common grounds.

Atlas of Quaternary Pollen and Spores in China

Author : Lingyu Tang
Publisher : Springer Nature
ISBN 13 : 9811371032
Total Pages : 588 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (113 download)

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Book Synopsis Atlas of Quaternary Pollen and Spores in China by : Lingyu Tang

Download or read book Atlas of Quaternary Pollen and Spores in China written by Lingyu Tang and published by Springer Nature. This book was released on 2020-04-14 with total page 588 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book provides an important reference guide to pollen and spore identification for Chinese Quaternary palynological studies. Presenting and describing more than 400 color photomicrographs of pollen grains and spores retrieved from sediments in China, it offers a unique asset for researchers, graduate students, and newcomers to the field of Quaternary palynology, which constitutes a major aspect of Quaternary paleoecology, paleoclimatology, and paleogeography.

Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Survey and Excavations in Tadrart Acacus, Erg Uan Kasa, Messak Settafet an Edeyen of Murzuq 1990-1995 (CNR, Quaderni di Geodinamica Alpina e Quaternaria, Milano, 7)

Download Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Survey and Excavations in Tadrart Acacus, Erg Uan Kasa, Messak Settafet an Edeyen of Murzuq 1990-1995 (CNR, Quaderni di Geodinamica Alpina e Quaternaria, Milano, 7) PDF Online Free

Author : Savino Di Lernia
Publisher : All’Insegna del Giglio
ISBN 13 : 8878141445
Total Pages : 338 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Survey and Excavations in Tadrart Acacus, Erg Uan Kasa, Messak Settafet an Edeyen of Murzuq 1990-1995 (CNR, Quaderni di Geodinamica Alpina e Quaternaria, Milano, 7) by : Savino Di Lernia

Download or read book Wadi Teshuinat. Palaeoenvironment and Prehistory in South-Western Fezzan (Libyan Sahara). Survey and Excavations in Tadrart Acacus, Erg Uan Kasa, Messak Settafet an Edeyen of Murzuq 1990-1995 (CNR, Quaderni di Geodinamica Alpina e Quaternaria, Milano, 7) written by Savino Di Lernia and published by All’Insegna del Giglio. This book was released on 1999-01-01 with total page 338 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Il volume è relativo alla campagna archeologica condotta nel 2006 dall'Università La Sapienza’ di Roma e dal Dipartimento di Archeologia di Tripoli nel Sahara libico, nelle aree date in concessione ad ENI North Africa. La documentazione è affidata essenzialmente alle fotografie. Sono riportate, oltre a foto che illustrano le sequenze delle attività di scavo e i reperti ceramici e litici, numerose foto inedite di pitture ed incisioni rupestri. Il testo è in lingua inglese e costituisce il primo rapporto ufficiale sul rischio archeologico nelle aree nelle quali vengono compiute delle ricerche petrolifere. Survey and excavations in the Tadrart Acacus, Erg Uan Kasa, Messak Settafet and Edeyen of Murzuq, 1990-1995

Bioecology of the Arid and Semiarid Lands of the Southwest

Author : American Association for the Advancement of Science. Committee on Desert and Arid Zones Research
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 90 pages
Book Rating : 4.A/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Bioecology of the Arid and Semiarid Lands of the Southwest by : American Association for the Advancement of Science. Committee on Desert and Arid Zones Research

Download or read book Bioecology of the Arid and Semiarid Lands of the Southwest written by American Association for the Advancement of Science. Committee on Desert and Arid Zones Research and published by . This book was released on 1961 with total page 90 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

The Long-Term Perspective of Human Impact on Landscape for Environmental Change and Sustainability

Author : Anna Maria Mercuri
Publisher : MDPI
ISBN 13 : 3039217968
Total Pages : 258 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (392 download)

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Book Synopsis The Long-Term Perspective of Human Impact on Landscape for Environmental Change and Sustainability by : Anna Maria Mercuri

Download or read book The Long-Term Perspective of Human Impact on Landscape for Environmental Change and Sustainability written by Anna Maria Mercuri and published by MDPI. This book was released on 2019-11-19 with total page 258 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: The research studies included in this Special Issue highlight the fundamental contribution of the knowledge of environmental history to conscious and efficient environment conservation and management. The long-term perspective of the dynamics that govern the human–climate ecosystem is becoming one of the main focuses of interest in biological and earth system sciences. Multidisciplinary bio-geo-archaeo investigations into the underlying processes of human impact on the landscape are crucial to envisage possible future scenarios of biosphere responses to global warming and biodiversity losses. This Special Issue seeks to engage an interdisciplinary dialog on the dynamic interactions between nature and society, focusing on long-term environmental data as an essential tool for better-informed landscape management decisions to achieve an equilibrium between conservation and sustainable resource exploitation.

