Ozone Depleting Chemicals

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Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Author : Larry Parker
Publisher : Nova Publishers
ISBN 13 : 9781590337929
Total Pages : 94 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (379 download)

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Book Synopsis Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by : Larry Parker

Download or read book Stratospheric Ozone Depletion written by Larry Parker and published by Nova Publishers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 94 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: For two decades, scientists have been warning that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons (bromine-containing fluorocarbons) may deplete the stratospheric ozone shield that screens out some of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays and thus regulates the amounts which reach the Earth's surface. CFCs have been used as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing agents, and outside the United States, as aerosol propellants; Halons are used primarily as fire-fighting agents. Increased radiation could result in an increase in skin cancers, suppression of the human immune system, and decreased productivity of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, including some commercially important crops. This book deals with implementation, policy issues and phase out of methyl bromide. In September 1987, 47 countries (including the United States) agreed to the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, which first required controls on the world's consumption of ozone depleting substances. Over 160 countries have signed on to the Protocol, whose phasedown schedule for developed countries was accelerated twice and completely phased out Halon production at the end of 1994 and CFC production at the end of 1995. The Protocol's coverage has also been extended to include hydrochlorofluorocarbons and other chlorine- and bromine-containing substances such as some solvents and methyl bromide, a widely used soil fumigant.

Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer

Author :
Publisher : UNEP/Earthprint
ISBN 13 : 9789280727708
Total Pages : 500 pages
Book Rating : 4.7/5 (277 download)

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Book Synopsis Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer by :

Download or read book Handbook for the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer written by and published by UNEP/Earthprint. This book was released on 2006 with total page 500 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Protection of the Ozone Layer

Author :
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 4 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Protection of the Ozone Layer by :

Download or read book Protection of the Ozone Layer written by and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 4 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Ozone-depleting Chemicals

Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 36 pages
Book Rating : 4.F/5 ( download)

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Book Synopsis Ozone-depleting Chemicals by : United States. General Accounting Office

Download or read book Ozone-depleting Chemicals written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 36 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer

Author : Michaela I. Hegglin
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9789966076021
Total Pages : 79 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (76 download)

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Book Synopsis Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer by : Michaela I. Hegglin

Download or read book Twenty Questions and Answers about the Ozone Layer written by Michaela I. Hegglin and published by . This book was released on 2017-03 with total page 79 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Stratospheric Ozone

Author : United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 72 pages
Book Rating : 4.:/5 (31 download)

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Book Synopsis Stratospheric Ozone by : United States. General Accounting Office

Download or read book Stratospheric Ozone written by United States. General Accounting Office and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 72 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories

Author :
Publisher : Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN 13 : 9789289308847
Total Pages : 176 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (88 download)

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Book Synopsis Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories by :

Download or read book Use of Ozone Depleting Substances in Laboratories written by and published by Nordic Council of Ministers. This book was released on 2003 with total page 176 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Protecting the Ozone Layer

Author : Edward A. Parson
Publisher : Oxford University Press
ISBN 13 : 0198035438
Total Pages : 396 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (98 download)

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Book Synopsis Protecting the Ozone Layer by : Edward A. Parson

Download or read book Protecting the Ozone Layer written by Edward A. Parson and published by Oxford University Press. This book was released on 2003-03-06 with total page 396 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book is the first comprehensive history of international efforts to protect the ozone layer, the greatest success yet achieved in managing human impacts on the global environment. Its arguments about how this success was achieved are both theoretically novel and of great significance for the management of other global problems, particularly global climate change. The book provides an account of the ozone-depletion issues from the first attempts to develop international action in the 1970s to the mature functioning of the present international regime. It examines the parallel developments of politics and negotiations, scientific understanding and controversy, technological progress, and industry strategy that shaped the issue's development and its effective management. In addition, the book offers important new insights into how the interactions among these domains influenced the formation and adaptation of the ozone regime. Addressing the initial formation of the regime, the book argues that authoritative scientific assessments were crucial in constraining policy debates and shaping negotiated agreements. Assessments gave scientific claims an ability to change policy actors' behavior that the claims themselves, however well known and verified, lacked. Concerning subsequent adaptation of the regime, the book identifies a series of feedbacks between the periodic revision of chemical controls and the strategic responses of affected industries, which drove rapid application of new approaches to reduce ozone-depleting chemicals. These feedbacks, promoted by the regime's novel technology assessment process, allowed worldwide use of the chemicals to decline further and faster than even the boldest predictions, by nearly 95 percent within ten years.

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change

Author : Rolf Müller (physicien.)
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN 13 : 1849730024
Total Pages : 347 pages
Book Rating : 4.8/5 (497 download)

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Book Synopsis Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change by : Rolf Müller (physicien.)

Download or read book Stratospheric Ozone Depletion and Climate Change written by Rolf Müller (physicien.) and published by Royal Society of Chemistry. This book was released on 2012 with total page 347 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In recent years, several new concepts have emerged in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion, creating a need for a concise in-depth publication covering the ozone-climate issue. This monograph fills that void in the literature and gives detailed treatment of recent advances in the field of stratospheric ozone depletion. It puts particular emphasis on the coupling between changes in the ozone layer and atmospheric change caused by a changing climate. The book, written by leading experts in the field, brings the reader the most recent research in this area and fills the gap between advanced textbooks and assessments.

Proposals to Control the Manufacture, Use, and Disposal of Ozone-depleting Substances

Author : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 680 pages
Book Rating : 4.0/5 (1 download)

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Book Synopsis Proposals to Control the Manufacture, Use, and Disposal of Ozone-depleting Substances by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection

Download or read book Proposals to Control the Manufacture, Use, and Disposal of Ozone-depleting Substances written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection and published by . This book was released on 1989 with total page 680 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Author : Patrick Burke
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 28 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Stratospheric Ozone Depletion by : Patrick Burke

Download or read book Stratospheric Ozone Depletion written by Patrick Burke and published by . This book was released on 1995 with total page 28 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Protecting the Ozone Layer

Author : Philippe G. Le Prestre
Publisher : Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN 13 : 146155585X
Total Pages : 264 pages
Book Rating : 4.4/5 (615 download)

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Book Synopsis Protecting the Ozone Layer by : Philippe G. Le Prestre

Download or read book Protecting the Ozone Layer written by Philippe G. Le Prestre and published by Springer Science & Business Media. This book was released on 2012-12-06 with total page 264 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects Since the mid-1980s, the international community has adopted several significant instruments designed to reverse the degradation of the life support systems of the planet. None of these international agreements have been as successful as the 1987 Montreal Protocol in creating the incentives and mechanisms for protecting the ozone layer. Through the efforts of industry, government and public interest groups, national commitments and achievements have progressed further and faster than expected, while the list of controlled chemicals has expanded. Now in its second decade, the Protocol enters a crucial phase of its implementation. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects presents a wealth of information about the scientific, legal-political, and technological hurdles that we will have to overcome if humanity is to reverse its self-destructive course. The technology section in particular should appeal to industries affected by ozone layer protection as well as those affected by climate protection, since this is the first ozone publication featuring insights by the companies that spearheaded the major technological breakthroughs. Every initiative to improve the environmental performance of industry has been accompanied by pronouncements of economic devastation, from acid rain to auto emissions standards, from auto mileage improvements to the protection of the ozone layer. Each new initiative brought claims from industry that this situation was different, yet none of their predictions have come true. At a time when industry fights efforts to protect the environment, the ozone experience shows both how technical breakthroughs have enabled environmental protection policies to work in the past and how they will work again in the future. Protecting the Ozone Layer: Lessons, Models, and Prospects is the product of a Colloquium that was organized in September 1997 to celebrate the tenth anniversary of the Montreal Protocol. Contributions have been gathered from researchers and practitioners in the field, including some of the very same scientists whose work awakened the international community to the seriousness of the danger that humanity now faces. Other contributors include the scholars and diplomats who wrote and negotiated the text of the Protocol and its amendments, and the key figures who have been influential in convincing industry to support the process.

Ozone Protection in the United States

Author : Elizabeth Cook
Publisher :
ISBN 13 :
Total Pages : 136 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (121 download)

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Book Synopsis Ozone Protection in the United States by : Elizabeth Cook

Download or read book Ozone Protection in the United States written by Elizabeth Cook and published by . This book was released on 1996 with total page 136 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This report explores a profoundly important question: can we alter deeply embedded economic habits to forestall damaging Earth's atmosphere? Ten case studies involving public and private sector organizations document how and why many industries were able to develop CFC alternatives.

Stratospheric Ozone

Author : U S Government Accountability Office (G
Publisher : BiblioGov
ISBN 13 : 9781289145088
Total Pages : 76 pages
Book Rating : 4.1/5 (45 download)

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Book Synopsis Stratospheric Ozone by : U S Government Accountability Office (G