Plant Microtechniques and Protocols

Author : Edward Chee Tak Yeung
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319199447
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (191 download)

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Book Synopsis Plant Microtechniques and Protocols by : Edward Chee Tak Yeung

Download or read book Plant Microtechniques and Protocols written by Edward Chee Tak Yeung and published by Springer. This book was released on 2015-09-19 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: A proper understanding of the structural organization of the plant body is essential to any study in plant biology. Experimental studies in vivo and in situ will lead to structural, physiological, and cellular changes of the experimental material. To study macroscopic and microscopic changes, different histological methods and microtechniques can be used as they provide valuable information of the experimental system. In addition, the observed structural changes allow investigators to set hypothesis for further studies based on one’s own observation. Thus, proper selection and utilization of microtechniques are a must for the success of a research program. At present, an up-to-date collection of protocols are not readily available in the literature. The latest work in plant microtechniques was published in 1999 by Ruzin but many others are no longer in print [e.g., Jensen (1964); O’Brien and McCully (1981)]. Furthermore, a majority of published works focus on techniques related to general processing and staining procedures. A comprehensive treatment that encompasses broader applications of microtechniques to other disciplines is lacking [e.g., archeology, wood science, etc.]. There is a need to create a comprehensive volume of botanical methods and protocols which includes traditional and novel techniques that can be used by researchers in plant science and investigators in other disciplines that require plant microtechniques in their research and teaching. This book covers a wide variety of applications and brings them up-to-date to make them understandable and relevant, especially to students using the methods for the first time. It is our intention to create a useful reference for plant histology and related methods that will serve as a foundation for plant scholars, researchers, and teachers in the plant sciences.

Quaternary of the Levant

Author : Yehouda Enzel
Publisher : Cambridge University Press
ISBN 13 : 1107090466
Total Pages : 789 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (7 download)

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Book Synopsis Quaternary of the Levant by : Yehouda Enzel

Download or read book Quaternary of the Levant written by Yehouda Enzel and published by Cambridge University Press. This book was released on 2017-04-27 with total page 789 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Over eighty contributions from leading researchers review 2.5 million years of environmental change and human cultural evolution in the Levant.

Plants and People in the African Past

Author : Anna Maria Mercuri
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319898396
Total Pages : 576 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (198 download)

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Book Synopsis Plants and People in the African Past by : Anna Maria Mercuri

Download or read book Plants and People in the African Past written by Anna Maria Mercuri and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-07-31 with total page 576 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: There is an essential connection between humans and plants, cultures and environments, and this is especially evident looking at the long history of the African continent. This book, comprising current research in archaeobotany on Africa, elucidates human adaptation and innovation with respect to the exploitation of plant resources. In the long-term perspective climatic changes of the environment as well as human impact have posed constant challenges to the interaction between peoples and the plants growing in different countries and latitudes. This book provides an insight into/overview of the manifold routes people have taken in various parts Africa in order to make a decent living from the provisions of their environment by bringing together the analyses of macroscopic and microscopic plant remains with ethnographic, botanical, geographical and linguistic research. The numerous chapters cover almost all the continent countries, and were prepared by most of the scholars who study African archaeobotany, i.e. the complex and composite history of plant uses and environmental transformations during the Holocene.

Taymā’ I: Archaeological Exploration, Palaeoenvironment, Cultural Contacts

Author : Arnulf Hausleiter
Publisher : Archaeopress Publishing Ltd
ISBN 13 : 1789690447
Total Pages : 282 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (896 download)

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Book Synopsis Taymā’ I: Archaeological Exploration, Palaeoenvironment, Cultural Contacts by : Arnulf Hausleiter

Download or read book Taymā’ I: Archaeological Exploration, Palaeoenvironment, Cultural Contacts written by Arnulf Hausleiter and published by Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. This book was released on 2019-02-15 with total page 282 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This is the first of a series of books reporting on a Saudi-German archaeological project at Taymā’; the current archaeological exploration of the oasis is contextualised with previous and ongoing research within the region, while offering a first overview of the settlement history of the site, possibly starting more than 6000 years ago.