Download or read book Stratospheric Ozone written by U S Government Accountability Office (G and published by BiblioGov. This book was released on 2013-06 with total page 76 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: In response to a congressional request, GAO reviewed the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) efforts to: (1) assess the safety of chemical substitutes for ozone-depleting chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and halons; and (2) investigate other measures designed to reduce dependence on ozone-depleting chemicals. GAO found that: (1) impending CFC and halon regulations prompted chemical producers to accelerate testing and development of safe chemical substitutes; (2) although chemical producers tested potential substitutes, EPA had statutory responsibilities under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) to ensure that CFC and halon substitutes did not present unreasonable risks to human health and the environment; (3) EPA developed an approach for assessing substitutes and urged producers to voluntarily provide information on their ongoing testing and test rationale; (4) EPA attempts to obtain testing data on potential substitutes resulted in incomplete data, since EPA did not require producers to submit their studies; (5) most of the potential substitutes identified could be produced by anyone, in any amount, and for any use without prior authority, since EPA did not require that producers report significant new uses of existing chemicals intended as substitutes for CFC and halon; (6) EPA intended to deal with integrating ozone-depletion concerns and traditional toxicity concerns on a case-by-case basis; and (7) EPA sponsored nine projects under its Clean Air Act mandate relating to CFC and halon conservation and recycling and non-CFC manufacturing processes, but the extent of its success in reducing use of the chemicals was uncertain because the projects were in the initial steps in the conservation project.

Excise Tax - Ozone Depleting Chemicals

Author : Internal Revenue Service
Publisher :
ISBN 13 : 9781466376397
Total Pages : 66 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (763 download)

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Book Synopsis Excise Tax - Ozone Depleting Chemicals by : Internal Revenue Service

Download or read book Excise Tax - Ozone Depleting Chemicals written by Internal Revenue Service and published by . This book was released on 2011-09-01 with total page 66 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: Ozone Depleting Chemicals Defined -Ozone depleting chemicals include Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Halons. CFCs are versatile, and are used as refrigerants, cleaners, solvents, sterilants, and propellants in the manufacture of insulation, fast food cartons, and electronic items. They are organized compounds that are nontoxic, long-lived, and nonflammable. Halons are close cousins of CFCs that utilize bromine instead of chlorine in their chemical structure. Halons are used in fire extinguishers as they are safe, effective, and gentle to water sensitive materials. Ozone Depletion -The longevity and stability of CFCs allows them to persist in the atmosphere long enough to rise into the stratosphere 12 to 30 miles above the earth. In the stratosphere, they break down under solar radiation and release a free chlorine or bromine atom. The free atom joins with an ozone molecule, changes its structure, and destroys the ozone molecule. Effects of Ozone Depletion on Humans and on the Earth -The health effect on humans from ozone depletion is widely varied. Since ozone is the earth's protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation, a reduction in the ozone layer causes more UV-B wavelengths to reach the surface of the earth. UV-B wavelengths damage both proteins and DNA. The UV-B wavelengths cause skin cancer, sunburn, aging and wrinkling of skin, cataracts, and blindness. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimates that each 1 percent drop in ozone levels will yield a 2 percent increase in UV-B wavelengths. This will result in a 3 to 6 percent rise in the incidence of skin cancer. The EPA also estimates that there could be an additional 200,000 deaths from skin cancer in the United States over the next 50 years due to the increase in ozone depletion. An increase in UV-B wavelength radiation also has adverse effects on the earth itself. There is evidence that it affects plant productivity by affecting photosynthesis, and marine organisms such as phytoplankton. Both CFCs and Halons act as greenhouse gases as well as ODCs, thereby increasing global warming.

Preventing Ozone Depletion

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Book Synopsis Preventing Ozone Depletion by : United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection

Download or read book Preventing Ozone Depletion written by United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Environment and Public Works. Subcommittee on Environmental Protection and published by . This book was released on 1991 with total page 64 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt:

Climate Variability and Sunspot Activity

Author : Indrani Roy
Publisher : Springer
ISBN 13 : 3319771078
Total Pages : 221 pages
Book Rating : 4.3/5 (197 download)

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Book Synopsis Climate Variability and Sunspot Activity by : Indrani Roy

Download or read book Climate Variability and Sunspot Activity written by Indrani Roy and published by Springer. This book was released on 2018-06-25 with total page 221 pages. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. Book excerpt: This book promotes a better understanding of the role of the sun on natural climate variability. It is a comprehensive reference book that appeals to an academic audience at the graduate, post-graduate and PhD level and can be used for lectures in climatology, environmental studies and geography. This work is the collection of lecture notes as well as synthesized analyses of published papers on the described subjects. It comprises 18 chapters and is divided into three parts: Part I discusses general circulation, climate variability, stratosphere-troposphere coupling and various teleconnections. Part II mainly explores the area of different solar influences on climate. It also discusses various oceanic features and describes ocean-atmosphere coupling. But, without prior knowledge of other important influences on the earth’s climate, the understanding of the actual role of the sun remains incomplete. Hence, Part III covers burning issues such as greenhouse gas warming, volcanic influences, ozone depletion in the stratosphere, Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, etc. At the end of the book, there are few questions and exercises for students. This book is based on the lecture series that was delivered at the University of Oulu, Finland as part of M.Sc./ PhD module.