The Uan Afuda Cave. Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara

Author : Savino Di Lernia
Publisher : All’Insegna del Giglio
ISBN 13 : 8878141666
Total Pages : 272 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis The Uan Afuda Cave. Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara by : Savino Di Lernia

Download or read book The Uan Afuda Cave. Hunter-Gatherer Societies of Central Sahara written by Savino Di Lernia and published by All’Insegna del Giglio. This book was released on 1999-11-01 with total page 272 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Sommario Foreword, Mario Liverani Commentary, Andrew B. Smith A preface by the Editor Savino di Lernia Acknowledgements, Savino di Lernia Why Uan Afuda? The ‘pre-pastoral’ archaeology of the Acacus and surroundings, Savino di Lernia The 1993 and 1994 excavations. Geomorphology, stratigraphic context and dates, Mauro Cremaschi and Savino di Lernia A micromorphological approach to the site formation processes, Mauro Cremaschi and Luca Trombino Rock art paintings of the ‘Round Heads’ phase, Savino di Lernia A particular form of human activity: rock markings, cupules and kettles, Savino di Lernia The cultural sequence, Savino di Lernia Archaeobotanical analysis of charcoal, wood and seeds, Lanfredo Castelletti, Elisabetta Castiglioni, Michela Cottini and Mauro Rottoli Palynological analysis of the Early Holocene sequence, Anna Maria Mercuri Preliminary study of plant impressions in pottery, Anwar A. Magid Spinning and plaiting, Alfio Maspero Human remains – deciduous and permanent teeth, Giorgio Manzi and Pietro Passarello Delayed use of resources: significance of Early Holocene Barbary sheep dung, Savino di Lernia Assembling the evidence: cultural trajectories at Uan Afuda Cave, Savino di Lernia Bibliography Colour plates Arabic Summary, Ebrahim Saleh Azzebi

Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics

Author : Jürgen Runge
Publisher : CRC Press
ISBN 13 : 1000431150
Total Pages : 412 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (4 download)

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Book Synopsis Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics by : Jürgen Runge

Download or read book Quaternary Vegetation Dynamics written by Jürgen Runge and published by CRC Press. This book was released on 2021-11-28 with total page 412 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book celebrates the relaunch of the African Pollen Database, presents state-of-the-art of modern and ancient pollen data from sub-Saharan Africa, and promotes Open Access science. Pollen grains are powerful tools for the study of past vegetation dynamics because they preserve well within sedimentary deposits and have a huge diversity in ornamentation that allows different taxa to be determined. The reconstruction of past vegetation from the examination of ancient pollen records thus can be used to characterize the nature of past landscapes (e.g. abundance of forests vs. grasslands), provide insights into changes in biodiversity, and gain empirical evidence of vegetation response to climatic change and human activity. In this, the 35th Volume of "Palaeoecology of Africa", we bring together new data and extensive synthetic reviews to provide novel insights into the relationships between human evolution, human activity, climate change and vegetation dynamics during the Quaternary, the last 2.6 million years. Current and ongoing climate and land-use change is exerting pressure on modern vegetation formations and threatening the livelihoods and wellbeing of many peoples in Africa. In this book the focus is on the Quaternary because it is during this geological period that the modern vegetation formations developed into their current configurations against a backdrop of high magnitude global climate change (glacial-interglacial cycles), human evolution, and a growing human land-use footprint. In this book the latest information is presented and collated from around the African continent to parameterize past vegetation states, identify the drivers of vegetation change, and assess the vegetation resilience to change. To achieve this research from two broad themes are covered: (i) the present is the key to the past (i.e. studies which improve our understanding of modern environments so that we can better interpret evidence from the past), and (ii) the past is the key to the future (i.e. studies which unlock information on how and why vegetation changed in the past so one can better anticipate trajectories of future change). This Open Access book will provide a strong foundation for future research exploring past ecological, environmental and climatic change within Africa and the surrounding islands. The book is organized regionally (covering western, eastern, central, and southern Africa) and it contains specialized articles focused on particular topics (such as modern pollen-vegetation relationships and fire as a driver of vegetation change), as well as regional and pan-African syntheses drawing together decades of research to assess key scientific questions (including the role of climate in driving vegetation change and the role of vegetation change in human evolution). These articles will be useful to students and teachers from high school to the highest level of university who are interested in the origins and dynamics of vegetation in Africa. Furthermore, it is also meant to provide societally relevant information that can act as an inspiration for the development of sustainable management practices for the future.

Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites

Author : David Greenland
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0190287837
Total Pages : 480 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (92 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites by : David Greenland

Download or read book Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response at Long-Term Ecological Research Sites written by David Greenland and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2003-10-09 with total page 480 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This volume in the Long-Term Ecological Research Network Series would present the work that has been done and the understanding and database that have been developed by work on climate change done at all the LTER sites. Global climate change is a central issue facing the world, which is being worked on by a very large number of scientists across a wide range of fields. The LTER sites hold some of the best available data measuring long term impacts and changes in the environment, and the research done at these sites has not previously been made widely available to the broader climate change research community. This book should appeal reasonably widely outside the ecological community, and because it pulls together information from all 20 research sites, it should capture the interest of virtually the entire LTER research community.

Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan

Author : Carlos E. Cordova
Publisher : University of Arizona Press
ISBN 13 : 0816551030
Total Pages : 276 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (165 download)

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Book Synopsis Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan by : Carlos E. Cordova

Download or read book Millennial Landscape Change in Jordan written by Carlos E. Cordova and published by University of Arizona Press. This book was released on 2022-08-30 with total page 276 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Stands of relict vegetation, soil horizons, and sedimentary deposits along with archaeological evidence suggest that during certain time spans within the past twenty millennia, Jordan was endowed with moister and more vegetated landscapes than the ones we see today. In this detailed volume, Carlos E. Cordova synthesizes diverse information on multiple topics to provide a comprehensive view of the changes in the Jordanian landscape and the many ways it has been affected by human habitation and the forces of nature. Cordova focuses on geoarchaeological and cultural ecological aspects of research, presenting data from physical, chemical, and biological sources. He examines the changing influence of climate, vegetation, and hunting opportunities on cultural exploitation tactics, as well as the effects of the growing population and agriculture on the environment. Cordova argues that an interdisciplinary approach to studying the area is crucial to achieving a true understanding of Jordan’s changing landscape. Chapter topics include approaches to the study of ancient Jordanian landscapes in the Near Eastern context; the physical scene; endowed landscapes of the woodlands; the encroaching drylands; the current and future state of the paleoecological and geoarchaeological record; patterns of millennial landscape change; and the process of interpreting millennial landscape change. The text is abundantly illustrated with photos, line illustrations, tables, and maps, providing a valuable assessment of archaeological developments over the prehistory and history of what today is the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. This volume will be especially welcomed by scholars interested in the archaeology, history, and geography of Jordan, the Levant, and the Near East and by field-school students working on archaeological projects in Jordan.

Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara

Author : Elena A. A. Garcea
Publisher : All’Insegna del Giglio
ISBN 13 : 8878141844
Total Pages : 256 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (781 download)

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Book Synopsis Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara by : Elena A. A. Garcea

Download or read book Uan Tabu in the Settlement History of the Libyan Sahara written by Elena A. A. Garcea and published by All’Insegna del Giglio. This book was released on 2001-07-01 with total page 256 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Uan Tabu is a rockshelter on the left bank of the central valley of the Wadi Teshuinat, which is a main ancient water course in the Tadrart Acacus mountain range. It is located in the Fezzan region, south-western Libya (Great Jamahirya). The site was discovered by Fabrizio Mori in 1960 and was re-excavated and studied by a multi-disciplinary team at the beginning of the 1990s. It has also remarkable rock art that includes paintings from the Round Head and Pastoral phases. Between 1960 and 1963, a trench was dug into the archaeological deposit at the foot of the rock wall. The results of the 1960s’ excavation have never been published before, apart from some brief notes. They are thoroughly described and discussed in the present volume. Between 1990 and 1993, the excavation was resumed and extended. The 1990s’ excavation has been preliminarily published. Further information and details are now presented and commented. A stratigraphic and cultural correlation between the two excavations is also attempted in this volume. Four main archaeological and paedological units were identified and dated. They spanned from the Late Pleistocene to the Late Holocene. The earliest one, dating to the Pleistocene, included an Aterian techno-complex and was dated to around 61,000 years BP. Later, during the Early Holocene, a ‘pre-pastoral’ occupation occurred since the 10th millennium bp. This period was differentiated in two phases characterised by different socio-cultural systems: 1. during the Early Acacus (around 9800-8800 years bp), the site was used on a seasonal basis, probably during the dry season, for practising hunting activities; 2. during the Late Acacus (around 8800-8600 years bp), a more sedentary lifestyle was hypothesised for the inhabitants of the site. These two cultural facies comprised the upper three units. The fourth phase of occupation of the shelter was only attested to the surface of the site, but it could be still considered as an indication of the use of the site during the Late Holocene, as late as the 4th millennium bp. A dung fill in the wall of the rockshelter dated to the end of this, Late Pastoral, phase and is the only evidence for domesticated animals.